Help:IPA/Malayalam

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Malayalam pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Malayalam phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Malayalam.

Consonants
IPA Malayalam ISO 15919 English approximation
k k sky
kh key
ɡ g ago
ɡʱ gh loghouse
ŋ sink
t͡ʃ c church
t͡ʃʰ ch church
d͡ʒ j object
d͡ʒʱ jh hedgehog
ɲ ñ canyon
ʈ[a] butter (retroflex)
ʈʰ[a] ṭh pothole (retroflex)
ɖ[a] puddle (retroflex)
ɖʱ[a] ḍh redhead but retroflex
ɳ ണ/ൺ[b] pun but retroflex
[a] t thank but plosive
t̪ʰ[a] th withhold but plosive
[a] d that but plosive
d̪ʱ[a] dh withhold but voiced and plosive
n month
n ഩ/ന[c]/ൻ[b] spin
p p spin
[d] ph pin
f f fin
b b about
bh clubhouse
m m mall
j യ/-്യ[e] y yes
ɾ ര/-്ര[f] r American English atom
l ല/ൽ[b] l list
ʋ വ/-്വ[e] v curve
ʃ ś shoe
ʂ shoe (retroflex)
s s so
h h head
ɭ ള/ൾ[b] pull (retroflex)
ɻ range
r റ/ർ[b]/-്ര[f] Scottish English run
t[a] റ്റ stalk
nd[a] ൻ്റ ṉḏ indicate
Vowels
IPA Malayalam ISO 15919 English approximation
ɐ a fun (short)
ə[g] a about
ാ, ആ ā father (long)
i ി, ഇ i sit (short)
ീ, ഈ ī seat (long)
u ു, ഉ u full (short)
ൂ, ഊ ū fool (long)
ൃ, ഋ caterer
e െ, എ e bet (short)
േ, ഏ ē there (long)
o ൊ, ഒ o got (short)
ോ, ഓ ō story (long)
ai ൈ, ഐ ai mile
au ൗ, ൌ[h], ഔ au foul
ɨ ്, ു്[i] ŭ potato
Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Malayalam contrasts dental [] and [] with retroflex [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t̪] and [d̪] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping. There is also an unvoiced alveolar [t] in Malayalam while the voiced alveolar [d] can occur after [n].
  2. ^ a b c d e Pure consonant without implicit vowel. Found within consonant clusters and at the ends of words.
  3. ^ modern orthography uses ന for both /n̪/ and /n/, and ഩ is no longer used.
  4. ^ ഫ is used for both /f/ and /pʰ/.
  5. ^ a b Post-base ligature element.
  6. ^ a b Pre-base ligature element, realized as /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on the preceding consonant.
  7. ^ [ə] may occur as an allophone of /a/ in some word-medial and final positions.
  8. ^ archaic, modern orthography uses ൗ instead
  9. ^ only occurs word finally in standard Malayalam and has no distinct letter, ു് representation is rare

See also

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