The British government passed the Police Act to discourage police from joining unions that could take strike action, in light of a series of police strikes over the last two years. It eventually led to the formation of the Police Federation of England and Wales as the representative body of police forces in the United Kingdom.[3]
The weekly newspaper World Freedom released its last issue in Budapest after 22 years of publication.[21]
A family leaving their damaged home after race riot in Chicago left about 1,000 homeless.
Red Summer – A race riot in Chicago formally ended. After a week of violence, it was reported 38 people died (23 African Americans and 15 whites),[22] and another 537 were injured, with two-thirds of them being African American. African-American Patrolman John W. Simpson was the only policeman killed in the riot.[23][24] Fires caused by the violence left about 1,000 residents, mostly African Americans, homeless.[25]
An American patrol of 40 men exchanged fire with a Red Army unit of 30 men at the village of Novo Litovoskaya, Siberia, Russia, killing or capturing all of the Red Army soldiers.[32]
The Actors' Equity Association went on strike over working conditions and pay at a majority of the theatrical companies in New York City, resulting in 12 playhouses closing on the first night and issuing $25,000 in ticket refunds.[33]
French pilot Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport fighter under the arches of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the first time this has been accomplished. The stunt was unauthorized, but as it was a protest against pilots having had to parade on foot through the Champs-Élysées during the World War I victory celebration on Bastille Day (July 14), as well as in remembrance to fellow pilot Jean Navarre who died while practicing the same protest stunt. French authorities let Godefroy off with a warning.[35]
The popular vigilante hero Zorro, created by American pulp writer Johnston McCulley, debuted in the serialized novel The Curse of Capistrano published in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly from August 9 to September 6. McCulley meant to write a standalone story of the character, but the box office success of the 1920 film adaption The Mark of Zorro, starring Douglas Fairbanks as the masked vigilante hero, convinced McCulley to write more stories and make the character an icon in popular culture.[39]
Axeman of New Orleans – New Orleans grocer Steve Boca was attacked in his home by an ax-wielding intruder. He survived despite a serious head injury but could not recall specific details about the attack.[44]
As the actors' strike went into the fourth day, the Producing Managers' Association released a press statement stating the Actors' Equity Association was an "enemy" to the theater community in preventing contract work was filing suit against the association.[50] Equity members countered that existing contracts already recognized Equity members as legitimate and so were already violating contracts.[51]
The United States Army Border Air Patrol began searching for missing pilots Harold G. Peterson and Paul H. Davis along the U.S.-Mexican border after their plane failed to return to base, not knowing that they had already been captured by bandits.[63]
Silesian Uprisings – German border guards shot 10 ethnic Poles dead during a labor dispute at a mine near Mysłowice, Upper Silesia, which was still under German occupation at the time. The massacre led to the first uprising in an effort to force Germany to release the region to Poland.[73]
The British government enacted the Pre-War Practices Act, which ensured returning war veterans were rehired to their jobs before they enlisted in World War I.[75]
France reported that 60 percent of its aviators were killed or wounded during World War I.[76]
A parade of actors supporting the actors' strike was held in New York City to showcase the first in a series of benefit, as memberships to the Actors' Equity Association increased from 4,200 to 6000. The benefit shows played to near full houses every night.[79]
Representatives from seven American labor groups agreed to establish the Labor Party of the United States and to hold its first convention in November.[83]
The U.S. government paid the $15,000 ransom to Mexican bandit leader Jesus Renteria, with Captain Leonard F. Matlack 8th Cavalry Regiment in the exchange to release captured pilots Harold Peterson and Paul Davis. He was able to secure the release of Peterson for half of the ransom but while en route to retrieve Davis learned of a plan to ambush and kill him and Davis after the other half of the ransom was paid. Matlack and Davis were able to escape before arriving at the ambush site and made it back over the border. Peterson and Davis later testified Renteria had captured them on the U.S. side of the border days earlier.[84]
Front Cover of The Seattle Star - August 19, 1919,[89] reporting on U.S. Army efforts to apprehend bandits who tried to kidnap and ranson two American airmen who crashlanded in Mexico.
Afghanistan gained independence from the United Kingdom through a referendum which included giving women the right to vote for sovereignty.[90][91]
The Third Szeged Counter-government dissolves itself
The 8th Cavalry Regiment led by Capt. Leonard F. Matlack crossed the U.S-Mexican border to capture Jesus Renteria and his gang for abducting and attempting to murder American servicemen. Four suspect bandits were killed in a gun fight at a blockhouse near the border and a plane strafed bandits on horseback with machine gun fire, killing another man believed to be Renteria himself.[92]
The United States Armed Forces readopted the white star insignia centered in a blue circle with a red disc as its official national insignia. The marking was temporarily not used during World War I for fear it would be mistaken for the German insignia. It remained in use until June 1, 1942.[93]
The 8th Cavalry Regiment was ordered to call off the search for the remaining bandits and return to the United States following protests by the Mexican government for American forces invading Mexican territory.[84]
Polish president Józef Piłsudski observed the first aircraft built in a free Poland crash during a public ceremonial flight due to faulty bracing wires, killing the aircraft's designer, Karol Słowik, along with another crew member.[101]
Silesian Uprisings – Some 21,000 German troops were involved in putting down an uprising among ethnic Poles in Upper Silesia. Some 2,500 Poles were executed during the crackdown and another 9,000 sought refuge in neighboring Poland. The Allies restored order and allowed many refugees to return, but there would be more uprisings in the following years before the region became independent and joined Poland.[104]
An American commission submitted a report to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on Middle Eastern states formally under control of the Ottoman Empire, concluding the area was not yet ready for self-government, that supporting the creation of a Jewish State would be in conflict with the Balfour Declaration, and that Turkey may not respect the sovereignty of Armenia due to ongoing impacts from the Armenian genocide.[109]
Lon Chaney debuted his signature make-up and character actor work in The Miracle Man. It would be the top-grossing film of the year, with $3 million at the box office.[113][114]
The Avro floatplane made its first test flight prior to being entered into the Schneider Cup in September, where it failed to complete the competition due to poor weather conditions.[115]
Red Summer – A white mob of 5,000 people broke into the Knox County jail in Knoxville, Tennessee in an attempt to find and lynch a biracial man in custody for the alleged murder of a white woman, but discovered police had already moved the prisoner. As retaliation, the mob freed all white prisoners, ransacked the jail and then marched into black communities to loot and burn. The Tennessee National Guard was called in but it took two days to restore order. Newspapers reported at least two deaths, but some estimates said as many as 30 to 40 black citizens may have died in the race riot.[116]
^Istvan Deak, "Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918–1919." Slavonic and East European Review 46.106 (1968): 129–140. in JSTOR
^Kotowski, Albert S. (1998). Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919–1939 (in German). Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, University of Dortmund. p. 56. ISBN3-447-03997-3.
^Taaffe, P. and Mulhearn, T. (1988) Liverpool: A City That Dared to Fight, London: Fortress, p. 26
^Friedricks, William B. Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California. (Columbus: Ohio State Press, 1992), p. 145
^Coben, Stanley, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 207–209
^Michael W. Campbell, "The 1919 Bible Conference and Its Significance for Seventh-day Adventist History and Theology". PhD dissertation, Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, Andrews University, 2008 (PDF from James White LibraryArchived 2019-12-11 at the Wayback Machine). Abstract published in Andrews University Seminary Studies 46:2 (Autumn 2008), p. 258
^Katz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 61. ISBN978-0-313-37692-4.
^Faulkender, Robert E. (1979). Historical Development and Basic Politics of the Actors' Equity Association. Ann Arbor, London: University Microfilms International. p. 47.
^Browne, J. Gilbert (1932). The Iraqi Levies 1915–1932. London: Royal United Service Institution. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
^Hinkle, Stacy C. (1970). Wings Over the Border: The Army Air Service Armed Patrol of the United States-Mexico Border, 1919–1921. Texas Western Press. p. 25.
^Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller, The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918–1920, New York: Atheneum, 1986, no ISBN, pp. 63–64
^Carm, A.S. (6 December 1919). "The Labor Party Convention"(PDF). The Weekly People. New York. p. 1. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
^Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN0-89009-771-2, p. 27
^Hollis, Kenneth (2008). Thunder of the Hooves: A History of 12 Australian Light Horse Regiment 1915–1919. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. pp. 95–96. ISBN978-0-9803796-5-5.
^Klöker, Martin (2004). "Bibliotheksgeschichtliche Einleitung". In Garber, Klaus (ed.). Handbuch des personalen Gelegenheitsschrifttums in europäischen Bibliotheken und Archiven. Vol. 7: Riga – Tallinn. Part 3: Riga (in German). Hildesheim: Olms. p. 41. ISBN3-487-11405-4.
^Lombardi, Frederic (2013). Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios. McFarland. p. 101. ISBN978-0-7864-3485-5.
^Keil, Charlie; Singer, Ben, eds. (2009). American Cinema of the 1910s: Themes and Variations. Rutgers University Press. p. 228. ISBN978-0-8135-4445-8.
^Jackson, A.J. (1974). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 1. London: Putnam. p. 290. ISBN0-370-10006-9.
^Vida, István (2011). Magyarországi politikai pártok lexikona (1846–2010) [Encyclopedia of the Political Parties in Hungary (1846–2010)] (in Hungarian). Gondolat Kiadó. p. 187. ISBN978-963-693-276-3.
