然而把人口過多認為是導致環境問題的原因存有爭議性。根據現有的人口成長預測(英语:Projections of population growth)顯示,全球人口增長正在放緩,將在21世紀達到頂峰,[24]許多專家認為全球資源可滿足此種增加的需求,表示所謂全球人口過多的情況不太可能發生。而有別的預測顯示全球人口將繼續增長到下個世紀。[32]雖然有些研究,包括英國政府的2021年生物多樣性經濟學審查(2021 Economics of Biodiversity review),認為人口增長和過度消費是互為依存,[33][34][35]批評者認為把環境問題歸咎於人口過剩,可能會過度歸咎於貧困地區的人口(參見南北分歧)或是把複雜的驅動元素過度簡化,導致有些人把過度消費當作是個單獨的問題。[36][37][38]
聯合國糧食及農業組織 (FAO) 於2018年發佈兩年一度的《世界漁業和水產養殖狀況報告(State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture)》,[48]指出過去20年世界漁產數量保持不變,但其中的過度捕撈已有增加,佔世界魚產的33%。報告還指出水產養殖的產量已從1990年的每年1.2億噸增加到2018年的1.7億多噸。[49]
根據Rattan Lal和B.A. Stewart兩位研究者在名為Soil degradtion: A Global Threat研究報告中的估計,全球每年因退化和廢棄,損失的農業用地為1,200萬公頃。[57]相較之下,根據Sarah Scherr在GLASOD(聯合國環境規劃署發表的人為土壤退化全球評估(Global Assessment of Human-Induced Soil Degradation))中的估計,自1940年代中期以來,每年有600萬公頃的農田因土壤退化而喪失,她指出,這個數量與Dudal和Rozanov等研究人員的早期估計相似。[58]此類喪失不僅歸因於土壤侵蝕,也歸因於鹽化、養分和有機物質喪失、酸化、壓實、漬災和地層下陷。[59]人為引起的土地退化往往在乾旱地區尤其嚴重。研究人員奧爾德曼(Oldeman)針對土壤特性,估計全球約有1,900萬平方公里的土地已經退化;而研究人員Drgne和Chou把植被和土壤的退化合計在內,估計世界乾旱地區約有3,600萬平方公里的土地已經退化。[60]雖然有前述的農業用地損失,但從1961年到2012年,全球用於種植作物的耕地數量增加約9%,估計全球在2012年的耕面積有13.96億公頃。[61]
與畜牧業相關的環境影響包括使用化石能源、水和土地資源、溫室氣體排放,在某些情況下還包括雨林砍伐、水污染和物種瀕危等不利影響。[70][71]。據FAO的研究人員斯坦菲爾德等人(Steinfeld et al)估計,全球有18%的人為溫室氣體排放(估計等於100年排放的二氧化碳當量)在某種程度上與畜牧業有關。FAO的數據顯示,2011年的全球肉類產量在所有畜產品中的佔比為26%。[72]
家畜放牧在某些方面被認為是對環境有益。包括把人類無法食用的作物殘渣轉化為食物,而減少廢棄物數量;使用牲畜作為除草劑的替代品,來控制侵入性和有害的雜草,以及其他的植被管理活動,[85]使用動物糞便作為肥料,來替代需要使用大量石化燃料來製造合成化肥,放牧用於改善野生動物棲息地,[85] use of animal manure as fertilizer as a substitute for those synthetic fertilizers that require considerable fossil fuel use for manufacture, grazing use for wildlife habitat enhancement,[86]以及放牧地具有碳截存的功能[87][88]等等。相反的是根據在同儕評審期刊上所發表的一些研究,人類對肉類的不斷增長的需求,正導致顯著的生物多樣性喪失,原因是畜牧業的擴張會導致森林砍伐和棲息地遭到破壞。[89][90][91][23]此外,IPBES的2019年全球生物多樣性和生態系統服務評估報告中也提出警告,不斷增加的肉類生產而對用地的需求,在生物多樣性喪失方面發揮著重要作用。.[92][93]FAO在2006年發佈的報告《畜牧業的巨大陰影》中顯示用於放牧牲畜的土地已佔全球陸地表面積大約26% 。 [94]
特別需要關注的是N2O,它在大氣中的平均壽命為114-120年,[158]這種溫室氣體的效力是二氧化碳的300倍。[159]工業生產過程、汽車內燃機運作和農業施肥所產生的Nx和由土壤排放(硝化作用的額外副產品)[159] and livestock operations are transported to downwind ecosystems, influencing N cycling and nutrient losses. Six major effects of NOx和飼養牲畜產生的NH3,進入生態系統後就會影響氮循環和造成養分損失。已確定NOx和NH3的排放具有下列六種主要影響:[160]
油漆對環境的影響有多種。傳統的油漆材料和工藝會對環境有害,包括其中所含有的鉛和其他添加劑。有措施可減少其對環境的影響,包括準確估計油漆用量以將浪費降至最低,使用對環境傷害較少的油漆、塗料、配件和技術。美國環境保護局所發表的指南和澳大利亞推行的綠星評級(英语:Green Star (Australia))等是一些可應用的標準。
交通運輸對環境的影響十分巨大,因為它是能源的主要消耗者,耗用世界上大部分的石油。因此會造成如包括一氧化二氮和懸浮顆粒的排放,由於排放大量的二氧化碳造,這個區塊是導致全球暖化的主要罪魁禍首,[221] for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.[222]在排放方面,交通運輸是增長最快的區塊。[223]再往下細分,公路交通運輸是全球最大的溫室氣體排放者。[221]
IMO船舶溫室氣體排放工作組第一次閉會期間會議(The First Intersessional Meeting of the IMO Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions)[234]於2008年6月23日至27日在挪威奧斯陸舉行。會議的任務是為將來的減排機制立下框架,交由後續會期繼續討論與制定。[235]
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