Help:IPA/Basque

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Basque language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Basque dialects for a more thorough discussion of regional variation.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b bat best
β alaba[1] between baby and bevy
c kuttun skew
d doa dead
ð adar[1] this
f foru face
ɡ gauak got
ɣ hego[1] between gold and ahold
h hamar[2] hot
j jakintsu[3] you
ɟ onddo argue
k ke scan
l lagun lean
ʎ zailenak million
m maixu mother
n naharo need
ɲ ikurrina, ñaka[4] canyon
p piztu spouse
r urre[5] Spanish rojo
ʁ French Paris
ɾ zauri American English atom
s̻ zeru[6] sip[6]
s̺ uso between sip and ship (retracted), European Spanish hostia[6]
ʃ xehe ship[6]
t talde stand
ts̻ aitzin cats, pizza[6]
ts̺ urretsu between cats and catch (retracted), Serbo-Croatian biće[6]
tʃ tximist catch[6]
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
a gela father
e eder bed
i nire see
o aho bore
u hiru cool
y hirü[7] roughly like cute, pit


Diphthongs
IPA Examples English approximation
ai bai eye
oi doinu boy
ei leiho ray
au hau house
eu euri roughly like go in some dialects of English[8]; Italian / Spanish Europa
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples English approximation
. gauak [ɡau.ak] moai
ˈ euskara [eusˈkaɾa][9] recycle (primary stress)
ˌ [example needed][10] motorcycle (secondary stress)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Lenition of /b d g/ occurs in regular speech in most Southern Basque dialects. Hualde (1991:99-100).
  2. ^ Silent in Southern Basque dialects.
  3. ^ The realisation of the grapheme j varies depending on dialect and can be [j, ʝ, ɟ, dʒ, ʒ, ʃ, χ]. The last, resembling Scottish English loch, is typical of Gipuzkoan, and it has also become common in eastern varieties of Biscayan and the Sakana variety of the Upper Navarrese. However, the standard pronunciation ruled by Euskaltzaindia is [j], and is the one followed in this help.
  4. ^ Euskaltzaindia. "Ñ Letra". Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  5. ^ The double rr is pronounced as a trill [r] in Southern Basque dialects but is often a guttural [ʁ] in Northern Basque dialects, especially among younger speakers. Trask (1978:77) Egurtzegi & Carignan (2020:2794, 2800).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Basque contrasts two consonants that sound similar to the /s/ of English: /s̻/, which is laminal, and /s̺/, which is apical. /ts̻/ and /ts̺/ are contrasted the same way. The contrast between /s̻, ts̻/, /s̺, ts̺/ and /ʃ, tʃ/ is similar to the contrast between /s, ts/, /ʂ, tʂ/ and /ɕ, tɕ/ in Polish.
  7. ^ Only occurring in Souletin.
  8. ^ These dialects include Southern England (including Received Pronunciation), English Midlands, Australian, New Zealand, the Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and younger Californian English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of American English, Northern England English, Welsh English, Scottish English and Irish English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
  9. ^ Stress in Basque is complex and varies between regions, the Euskaltzaindia broadly recommends high-pitched weak stress on the second syllable of a syntagma.
  10. ^ Secondary stress is low-pitched and weaker than primary stress, with the recommendation being for it to be the last syllable broadly speaking.

References

See also

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