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曼尼普尔语

曼尼普爾語
ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ
母语国家和地区印度東北孟加拉国緬甸
母语使用人数
超過150萬,當中絕大部份位於印度[1]
語系
文字曼尼普尔文英语Meitei script(Meitei Mayek)[2],但現時主要用孟加拉文來書寫。
官方地位
作为官方语言印度曼尼普爾邦
語言代碼
ISO 639-2mni
ISO 639-3兩者之一:
mni – 曼尼普爾語
omp – 古曼尼普爾語
语言学家列表omp Old Manipuri
Glottologmani1292[3]
瀕危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的瀕危語言[4]
脆弱UNESCO

曼尼普尔语,又称梅泰语(曼尼普爾語:ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ羅馬化:Meitei lonpangal-lol)是印度東北部喜馬拉雅山區東南部的曼尼普尔邦官方语言共通語,属于汉藏语系。曼尼普尔语亦有在阿薩姆邦特里普拉邦孟加拉緬甸通行。它已成為了曼尼普尔邦內各民族間的重要團結要素,因為各民族靠這種語言來互相溝通。

曼尼普尔语有独特的文字——曼尼普尔文英语Meitei script(Meitei Mayek),运用该种文字书写的最古老的文献溯源于13世纪。

留意曼尼普爾語跟比什努普里亚-曼尼普尔语(ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী)是兩種完全不同的語言:比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼普爾語是一種印度-雅利安语支的語言,但同樣通行於印度東北部、緬甸孟加拉一帶,而且現時同樣使用孟加拉文來書寫。

方言

曼尼普尔语有三種方言:

  • Meiteieg (meitei)
  • Loieg (loi)
  • Pangaleg (pangal)

語音

曼尼普尔语是一種帶聲調的語言。大概有兩個或三個聲調

文法

書寫系統

曼尼普尔语有独特的文字——曼尼普尔文英语Meithei script(Meitei Mayek),运用该种文字书写的最古老的文書大約在11世紀到12世紀左右,但到18世紀就沒有再使用。從1891年英國開始在印度的管治時,曼尼普尔语開始採用孟加拉文來書寫,直到現在。不過,現時有建議要恢復使用曼尼普爾文。

參看

註釋

  1. ^ 引自印度2001年人口統計資料
  2. ^ A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, and Phrase Book - 1888 Assam Secretariat Press
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Manipuri. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO

參考文獻

文化

  • Brara, N. Vijaylakshmi. (1998). Politics, society, and cosmology in India's North East. Delphi: Oxford University Press.
  • Budha, W. (1992). Indigenous games of the Meiteis. Manipur: Wangkeimayum Publications.
  • Singh, M. Kirti. (1988). Religion and culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publications.
  • Singh, M. Kirti. (1993). Folk culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publications.

語言

  • Bhat, D. N. S.; & Ningomba, S. (1997). Manipuri grammar. Munich: Lincom Europa.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1990). Experiencer subjects in Manipuri. In V. M. Manindra & K. P. Mohanan (Eds.), Experiencer subjects in South Asian languages (pp. 195-211). Stanford: The Center for the Study of Language and Information.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1992). Tone in Manipuri. In K. L. Adams & T. J. Hudak (Eds.), Papers from the first annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1991 (pp. 65-85). Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1992). Bracketing paradoxes in Manipuri. In M. Aronoff (Ed.), Morphology now (pp. 33-47). Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1994). Morphological change and fast speech phenomena in the Manipuri verb. In K. L. Adams & T. J. Hudak (Eds.), Papers from the second annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1992 (pp. 121-134). Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-19-564331-3.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 59-71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 189-190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2004). Polysemy through metonymy: The case of Meithei pi 'grandmother'. Studies in Language, 28 (2), 363-386.
  • Singh, Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra. (1964). Manipuri to Manipuri & English dictionary.

外部連結

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