Help:IPA/Ukrainian

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Ukrainian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes.

See Ukrainian phonology and Ukrainian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximations IPA Examples English approximations
b бог, крепдеши́н[1] [bɔɦ]ⓘ, [krebdeˈʃɪn] boot bʲ різьбя́р, бюстга́льтер[2] [r⁽ʲ⁾izʲˈbʲɑr]ⓘ, [bʲʊzdˈɦɑlʲter]ⓘ beauty
d дим, футбо́л[1] [dɪm]ⓘ, [fʊdˈbɔl]ⓘ do dʲ дім, мідь, боротьба́[1] [d⁽ʲ⁾im]ⓘ, [midʲ]ⓘ, [borodʲˈbɑ]ⓘ deuce (RP)
dz дзе́ркало, плацда́рм,[1] відста́лий[3] [ˈdzɛrkɐlo]ⓘ, [plɐdzˈdɑrm], [widzˈstɑlɪj]ⓘ pads dzʲ ґедзь, дзьоб, віне́ць блищи́ть,[1] людськи́й[3] [ɡɛdzʲ]ⓘ, [dzʲɔb]ⓘ, [wiˈnɛdzʲ blɪˈʃtʃɪtʲ], [lʲʊdzʲˈsʲkɪj]ⓘ pad's yours
dʒ джміль, лічба́,[1] о́тже[3] [dʒmilʲ]ⓘ, [l⁽ʲ⁾idʒˈbɑ]ⓘ, [ˈɔdʒʒe]ⓘ jump, ridge N/a
f фа́рба [ˈfɑrbɐ]ⓘ fool fʲ фю́рер[2] [ˈfʲurer] few
ɡ ґа́нок, рюкза́к[1] [ˈɡɑnok]ⓘ, [rʲʊɡˈzɑk]ⓘ good ɡʲ Ґю́нтер[2] [ˈɡʲunter] Montague
ɣ чахохбі́лі[1] [tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] between good and hood N/a
ɦ газе́та [ɦɐˈzɛtɐ]ⓘ behind ɦʲ гю́бріс[2] [ˈɦʲubr⁽ʲ⁾is] Donohue
N/a j йти, гай, їда́льня [jtɪ]ⓘ, [ɦɑj]ⓘ, [jiˈdɑlʲnʲɐ]ⓘ yes
k ключ [klʲutʃ]ⓘ scar kʲ кю́рій[2] [ˈkʲur⁽ʲ⁾ij]ⓘ skew
l лось [lɔsʲ]ⓘ bell lʲ лід, сіль [l⁽ʲ⁾id]ⓘ, [s⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]ⓘ million
m мир [mɪr]ⓘ moot mʲ тьмя́ний, Мю́нхен[2] [ˈtʲmʲɑnɪj]ⓘ, [ˈmʲunxen]ⓘ music
n не́бо [ˈnɛbo]ⓘ noon nʲ ні́жний, день [ˈn⁽ʲ⁾iʒnɪj]ⓘ, [dɛnʲ]ⓘ canyon
p пил [pɪl]ⓘ spare pʲ ма́впячий, пюре́[2] [ˈmɑu̯pʲɐtʃɪj]ⓘ, [pʲʊˈrɛ]ⓘ spew
r лі́кар [ˈl⁽ʲ⁾ikɐr]ⓘ trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo rʲ рі́чка, буря́к [ˈr⁽ʲ⁾itʃkɐ]ⓘ, [bʊˈrʲɑk]ⓘ trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo
s суп, лиш себе́[3] [sup]ⓘ, [lɪs seˈbɛ] soup sʲ сі́но, вісь, милу́єшся[3] [ˈs⁽ʲ⁾ino]ⓘ, [wisʲ]ⓘ, [mɪˈlujesʲːɐ] assume (RP)
ʃ шпари́на, ви́ще, ви́рісши[3] [ʃpɐˈrɪnɐ]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʃtʃe]ⓘ, [ˈwɪr⁽ʲ⁾iʃːɪ] shop N/a
t тин [tɪn]ⓘ star tʲ тінь, мить [t⁽ʲ⁾inʲ]ⓘ, [mɪtʲ]ⓘ stew (RP)
ts цибу́ля, лиш цe[3] [tsɪˈbulʲɐ]ⓘ, [lɪˈtsːɛ] cats tsʲ ціна́, віне́ць, моро́чся[3] [ts⁽ʲ⁾iˈnɑ]ⓘ, [wiˈnɛtsʲ]ⓘ, [moˈrɔtsʲsʲɐ] cat's young
tʃ очере́т, ви́ще, багáтшати[3] [otʃeˈrɛt]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʃtʃe]ⓘ, [bɐˈɦɑtʃʃɐtɪ] choose N/a
u̯ вчи́тель, став[4] [ˈu̯tʃɪtelʲ]ⓘ, [stɑu̯] tow
v Афганіста́н[1] [ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn] vine
w вода́[4] [woˈdɑ]ⓘ between wine and vine wʲ цвях, Вю́рцбурґ[2][4] [tsʲwʲɑx]ⓘ, [ˈwʲurdzbʊrɡ] between weak and veal
x ховра́х [xou̯ˈrɑx] Bach, loch xʲ Хюрре́м Султа́н[2] [xʲʊˈrːɛm sʊlˈtɑn] Bach yelled
z зуб, бейсбо́л,[1] лиш за́раз[3] [zub]ⓘ, [bejzˈbɔl]ⓘ, [lɪz ˈzɑrɐz] zoo zʲ зі́лля, рі́зьблення, про́сьба,[1] сму́жці[3] [ˈz⁽ʲ⁾ilʲːɐ]ⓘ, [ˈr⁽ʲ⁾izʲblenʲːɐ]ⓘ, [ˈprɔzʲbɐ]ⓘ, [ˈsmuz⁽ʲ⁾tsʲ⁽ʲi] presume (RP)
ʒ жи́то, Ви́шгород,[1] безче́сний[3] [ˈʒɪto]ⓘ, [ˈwɪʒɦorod]ⓘ, [beʒˈtʃɛsnɪj]ⓘ measure N/a
Vowels
Stressed Unstressed
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ɑ гай [ɦɑj]ⓘ father ɐ гарма́та [ɦɐrˈmɑtɐ]ⓘ hug
ɛ день, є [dɛnʲ]ⓘ, [jɛ]ⓘ met e ефі́рний [eˈfirnɪj]ⓘ rate
i кіт, і́кла [kit]ⓘ, [ˈiklɐ] meet i біле́т [biˈlɛt]ⓘ meet
ɪ ми́ша [ˈmɪʃɐ]ⓘ bit ɪ кра́сний[5] [ˈkrɑsnɪj]ⓘ bit
ɔ по́ле, льон [ˈpɔle]ⓘ, [lʲɔn] off o ору́дний [oˈrudnɪj]ⓘ story
u дух, лють [dux]ⓘ, [lʲutʲ]ⓘ fool ʊ туди́ [tʊˈdɪ]ⓘ put
Other symbols
IPA Explanation
ˈ◌ stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
ˌ◌ secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
◌ː gemination (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)[6]
◌⁽ʲ⁾ optional nature of consonant palatalization before /i/

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voiceless obstruents /p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/ are voiced [b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ] before other voiced obstruents. [ɣ] and [v] only ever occur in this case.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i /bʲ mʲ pʲ wʲ/ occur in a small number of native words and loanwords before /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/. /kʲ fʲ ɡʲ ɦʲ xʲ/ may only occur in loanwords in the same environment. Optional palatalization of /b k f ɡ ɦ m p w x/ before /i/ is weak and is omitted from this help page.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Before coronal fricatives and affricates /dz dzʲ dʒ s sʲ ʃ ts tsʲ tʃ z zʲ ʒ/, dental plosives /d dʲ t tʲ/ become equivalent affricates and assimilate their degree of palatalization, while other coronals only assimilate their place of articulation and palatalization; if this results in two identical sounds, the sequence is further simplified to a geminate. In casual speech, prescribed sequences [dzts dzʲtsʲ dʒtʃ tʃʃ ʒʃ] also fully assimilate, e.g. відчини́ти [witʃːɪˈnɪtɪ]ⓘ, ви́візши [ˈwɪwiʃːɪ].
  4. ^ a b c The phoneme /w/ (spelled ⟨в⟩) has variable pronunciation, but is generally labiodental [ʋ]; it is [w] before /ɔ/ or /u/ and is vocalized to [u̯] before a consonant at the beginning of a word, after a vowel before a consonant or after a vowel at the end of a word. For simplicity, we will use ⟨w⟩ for both [ʋ] and [w].
  5. ^ May also be realized as [e].
  6. ^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: бага́ття [bɐˈɦɑtʲːɐ]ⓘ 'bonfire', подру́жжя [poˈdruʒːɐ]ⓘ 'married couple', обли́ччя [oˈblɪtʃːɐ]ⓘ 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: лля́ний [ˈlʲːɑnɪj] 'flaxen', forms of the verb ли́ти 'to pour' (ллючи́ [lʲːʊˈtʃɪ]ⓘ, ллю [lʲːu], ллєш [lʲːɛʃ], etc.), сса́ти [ˈsːɑtɪ]ⓘ 'to suck' and derivatives.[citation needed]

Bibliography

  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3.
  • Жовтобрюх, М.А.; Кулик, Б.М. (1965). Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I. (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Радянська школа.

See also

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