西拉德與費米合作,在哥倫比亞大學用天然鈾建造了核反应堆;當時,哥大物理學系由喬治·佩格拉姆(英语:George B. Pegram)領導。學界就鈾的核分裂反應究竟是由占天然鈾比例不到百分之一的鈾-235,還是費米堅持認為的鈾-238同位素所引發尚存有爭議。西拉德及費米展開一系列實驗並得出結論:只要找到適當的中子减速剂,就能引發天然鈾的核分裂反應。他們亦發現,氫原子在水中雖然可以讓中子減速,但也常常直接捕獲中子,於是西拉德建議改以碳為中子減速劑。西拉德認為,只要收集到大量的鈾及碳等足夠素材建造反應爐便可以成功[4]。
8月2日,西拉德再度前往長島;因維格納有事在身,他只能請另一位匈牙利物理學家同儕愛德華·泰勒代駕。愛因斯坦拿到草稿以後先用德語口授信件內容,待西拉德回到哥倫比亞大學再以英語口授與系上一名速记員珍妮特·科茨沃斯(Janet Coatesworth)記錄。此後她回憶道,當西拉德提到「威力極大的炸彈」之時,她「確信自己正在為瘋子工作(was sure she was working for a nut)」[14];即使信件以「阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦敬上(Yours very truly, Albert Einstein)」作結,也絲毫沒有讓這一印象好轉。該信隨後與另一封詳細解釋信件一同交給愛因斯坦檢閱並簽署[14]。
In the course of the last four months it has been made probable — through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America — that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium, by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.
This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable — though much less certain — that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air.
I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated.
西拉德在8月9日收到愛因斯坦簽署後寄回的信件[14]。8月15日,他將長、短兩份信件連同自己寫的另一封信寄給薩克斯。薩克斯向白宮工作人員預約晉見羅斯福總統,但在他見到總統以前,德國於9月1日入侵波蘭,宣告第二次世界大战全面爆發,羅斯福政府陷入戰爭泥沼,於是薩克斯便延遲晉見至10月份羅斯福能認真看待信件的時候。10月11日,薩克斯同羅斯福、其秘書埃德溫·華生(英语:Edwin "Pa" Watson)陸軍准將與基斯·F·亞當森(Keith F. Adamson)陸軍中校及吉爾伯特·C·胡佛(Gilbert C. Hoover)海軍中校等兩位軍械專家會面;羅斯福總結會面結果道:「亞歷克斯(指薩克斯),你的目標就是不要讓納粹炸翻我們。(Alex, what you are after is to see that the Nazis don't blow us up.)」[17][18]
I found this data of such import that I have convened a Board consisting of the head of the Bureau of Standards and a chosen representative of the Army and Navy to thoroughly investigate the possibilities of your suggestion regarding the element of uranium.
羅斯福認為必須就信件所提之事採取行動,於是授權成立鈾顧問委員會;鈾顧問委員會以國家標準局局長莱曼·布里格斯為主席、亞當森及胡佛等人為委員,1939年10月21日召開第一次會議,與會者還包括國家標準局的佛瑞德·L·莫勒(Fred L. Mohler)、華盛頓卡內基研究所的理查·B·羅伯特斯(Richard B. Roberts)、西拉德、泰勒及維格納等人。亞當森懷疑原子彈製造之可行性,不過依然同意撥款6,000美元(約相当于2023年的131,426美元)用於採購西拉德與費米等人實驗所需的鈾及石墨[22]。
愛因斯坦並未參與曼哈頓計畫。陸軍及万尼瓦尔·布什於1940年7月拒絕給愛因斯坦發放工作許可,表示他的和平主義傾向及名人地位構成安全風險[26]。愛因斯坦曾在戰間於海軍軍械局(英语:Bureau of Ordnance)擔任顧問[27],不過他對原子彈研發進展一無所知,也無力影響任何使用原子彈的決定[26]。據萊納斯·鮑林稱,愛因斯坦後悔簽署這一導致原子彈研製及投入戰爭使用之信件,並表示他只能以納粹德國首先研製出原子彈可能造成更大危險為由合理衡量這一決定[28][29]。1947年,愛因斯坦告訴《新闻周刊》:「若當初明白德國人沒有辦法成功研發原子彈,我就什麼都不會做。(had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing.)」[26][30]
^Flügge, Siegfried. Die Ausnutzung der Atomenergie. Vom Laboratoriumsversuch zur Uranmaschine – Forschungsergebnisse in Dahlem. Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung(英语:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung) (387, beiblatt). 1939-08-15 (德语).