化學自營細菌Halothiobacillus neapolitanus 的羧酶体(電子顯微鏡 圖像),比例尺為100奈米[ 1]
羧酶体 (英語:carboxysome )是一種細菌微區室 ,為細菌微區室中被研究最多者[ 2] 。羧酶体為多面體的蛋白結構,外為結構蛋白(BMC-H、BMC-P與BMC-T),內為RuBisCO (固碳酵素)與碳酸酐酶 兩種酵素[ 3] 。此胞器最早於1956年在藍菌 Phormidium uncinatum 中發現[ 4] ,後來也在數種其他藍菌與化學自營 細菌(亦進行固碳)中發現,包括鹽硫杆狀菌 、酸硫杆狀菌 與硝化菌 等[ 3] [ 5] [ 6]
。1973年研究人員首次自Halothiobacillus neapolitanus 純化羧酶体[ 7] 。
羧酶体可能是細菌因應大氣中氧氣濃度上升演化出的機制,因氧氣會與二氧化碳 競爭RuBisCO的結合位[ 8] ,羧酶体提供了二氧化碳濃度較高的微環境,碳酸酐酶生成二氧化碳後可馬上將其供應給RuBisCO進行固碳,避免發生光呼吸 的損耗[ 9] [ 10] 。
結構
羧酶体的結構模型,RuBP與碳酸酐酶被結構蛋白包裹與其中
低溫電子顯微鏡 顯示羧酶体的形狀為正二十面體 或接近正二十面體[ 11] [ 12] [ 13] ,其外殼為數千個蛋白複合體組成,包裹內部的RuBisCO與碳酸酐酶[ 11] [ 13] 。外殼蛋白大多為組成六聚體的BMC-H,也有少數為組成三聚體的BMC-T與組成五聚體的BMC-P(兩者皆為形似六聚體的假六聚體)[ 14]
[ 15] 。BMC-H六聚體中間的孔洞可供固碳作用的受質(碳酸根離子)與產物(3-磷酸甘油酸 )經擴散作用進出,此區域帶正電的氨基酸可協助擴散進行[ 14] ;BMC-P占據正二十面體的頂點[ 16] ;BMC-T三聚體中間的孔洞較大且可受調控開關,可使固碳作用較大的受質(RuBP )與產物(3-磷酸甘油酸)進出[ 17] [ 18] 。
種類
(A)Halothiobacillus neapolitanus 的α型羧酶体;(B)细长聚球蓝细菌 的β型羧酶体。比例尺為200奈米
羧酶体可分為α與β兩型,前者存在α型藍菌、硝化菌、硫氧化菌與紫細菌 中,後者則存在部分藍菌中[ 19] ,兩者外觀相似,但組成的蛋白種類有異[ 20] [ 21] [ 22] [ 23] ,其組成細節、組裝機制可能也有差異,經分析外殼蛋白的序列顯示兩型的羧酶体應是獨立演化產生的[ 23] [ 24] 。
α型羧酶体
α型羧酶体又稱cso型羧酶体,其中的RuBisCO為IA型,為最早被純化、研究的細菌微區室[ 25] [ 26] 。此類羧酶体的直徑約為100至160奈米[ 27] ,BMC-H的種類為CsoS1A、B、C等,BMC-P的種類為CsoS4A、B等,BMC-T的種類則為CsoS1D。
β型羧酶体
β型羧酶体的體積一般大於α型羧酶体,其直徑約為200至400奈米[ 28] ,其中的RuBisCO為IB型[ 2] 。此類羧酶体中的蛋白由Ccm基因編碼,其BMC-H為CcmK、BMC-P為CcmL,BMC-T則為CcmO,其組裝為由內至外,即內部的酵素先組裝後,再被外部的結構蛋白包裹[ 29] 。
應用
羧酶体為合成生物學 研究所關注[ 30] [ 31] [ 32] ,已有研究透過基因轉殖 成功在大腸桿菌 中表現α型羧酶体[ 33] ,也有生物工程研究透過微調羧酶体外殼蛋白而影響其性質[ 34] 。透過基因轉殖將羧酶体轉入作物的葉綠體 中可能可顯著提升其固碳作用的效率而增加產量[ 35] [ 36] ,目前已有相關研究進行中[ 37] [ 38] 。
參考文獻
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