解离剂 (英語:Dissociative )是致幻剂 的亚类之一,能扭曲视觉和听觉感知,并能产生脱离环境与自我的解离效果。虽然许多种类药物都能产生解离,但解离剂的独特之处,在于其产生解离效果的方式,而其中可能包括解离、感官体验淡漠、幻觉、梦境与麻醉。[ 1]
虽说大多数解离剂的主要作用机制与NMDA受体的拮抗作用 有关,但解离剂中的一些物质,也会非选择性的作用影响于多巴胺 [ 2] 或阿片[ 3] 系统,因而可能会产生更直接与可重复的兴奋感与症状,此类典型的“硬性毒品”,或常见滥用药物的效果更为相似。这或许为解离性药物被认为有一定成瘾性之因,并且使其与迷幻药 形成区别。尽管某些解离性药物,如苯環己哌啶 具有刺激性,但多数解离药,具有抑制作用,可产生镇静、呼吸抑制、恶心、迷失方向、镇痛、麻醉、共济失调、认知和记忆障碍以及失忆等的症状。
效果
解离剂的作用包括感觉解离、幻觉、躁狂、催眠、镇痛与失忆。[ 4] [ 5] [ 6] 据彭德(Pender,1972)所说“因为病人似乎真的与周遭环境分离了,因而这种(解离的)状态被称为解离性麻醉。”[ 7] 彭德(Pender,1970)和约翰斯顿(Johnstone,1959)等人都曾报告,使用氯胺酮 或苯環己哌啶 麻醉的患者,在麻醉期间与麻醉后容易出现无目的的运动和幻觉(或“梦”),一些患者认为幻觉令人兴奋,而另一些患者对幻觉表示不安。[ 8] 在亚麻醉剂量下,解离剂与其他致幻剂(如麦司卡林 、LSD 和賽洛西賓 )类似,会改变许多相同的认知和感知过程,因此,这两类经常被用作对比,前者亦被认为具有致幻性。[ 9] [ 10] [ 11] 解离剂与传统迷幻药物(如LSD 与麦司卡林 ),在主观体验上最大区别或许在于解离效应,包括:人格解体,即感到自我一部分或全部不真实、与自我脱节或无法控制自己的行为;去人格化,即感觉外部世界不真实或认为自我处于梦境。[ 12]
用途
医用
在医院等医疗环境中,氯胺酮 等许多解离剂,被用作手术或止痛的麻醉剂。不过,由于可能产生致幻作用,因此仅有迫不得已时使用。[ 13] [ 14] 某些嗎啡喃 解离剂,如右美沙芬 ,也被以亚精神活性剂量用于抑制咳嗽。[ 15]
作为一种可能的速效抗抑郁剂的氯胺酮 ,目前也正在接受研究,并显示出良好的效果。[ 16] [ 17] 它还可作为C-PTSD 和慢性疼痛 的可能的缓和治疗方法之一。[ 18] [ 19]
娱乐用途
一些解离药物被用于娱乐。如,氯胺酮 和氧化亚氮 是俱乐部毒品 。苯環己哌啶 (俗称天使尘)是街头毒品的一种。右美沙芬 止咳糖浆也具有解离作用,一些使用者过量使用,以用于娱乐 。[ 20] 氯仿 和二乙醚 历来也都被用于娱乐。
扩展阅读
参考文献
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^ Johnstone, M.; Evans, V.; Baigel, S. Sernyl (C1-395) in Clinical Anaesthesia . British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1959, 31 (10): 433–9. PMID 14407580 . doi:10.1093/bja/31.10.433 .
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^ Virtue, RW; Alanis, JM; Mori, M; Lafargue, RT; Vogel, JH; Metcalf, DR. An anaesthetic agent: 2-orthochlorophenyl, 2-methylamino cyclohexanone HCl (CI-581).. Anesthesiology. 1967, 28 (5): 823–33. PMID 6035012 . S2CID 34414786 . doi:10.1097/00000542-196709000-00008 .
^ Mason, Oliver J.; Morgan, Celia J.M.; Stefanovic, Ana; Curran, H Valerie. The Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI): Measuring psychotic-type experiences from ketamine and cannabis. Schizophrenia Research. 2008, 103 (1–3): 138–42. PMID 18387788 . S2CID 807162 . doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.020 .
^ Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E.; Heekeren, K.; Neukirch, A.; Stoll, M.; Stock, C.; Obradovic, M.; Kovar, K.-A. Psychological Effects of (S)-Ketamine and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study in Healthy Volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2005, 38 (6): 301–11. PMID 16342002 . doi:10.1055/s-2005-916185 .
^ Krupitsky, EM; Grinenko, AY. Ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT): a review of the results of ten years of research. . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1997, 29 (2): 165–83 [2010-10-25 ] . PMID 9250944 . doi:10.1080/02791072.1997.10400185 . (原始内容 存档于2010-08-19).
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迷幻药物 5-HT2A R 激動劑
麦角酰胺类 苯乙胺衍生物
哌嗪 色胺
1-甲基-5-甲氧基二异丙基色胺
2,N,N-三甲基色胺
4,5-DHP-AMT
4,5-DHP-DMT
4-AcO-DALT
4-AcO-DET
4-AcO-DiPT
4-AcO-DMT
4-Acetoxy-DPT
4-AcO-MiPT
4-HO-5-MeO-DMT
4-羟基-N,N-二丁基色胺
4-羟基-N,N-二丙基色胺
4-羟基-N-甲基-N-乙基色胺
4-HO-MPMI
4-羟基-N-甲基-N-丙基色胺
4,N,N-三甲基色胺
4-PrO-DMT
5,6-diBr-DMT
5-AcO-DMT
5-溴-N,N-二甲基色胺
5-Me-MIPT
5-MeO-2,N ,N -TMT
5-MeO-4,N ,N -TMT
5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT
5-MeO-α-ET
5-MeO-α-MT
5-MeO-DALT
5-MeO-DET
5-甲氧基二异丙基色胺
5-甲氧基二甲基色胺
5-MeO-DPT
5-MeO-EiPT
5-MeO-MET
5-MeO-MiPT
5-MeO-MPMI
5,N,N-TMT
7,N,N-三甲基色胺
α-ET
α-MT
α,N,N-三甲基色胺
Aeruginascin
Baeocystin
蟾毒色胺
DALT
DBT
DCPT
DET
DIPT
DMT
DPT
EiPT
4-羟二乙基色胺
4-磷酸二乙基色胺
4-羟二异丙基色胺
MET
Miprocin
MiPT
Norbaeocystin
PiPT
脱磷酸裸盖菇素
裸盖菇素
其它藥物
解离性药物 NMDAR 拮抗劑
致谵妄药 mAChR 拮抗劑 其它相關藥物