Jalan Romawi

Jalan Romawi (bahasa Latin: viae Romanae [ˈwiae̯ roːˈmaːnae̯]; tunggal: via Romana [ˈwia roːˈmaːna]; berarti "jalan Romawi") adalah infrastruktur fisik yang penting untuk pemeliharaan dan pengembangan negara Romawi, dibangun dari sekitar 300 SM melalui perluasan dan konsolidasi Republik Romawi dan Kekaisaran Romawi.^[1] Mereka menyediakan sarana yang efisien untuk pergerakan darat tentara, pejabat, warga sipil, pengangkutan komunikasi resmi melalui pedalaman, dan barang dagangan.^[2] Jalan Romawi ada beberapa jenis, mulai dari jalan lokal kecil hingga jalan raya lebar jarak jauh yang dibangun untuk menghubungkan kota, kota besar, dan pangkalan militer. Jalan-jalan utama ini sering kali beraspal batu dan dilapisi logam, melengkung untuk drainase, dan diapit oleh jalan setapak, jalan setapak, dan parit drainase. Mereka diletakkan di sepanjang jalur yang disurvei secara akurat, dan beberapa dipotong melalui bukit atau dialirkan di atas sungai dan jurang di jembatan. Bagian-bagiannya dapat ditopang di atas tanah rawa pada pondasi rakit atau tiang pancang.^[3]^[4]

Pada puncak pembangunan Roma, tidak kurang dari 29 jalan raya militer besar memancar dari ibu kota, dan 113 provinsi kekaisaran saling terhubung oleh 372 jalan besar.^[3]^[5] Keseluruhannya terdiri dari lebih dari 400.000 kilometer (250.000 mil) jalan, yang lebih dari 80,500 kilometer (50,020 mi) beraspal batu.^[6]^[7] Di Galia saja, tidak kurang dari 21,000 kilometer (13,049 mi) jalan dikatakan telah ditingkatkan, dan di Britania setidaknya 4,000 kilometer (2,485 mi).^[3] Jalur (dan terkadang permukaan) dari banyak jalan Romawi bertahan selama ribuan tahun; beberapa dilapisi oleh jalan modern.

Lihat pula

Referensi

Catatan kaki

^ Forbes, Robert James (1993). Studies in ancient technology, Volume 2. Brill. hlm. 146. ISBN 978-90-04-00622-5.
^ Kaszynski, William. The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000. Page 9
^ ^a ^b ^c Bailey, L. H., and Wilhelm Miller. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. New York [etc.]: The Macmillan Co, 1900. Page 320.
^ Corbishley, Mike: "The Roman World", page 50. Warwick Press, 1986.
^ Duducu, Jem (2015). The Romans in 100 Facts. UK: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445649702.
^ Gabriel, Richard A. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. Page 9.
^ Michael Grant, History of Rome (New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.

Informasi umum

Laurence, Ray (1999). The roads of Roman Italy: mobility and cultural change. Routledge.
Von Hagen, Victor W. (1967). The Roads That Led to Rome. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York.
Codrington, Thomas (1905). Roman Roads in Britain. London [etc.]: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
Forbes, Urquhart A., and Arnold C. Burmester (1904). Our Roman Highways. London: F.E. Robinson & co.
Roby, Henry John (1902). Roman Private Law in the Times of Cicero and of the Antonines. Cambridge: C.U.P.
Smith, William, William Wayte, and G. E. Marindin (1890). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: J. Murray. pp. 946–954.
Smith, William (1858). A School Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities; Abridged from the Larger Dictionary by William Smith, with Corrections and Improvements by Charles Anthon. N.Y.: [s.n.]. pp. 354–355.
Cresy, Edward (1847). An Encyclopædia of Civil Engineering, Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. London: Printed for Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster-Row.

Sumber utama

Siculus Flaccus, De condicionibus agrorum cap. XIX
Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi Etymologiarum sive Originum Liber XV, 15–16
Codex Theodosianus:
- 8.5 De cursu publico angariis et parangariis;
- 15.3 De itinere muniendo

Corpus Iuris Civilis
- C.12.50 De cursu publico angariis et parangariis
- D.8.3.0 De servitutibus praediorum rusticorum.
- D.8.6.2
- D.43.7 De locis et itineribus publicis
- D.43.8 Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat.
- D.43.10 De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur.
- D.43.11 De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo.
- D.43.19 De itinere actuque privato.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Adams, Colin. 2007. Land transport in Roman Egypt 30 BC–AD 300: A study in administration and economic history. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Chevallier, Raymond. 1972. Les voies romaines. Paris: Colin.
Coarelli, Filippo. 2007. Rome and environs: An archaeological guide. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Davies, Hugh, E. H. 1998. "Designing Roman roads." Britannia: Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies 29: 1–16.
Erdkamp, Peter. Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264–30 B.C.). Amsterdam: Gieben, 1998.
Isaac, Benjamin. 1988. "The meaning of 'Limes' and 'Limitanei' in ancient sources." Journal of Roman Studies 78: 125–47.
Laurence, Ray. 1999. The roads of Roman Italy. Mobility and cultural change. London: Routledge.
Lewis, Michael J. T. 2001. Surveying instruments of Greece and Rome. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
MacDonald, William L. 1982–1986. The architecture of the Roman Empire. 2 vols. Yale Publications in the History of Art 17, 35. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
Meijer, Fik J., and O. Van Nijf. 1992. Trade, transport and society in the ancient world: A sourcebook. London: Routledge.
O’Connor, Colin. 1993. Roman bridges. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Pekáry, Thomas. 1968. Untersuchungen zu den römischen Reichsstraßen. Bonn: Habelt.
Quilici, Lorenzo. 2008. "Land transport, Part 1: Roads and bridges." In The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world. Edited by John P. Oleson, 551–79. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
Rathmann, Michael. 2003. Untersuchungen zu den Reichsstraßen in den westlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
Talbert, Richard J. A., et al. 2000. Barrington atlas of the Greek and Roman world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Wiseman, T. P. 1970. "Roman Republican road-building." Papers of the British School at Rome 38: 122–52.

Pranala luar

Peta

Artikel umum

Deskripsi jalan

Hukum Romawi mengenai domain publik dan privat

Servitutes

Konstruksi jalan

[1] Forbes, Robert James (1993). Studies in ancient technology, Volume 2. Brill. hlm. 146. ISBN 978-90-04-00622-5.

[2] Kaszynski, William. The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000. Page 9

[LWPageArticleRoadsCanals-3] Bailey, L. H., and Wilhelm Miller. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. New York [etc.]: The Macmillan Co, 1900. Page 320.

[Corbishley,_Mike_page_50-4] Corbishley, Mike: "The Roman World", page 50. Warwick Press, 1986.

[5] Duducu, Jem (2015). The Romans in 100 Facts. UK: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445649702.

[6] Gabriel, Richard A. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. Page 9.

[7] Michael Grant, History of Rome (New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.

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