Bahasa Moldova

Rumpun bahasa
	Indo-Eropa Italik Latin Roman Roman Timur Roman Balkan Rumania Moldova; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; bahasa manusia Indo-Eropa Italik rumpun bahasa Roman Roman Timur bahasa Rumania Moldova ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Bahasa Moldova
limba moldovenească (Alfabet Latin)
лимба молдовеняскэ (Alfabet Kiril Moldova)
лимба молдовенѣскъ (Alfabet Kiril Rumania)
Moldavia
Bahasa Moldova limba moldovenească (Alfabet Latin); лимба молдовеняскэ (Alfabet Kiril Moldova); лимба молдовенѣскъ (Alfabet Kiril Rumania) Moldavia
Pengucapan	[ˈlimba moldoveˈne̯askə]
Dituturkan di	Moldova dan bekas wilayah Republik Sosialis Soviet Moldavia lainnya
Etnis	Bangsa Moldova
Penutur
Rumpun bahasa
Rumpun bahasa
	Indo-Eropa Italik Latin Roman Roman Timur Roman Balkan Rumania Moldova; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; bahasa manusia Indo-Eropa Italik rumpun bahasa Roman Roman Timur bahasa Rumania Moldova ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Sistem penulisan	Alfabet Kiril (Transnistria); Alfabet Latin (Ukraine)
Status resmi
Bahasa resmi di	Transnistria;
Diakui sebagai; bahasa minoritas di	Ukraine;
Kode bahasa
ISO 639-1	ro
ISO 639-2	rum (B) ; ron (T)
ISO 639-3	ron
Glottolog	mold1248
Linguasfer	51-AAD-c (varieties: 51-AAD-ca to -cb and -ck)
IETF	ro-MD
Sampel
Sampel
	Sampel teksLogo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Moldova yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.
	Sampel teks lainnya
	Portal Bahasa
	L • B • PW

Bahasa Moldova (Alfabet Latin: limba moldovenească; Alfabet Kiril: лимба молдовеняскэ), juga dieja sebagai Moldavia, adalah ragam dialek baku bahasa Rumania yang dituturkan di Moldova.^[4]^[5] Bahasa ini dinyatakan sebagai bahasa resmi dalam Pasal 13 Undang-Undang Dasar Moldova tahun 1994,^[6] sedangkan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Moldova tahun 1991 menggunakan nama "Rumania". Pada tahun 2003, Parlemen Republik Moldova menggunakan undang-undang yang mengistilahkan "Moldova" dan "Rumania" sebagai nama untuk bahasa yang sama.^[7]

Pada tahun 2013, Mahkamah Konstitusi Moldova menafsirkan bahwa Pasal 13 Undang-Undang digantikan oleh Deklarasi Kemerdekaan,^[8] sehingga memberikan status resmi kepada nama "Rumania".^[9]^[10] Wilayah pecahan Transnistria yang memisahkan diri terus mengakui bahasa Moldova sebagai salah satu bahasa resminya, selain bahasa Rusia dan Ukraina.^[11]

Latar belakang

Bahasa Moldova dalam sejarah dikenal oleh kedua istilah tersebut, namun selama zaman Uni Soviet, nama "Moldova" atau seperti yang disebut pada saat itu "Moldavia", adalah satu-satunya istilah yang diakui secara resmi. Uni Soviet menekankan perbedaan antara bahasa Moldova dengan bahasa Rumania berdasarkan sejarah yang berbeda. Soviet menyatakan bahasa Moldova sebagai bahasa Roman yang berbeda dari bahasa Rumania.

Sementara mayoritas penduduk ibu kota Chișinău^[12] dan menurut beberapa survei, masyarakat berpendidikan tinggi^[13] menyebut bahasa mereka sebagai "Rumania", sebagian besar penduduk pedesaan justru menyebut sebagai "Moldova" sebagai bahasa ibu dalam sensus 2004.^[12] Di sekolah-sekolah Moldova, istilah "bahasa Rumania" telah digunakan sejak kemerdekaan.^[14]

Dialek-dialek bahasa Rumania yang dituturkan di Moldova disebut sebagai dialek Moldavia, yang tersebar kira-kira di wilayah bekas Kepangeranan Moldavia (sekarang terbagi antara Moldova, Rumania, dan Ukraina). Bahasa Moldova dianggap sebagai salah satu dari lima ragam utama bahasa Rumania. Namun kelimanya ditulis secara identik, Moldova dan Rumania memiliki bahasa kesusastraan yang sama.^[15]^[16]

Alfabet baku yang digunakan di Moldova sangat mirip dengan ortografi Rumania, yang didasarkan pada Alfabet Latin. Hingga tahun 1918, ragam Alfabet Kiril Rumania digunakan. Alfabet Kiril Moldova (diturunkan dari Alfabet Kiril Rusia yang dibakukan di Uni Soviet; sekarang Rusia) pernah digunakan di Moldova pada tahun 1924–1932 dan 1938–1989 serta masih digunakan di Transnistria.^[17]

Sejarah dan politik

Sejarah bahasa Moldova mengacu pada evolusi sejarah glottonim Moldavia/Moldovan di Moldova dan sekitarnya. Ini terkait erat dengan status politik kawasan, seperti selama periode panjang pemerintahan Rusia dan Uni Soviet, pejabat menekankan nama bahasa sebagai bagian dari memisahkan Moldova dari orang-orang yang mulai mengidentifikasi sebagai Rumania dalam proses pembangunan bangsa yang berbeda. Disaat itu skrip abjad Kiril mulai digunakan. Dari perspektif linguistik, "Moldova" adalah nama alternatif untuk varietas bahasa Rumania yang digunakan di Republik Moldova.

Sebelum tahun 1918, selama periode antara perang, dan setelah penyatuan Bessarabia dengan Rumania, para sarjana tak memiliki konsensus bahwa Moldova dan Rumania membentuk kelompok etnis tunggal.^[18] Para petani Moldova telah tumbuh dalam entitas politik yang berbeda dan melewatkan tahun-tahun menciptakan kesadaran politik nasional pan-Rumania. Mereka diidentifikasi sebagai orang Moldova yang berbicara dalam bahasa Moldova.

Hal ini menimbulkan reaksi dari nasionalis pan-Rumania.^[19] Konsep perbedaan bahasa Moldova dari bahasa Rumania secara eksplisit dinyatakan hanya pada awal abad ke-20. Ini disertai dengan peningkatan kesadaran nasional di antara orang Moldova, dengan Soviet menekankan perbedaan antara orang Moldova dan Rumania.^[20] Bahasa Moldova juga telah direkam oleh Atlas Linguistik Rumania tahun 1960-an sebagai jawaban atas pertanyaan "What language do you speak?" di beberapa bagian Moldova Barat (Galaţi dan Iași).^[21]

Perkembangan besar sejak jatuhnya Uni Soviet termasuk melanjutkan penggunaan aksara Latin daripada Alfabet Kiril pada tahun 1989, dan beberapa perubahan dalam nama resmi bahasa yang digunakan di Moldova. Pada satu titik kebingungan tertentu tentang identitas pada 1990-an, semua referensi ke geografi atas nama bahasa dihilangkan, dan secara resmi hanya dikenal sebagai limba de stat — "bahasa negara".

Bahasa Moldova diberi kode mo di ISO 639-1 dan kode mol di ISO 639-2 serta ISO 639-3.^[22] Sejak November 2008, ini tak digunakan lagi, meninggalkan ro dan ron (639-2/T) serta rum (639-2/B), pengenal bahasa hingga 2013 akan digunakan untuk varian bahasa Rumania yang juga dikenal sebagai Moldavia dan Moldovan dalam bahasa Inggris, Otoritas Registrasi ISO 639-2 mengatakan dalam menjelaskan keputusan itu.^[23]^[24]

Pada tahun 1989, alfabet Latin versi Rumania kontemporer diadopsi sebagai skrip resmi dari yang sebelumnya menggunakan Alfabet Kiril Moldova.^[25]

Fonologi

Konsonan

Fonem Konsonan Moldova
		Huruf Konsonan Labial		Huruf Konsonan Alveolar		Huruf Konsonan Palato-Alveolar	Huruf Konsonan Palatal	Huruf Konsonan Velar
		keras	lembut	keras	lembut	Huruf Konsonan Palato-Alveolar	Huruf Konsonan Palatal	keras	lembut
Huruf Konsonan Nasal		m ⟨м⟩	mʲ ⟨-мь⟩	n ⟨н⟩	nʲ ⟨-нь⟩		ɲ ⟨н(и,е,а)⟩
Huruf Konsonan Plosif	huruf samar	p ⟨п⟩	pʲ ⟨-пь⟩	t ⟨т⟩	tʲ ⟨-ть⟩		c ⟨к(и,е,а)⟩	k ⟨к⟩	kʲ ⟨-кь⟩
Huruf Konsonan Plosif	huruf bunyi	b ⟨б⟩	bʲ ⟨-бь⟩	d ⟨д⟩	dʲ ⟨-дь⟩		ɟ ⟨г(и,е,а)⟩	g ⟨г⟩	gʲ ⟨-гь⟩
Huruf Konsonan Afrikat	huruf samar			t͡s ⟨ц⟩	t͡sʲ ⟨-ць⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩
Huruf Konsonan Afrikat	huruf bunyi			d͡z ⟨дз⟩		ʒ ⟨ӂ,ж⟩
Huruf Konsonan Frikatif	huruf bunyi	v ⟨в⟩	vʲ ⟨-вь⟩	z ⟨з⟩	zʲ ⟨-зь⟩	ʒ ⟨ӂ,ж⟩	ʝ ⟨ж(и,е,а)⟩
Huruf Konsonan Frikatif	huruf samar	f ⟨ф⟩	fʲ ⟨-фь⟩	s ⟨с⟩	sʲ ⟨-сь⟩	ʃ ⟨ш⟩	ç ⟨ш(и,е,а)⟩	x ⟨х⟩	xʲ ⟨-хь⟩
Huruf Konsonan Hampiran		w ⟨ў,у⟩		r ⟨р⟩	rʲ ⟨-рь⟩		j ⟨й,и⟩
Huruf Konsonan Hampiran		w ⟨ў,у⟩		l ⟨л⟩	lʲ ⟨-ль⟩		j ⟨й,и⟩

Vokal

Fonem Vokal Moldova
	Depan	Tengah	Belakang
Tertutup	i ⟨и⟩	ɨ ⟨ы,-э⟩	u ⟨у⟩
Pertengahan	e ⟨е⟩	ə ⟨э⟩	o ⟨о⟩
Terbuka	a ⟨а⟩

Referensi

Catatan kaki

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Moldavian". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "Romanian, Moldavian, Moldovan". 25 November 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 Februari 2019. The purpose of this registration is to track a change made to ISO 639-2 effective 2008-11-03, deprecating the code element ‘mo’ and adding its associated names “Moldavian” and “Moldovan” to the existing code element for Romanian.
^ "Moldova". 16 Oktober 2005. Diakses tanggal 11 Februari 2019.
^ Kogan Page 2004, hlm. 242.
^ Directorate-General for Translation of the European Commission (2008), A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot That Language and How to Tell Them Apart (PDF) (edisi ke-Third), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 November 2015, diakses tanggal 7 April 2020 .
^ ""Article 13, line 1 – of Constitution of Republic of Moldova"" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 February 2008.
^ "Politics of National Conception of Moldova". Law No. 546/12-19-2003 (dalam bahasa Rumania). Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
^ "Hotărâre Nr. 36 din 05.12.2013 privind interpretarea articolului 13 alin. (1) din Constituție în corelație cu Preambulul Constituției și Declarația de Independență a Republicii Moldova (Sesizările nr. 8b/2013 și 41b/2013)" (dalam bahasa Rumania). Constitutional Court of Moldova. Diakses tanggal 20 December 2013. 124. ... Prin urmare, Curtea consideră că prevederea conținută în Declarația de Independență referitoare la limba română ca limbă de stat a Republicii Moldova prevalează asupra prevederii referitoare la limba moldovenească conținute în articolul 13 al Constituției.
^ "Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'". Diakses tanggal 11 March 2014.
^ "Chisinau Recognizes Romanian As Official Language". Diakses tanggal 11 March 2014.
^ "Article 12 of the Constitution of Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika". kspmr.idknet.com. 24 December 1995. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Population by main nationalities, mother tongue and language usually spoken, 2004" (XLS). National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2016.
^ "CBS AXA/IPP nov. 2012" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 December 2013.
^ "Ministerul Educatiei a Republicii Moldova : Acte Normative și Publicații : Acte normative și legislative : Domeniul învațămîntului preuniversitar". www.edu.md. 2004-10-04. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-28. Diakses tanggal 2021-08-24.
^
* James Minahan, Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1989, p. 276.
- "The Library of Congress – Moldova, Country Study". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.
- "Encyclopædia Britannica (via www.indiana.edu)". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.
- "A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR". NYU LAW. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.
- "The Sovietization of Moldova". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.
- "Ethnologue, data on Moldova". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 April 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.
- "Disillusionment with Democracy: Notes from the Field in Moldova" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 13 September 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.
- "BBC on the Moldovan language".
^ (dalam bahasa Rusia) Л. И. Лухт, Б. П. Нарумов. Румынский язык // Языки мира. Романские языки. М., Academia, Институт языкознания РАН, 2001.
^ Denis Deletant, Slavonic Letters in Moldova, Wallachia & Transylvania from the Tenth to the Seventeenth Centuries, Ed. Enciclopedicӑ, Bucharest, 1991.
^ King 2000, hlm. 57–59.
^ King 1999, hlm. 120.
^ Fedor, Helen (1995). Belarus and Moldova : country studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. hlm. 121–122. Diakses tanggal 4 June 2020. Stalin justified the creation of the Moldavian SSR by claiming that a distinct "Moldavian" language was an indicator that "Moldavians" were a separate nationality from the Romanians in Romania. In order to give greater credence to this claim, in 1940 Stalin imposed the Cyrillic alphabet on "Moldavian" to make it look more like Russian and less like Romanian; archaic Romanian words of Slavic origin were imposed on "Moldavian"; Russian loanwords and phrases were added to "Moldavian"; and a new theory was advanced that "Moldavian" was at least partially Slavic in origin. In 1949 Moldavian citizens were publicly reprimanded in a journal for daring to express themselves in literary Romanian. The Soviet government continued this type of behavior for decades. Proper names were subjected to Russianization (see Glossary) as well. Russian endings were added to purely Romanian names, and individuals were referred to in the Russian manner by using a patronymic (based on one's father's first name) together with a first name.
^ Arvinte, Vasile (1983). Român, românesc, România. București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. hlm. 50.
^ SIL International: ISO 639 code sets: Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: mol
^ "Code Changes: ISO 639-2 Registration Authority". US Library of Congress. The identifiers mo and mol are deprecated, leaving ro and ron (639-2/T) and rum (639-2/B) the current language identifiers to be used for the variant of the Romanian language also known as Moldavian and Moldovan in English and moldave in French. The identifiers mo and mol will not be assigned to different items, and recordings using these identifiers will not be invalid
^ "ISO 639 JAC decision re mo/mol". www.alvestrand.no. Diakses tanggal 26 February 2011.
^ (dalam bahasa Rumania) Legea cu privire la funcționarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenești nr. 3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr. 9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the really existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their mother tongue."

Daftar pustaka

Arambașa, Mihaela Narcisa (2008). "Everyday Life on the Eastern Border of the EU – Between Romanianism and Moldovanism in the Border Area of the Republic of Moldova and Romania". South-East Europe Review. 11 (3): 355–369. doi:10.5771/1435-2869-2008-3-355 . JSTOR 43293277.
Ciscel, Matthew H. (2008). "Uneasy Compromise: Language and Education in Moldova". Dalam Pavlenko, Aneta. Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. hlm. 99–121.
Dyer, Donald Leroy (1999). The Romanian Dialect of Moldova: A Study in Language and Politics. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen. ISBN 0-7734-8037-4.
Dyer, Donald Leroy (1996). Studies in Moldovan: The History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-351-0.
Dumbrava, V. (2004). Sprachkonflikt und Sprachbewusstsein in der Republik Moldova: Eine empirische Studie in gemischtethnischen Familien (dalam bahasa Jerman). Bern: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-50728-3.
King, Charles (1999). "The Ambivalence of Authenticity, or How the Moldovan Language Was Made". Slavic Review. 58 (1): 117–142. doi:10.2307/2672992. JSTOR 2672992.
King, Charles (2000). The Moldovans: Romania, Russia and the Politics of Culture. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-9792-X.
Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5.
Bărbulescu, M.; Deletant, D.; Hitchins, K.; Papacostea, S.; Teodor, P. (2004). Istoria României (dalam bahasa Rumania). Bucureşti: Corint. ISBN 973-653-514-2.
Europe Review 2003/2004. Kogan Page. 2004.
Movileanu, N. (1993). "Din istoria Transnistriei (1924–1940)". Revista de istorie a Moldovei (dalam bahasa Rumania) (#2).
Negru, E. (1999). "Introducerea si interzicerea grafiei latine in R.A.S.S.M.". Revista de istorie a Moldovei (dalam bahasa Rumania) (#3–4).
Stati, V. N. (2003). Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc (dalam bahasa Rumania). Chișinău: Tipografia Centrală (Biblioteca Pro Moldova). ISBN 9975-78-248-5.
Zabarah, Dareg A. (2010). "The Linguistic Gordian Knot in Moldova: Repeating the Yugoslav Experience?". Srpski Jezik. 15 (1-2): 187–210.

Pustaka lanjutan

Ciscel, Matthew H. (2007). The Language of the Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and Identity in an Ex-Soviet Republic. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1443-8. – About the identity of the contemporary Moldovans in the context of debates about their language.

Pranala luar

Chase Faucheux, "Language classification and manipulation in Romania and Moldova", thesis, 2006, Louisiana State University (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
Eleonora Rusnac, "Translation of Russian loans and irregularities of the spoken language in the Republic of Moldova", Association of Professional Translators of Moldova (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
"Moldova", Ethnologue report (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
Academy of Sciences of Moldova (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika)
Cărăuș, Tamara (April–May 2002). "Republica Moldova: identităţi false, adevărate sau naţionale?" [Republic of Moldova: False, true or national identities?]. Contrafort (dalam bahasa Rumania). Chişinău, Moldova. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 February 2006. (dalam bahasa Rumania)

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Moldavian". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[wikidata-0127e8725247f358f31b06abfc6b546f692970d9-v3-2] "Romanian, Moldavian, Moldovan". 25 November 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 Februari 2019. The purpose of this registration is to track a change made to ISO 639-2 effective 2008-11-03, deprecating the code element ‘mo’ and adding its associated names “Moldavian” and “Moldovan” to the existing code element for Romanian.

[wikidata-a63268f2fd02d625c74cb7a30d289af9582580bb-v3-3] "Moldova". 16 Oktober 2005. Diakses tanggal 11 Februari 2019.

[4] Kogan Page 2004, hlm. 242.

[5] Directorate-General for Translation of the European Commission (2008), A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe – Spot That Language and How to Tell Them Apart (PDF) (edisi ke-Third), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 November 2015, diakses tanggal 7 April 2020 .

[Constitution-6] ""Article 13, line 1 – of Constitution of Republic of Moldova"" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 February 2008.

[:0-7] "Politics of National Conception of Moldova". Law No. 546/12-19-2003 (dalam bahasa Rumania). Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.

[const-court-8] "Hotărâre Nr. 36 din 05.12.2013 privind interpretarea articolului 13 alin. (1) din Constituție în corelație cu Preambulul Constituției și Declarația de Independență a Republicii Moldova (Sesizările nr. 8b/2013 și 41b/2013)" (dalam bahasa Rumania). Constitutional Court of Moldova. Diakses tanggal 20 December 2013. 124. ... Prin urmare, Curtea consideră că prevederea conținută în Declarația de Independență referitoare la limba română ca limbă de stat a Republicii Moldova prevalează asupra prevederii referitoare la limba moldovenească conținute în articolul 13 al Constituției.

[foxnews-9] "Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'". Diakses tanggal 11 March 2014.

[10] "Chisinau Recognizes Romanian As Official Language". Diakses tanggal 11 March 2014.

[idknet1-11] "Article 12 of the Constitution of Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika". kspmr.idknet.com. 24 December 1995. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2016.

[NationalityLanguage2004-12] "Population by main nationalities, mother tongue and language usually spoken, 2004" (XLS). National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2016.

[IPP-13] "CBS AXA/IPP nov. 2012" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 December 2013.

[:1-14] "Ministerul Educatiei a Republicii Moldova : Acte Normative și Publicații : Acte normative și legislative : Domeniul învațămîntului preuniversitar". www.edu.md. 2004-10-04. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-28. Diakses tanggal 2021-08-24.

[15] * James Minahan, Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1989, p. 276.
"The Library of Congress – Moldova, Country Study". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

"Encyclopædia Britannica (via www.indiana.edu)". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

"A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR". NYU LAW. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

"The Sovietization of Moldova". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

"Ethnologue, data on Moldova". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 April 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

"Disillusionment with Democracy: Notes from the Field in Moldova" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 13 September 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

"BBC on the Moldovan language".

[16] "The Library of Congress – Moldova, Country Study". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

[17] "Encyclopædia Britannica (via www.indiana.edu)". Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

[18] "A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR". NYU LAW. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

[19] "The Sovietization of Moldova". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

[20] "Ethnologue, data on Moldova". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 April 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

[21] "Disillusionment with Democracy: Notes from the Field in Moldova" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 13 September 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2008.

[22] "BBC on the Moldovan language".

[16] (dalam bahasa Rusia) Л. И. Лухт, Б. П. Нарумов. Румынский язык // Языки мира. Романские языки. М., Academia, Институт языкознания РАН, 2001.

[17] Denis Deletant, Slavonic Letters in Moldova, Wallachia & Transylvania from the Tenth to the Seventeenth Centuries, Ed. Enciclopedicӑ, Bucharest, 1991.

[FOOTNOTEKing200057–59-18] King 2000, hlm. 57–59.

[FOOTNOTEKing1999120-19] King 1999, hlm. 120.

[Fedor-20] Fedor, Helen (1995). Belarus and Moldova : country studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. hlm. 121–122. Diakses tanggal 4 June 2020. Stalin justified the creation of the Moldavian SSR by claiming that a distinct "Moldavian" language was an indicator that "Moldavians" were a separate nationality from the Romanians in Romania. In order to give greater credence to this claim, in 1940 Stalin imposed the Cyrillic alphabet on "Moldavian" to make it look more like Russian and less like Romanian; archaic Romanian words of Slavic origin were imposed on "Moldavian"; Russian loanwords and phrases were added to "Moldavian"; and a new theory was advanced that "Moldavian" was at least partially Slavic in origin. In 1949 Moldavian citizens were publicly reprimanded in a journal for daring to express themselves in literary Romanian. The Soviet government continued this type of behavior for decades. Proper names were subjected to Russianization (see Glossary) as well. Russian endings were added to purely Romanian names, and individuals were referred to in the Russian manner by using a patronymic (based on one's father's first name) together with a first name.

[21] Arvinte, Vasile (1983). Român, românesc, România. București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. hlm. 50.

[22] SIL International: ISO 639 code sets: Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: mol

[23] "Code Changes: ISO 639-2 Registration Authority". US Library of Congress. The identifiers mo and mol are deprecated, leaving ro and ron (639-2/T) and rum (639-2/B) the current language identifiers to be used for the variant of the Romanian language also known as Moldavian and Moldovan in English and moldave in French. The identifiers mo and mol will not be assigned to different items, and recordings using these identifiers will not be invalid

[24] "ISO 639 JAC decision re mo/mol". www.alvestrand.no. Diakses tanggal 26 February 2011.

[lege-rssm-25] (dalam bahasa Rumania) Legea cu privire la funcționarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenești nr. 3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr. 9/217, 1989 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): "Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the really existing linguistical Moldo-Romanian identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their mother tongue."

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