麗莎·黛蒙德(英语:Lisa M. Diamond)這一位學者在回顧眾多關於女双性恋者和女同性戀者的性認同的研究後得出結論,指其發現:「與『同性之性』相關的變化和流動性與傳統固定、一致,並於早年發展的性取向樣式相矛盾」[19],不過其於後來指出性取向認同流動(英语:Sexual fluidity)並不意味着性取向能夠改變,而只是「意味着性取向不是女性愛慕傾向的唯一決定因素」,並指「大部分女性的性取向不會產生變化」[20]。
^ 2.02.12.2Långström, Niklas; Qazi Rahman; Eva Carlström; Paul Lichtenstein. Genetic and Environmental Effects on Same-sex Sexual Behaviour: A Population Study of Twins in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior (Archives of Sexual Behavior). 2008-06-07, 39 (1): 75–80. PMID 18536986. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1.
^ 4.04.14.2Mary Ann Lamanna; Agnes Riedmann; Susan D Stewart. Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. 2014: 82 [2016-01-11]. ISBN 1305176898. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30). The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychology Association 2010).
^Gail Wiscarz Stuart. Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 502 [2016-01-11]. ISBN 032329412X. (原始内容存档于2016-11-30). No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
^ 22.022.122.2Jacob Felson. The Effect of Religious Background on Sexual Orientation. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2011, 7. ISSN 1556-3723. SSRN 2008124.
^Ridge SR, Feeney JA. Relationship history and relationship attitudes in gay males and lesbians: attachment style and gender differences. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1998, 32 (6): 848–59. PMID 10084350. doi:10.3109/00048679809073875.
^Hamer, Dean. A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.. Science. 1993-07-16, 261: 321–7. PMID 8332896. doi:10.1126/science.8332896.
^Blanchard R, Zucker KJ, Siegelman M, Dickey R, Klassen P. The relation of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. J Biosoc Sci. 1998, 30 (4): 511–9. PMID 9818557. doi:10.1017/S0021932098005112.
^Blanchard R. Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality. Horm Behav. 2001, 40 (2): 105–14. PMID 11534970. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1681.
^Edward O. Laumann, Stephen Ellingson, Jenna Mahay, Anthony Paik, and Yoosik Youm (Eds.). (2004). The Sexual Organization of the City, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
^Holmes, William C. Sexual Abuse of Boys. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998-12-02, 280 (21).
^Gerry Dantone. Anti-gay Activism and the Misuse of Science(PDF). centerforinquiry.net. Center for Inquiry. [2015-11-12]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2017-08-15). it was a non-clinical study and the data concerning homosexuals was gathered by setting up an interview booth at a “Gay Pride” parade while the data for heterosexuals was gathered at a college. Did the signage attracting participants at the Gay Pride parade booth ask specifically for victims of abuse who were willing to tell their story? The study does not say anything on this point – we do not know how participants were attracted. How likely is it that all the persons who took the questionnaire at the booth just happened to be gay, as it is claimed in this study? [...] Meanwhile, the data on heterosexuals was obtained at colleges; is this a group that one could then compare to persons attracted by unknown means to a booth at a gay pride parade? Can one then ethically extrapolate the findings to the general public? [...] A non-clinical and flawed study with a much skewed sample that even the authors suggest may not be representative.
^Gerry Dantone. Anti-gay Activism and the Misuse of Science(PDF). centerforinquiry.net. Center for Inquiry. [2015-11-12]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2017-08-15). Another interesting aspect of this study is the use of the word “molestation.” In the questionnaire given to participants, the word “molestation” is never used; “sexual contact” is used. What does this phrase mean to the various participants? Does it mean one thing to those participating in a festive Gay Pride Parade and something quite different to a student at a perhaps more subdued or introspective University setting? Since 84% of gay men and 95% of women considered themselves gay before the “sexual contact” according to the study, could it be something less nefarious than, for example, forcible rape they were recounting? Could it be that the college students were only counting more disturbing experiences, such as forcible rape? Of course it is possible the two groups were defining “sexual contact” in precisely the same manner, but we really should not have to assume such a thing; our doubts are due to the absence of pertinent info from the researchers – this should have been made clear. The study does not even attempt to quantify these probably relevant differences in these two groups. And, instead of continuing to use the phrase “sexual contact” in their closing discussions, the authors of the study switch to “molestation” in their analysis of the data
^Gerry Dantone. Anti-gay Activism and the Misuse of Science(PDF). centerforinquiry.net. Center for Inquiry. [2015-11-12]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2017-08-15). Also cited in the Tomeo, et al. report are studies conducted by Paul Cameron that supported the contention that gays are more likely to have been molested and to molest others [...] The American Sociological Association has criticized Dr. Cameron, stating that "Cameron has consistently misinterpreted and misrepresented sociological research on sexuality, homosexuality, and lesbianism" and that he was kicked out of the American Psychological Association. Further, in a court case in 1985, a judge saw fit to characterize Paul Cameron’s “expert” testimony thusly: Second, this Court reaffirms its findings that Dr. Simon and Dr. Marmor were very credible witnesses and that their qualifications were impeccable. In contrast, Dr. Paul Cameron--the basis of the claim that Drs. Simon and Marmor committed fraud in their testimony--has himself made misrepresentations to this Court. For example: (i) his sworn statement that "homosexuals are approximately 43 times more apt to commit crimes than is the general population" is a total distortion of the Kinsey data upon which he relies--which, as is obvious to anyone who reads the report, concerns data from a non-representative sample of delinquent homosexuals (and Dr. Cameron compares this group to college and non-college heterosexuals); (ii) his sworn statement that "homosexuals abuse children at a proportionately greater incident than do heterosexuals" is based upon the same distorted data--and, the Court notes, is directly contrary to other evidence presented at trial besides the testimony of Dr. Simon and Dr. Marmour. (553 F. Supp. 1121 at 1130 n.18.) n309 Yes, this study used data from this same researcher without commenting on his questionable credibility and the possible fraudulence of his data.
^ 54.054.1Wilson, H. W.; Widom, C. S. Does Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, or Neglect in Childhood Increase the Likelihood of Same-sex Sexual Relationships and Cohabitation? A Prospective 30-year Follow-up. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009, 39 (1): 63–74. PMID 19130206. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9449-3.