zh 剛性條款

憲法或基本法中的剛性條款（英語：entrenched clause, entrenchment clause）是讓某些修正案更難以通過或無法通過的規定，導致此類修正案不予受理。剛性條款的修正或廢除可能需要超級多數決（英语：supermajority）、公投或少數政黨的同意。剛性條款或相似用語出現在巴西、捷克^[1]、德國、希臘^[2]、印度^[3]、伊朗、義大利^[4]、摩洛哥^[5]、挪威^[4]與土耳其的憲法或基本法中。

參考文獻

^ Kyriaki Topidi and Alexander H. E. Morawa. Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe (Studies in Modern Law and Policy). 2010: 105 [2021-01-26]. ISBN 978-1409403272. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.
^ The official English language translation of the Greek Constitution as of May 27, 2008 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Article 110 §1, p. 124, source: Hellenic Parliament, "The provisions of the Constitution shall be subject to revision with the exception of those which determine the form of government as a Parliamentary Republic and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 , 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, 13 paragraph 1, and 26."
^ Changes like Brexit need a super-majority. Times of India Blog. 2016-07-03 [2020-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）（美国英语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Joel Colón-Ríos. Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic Legitimacy and the Question of Constituent Power (Routledge Research in Constitutional Law. 2012: 67 [2021-01-22]. ISBN 978-0415671903. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.
^ Gerhard Robbers. Encyclopedia of World Constitutions. 2006: 626 [2021-01-26]. ISBN 978-0816060788. （原始内容存档于2021-01-07）.

这是一篇與法律相關的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[CECEE-1] Kyriaki Topidi and Alexander H. E. Morawa. Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe (Studies in Modern Law and Policy). 2010: 105 [2021-01-26]. ISBN 978-1409403272. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.

[2] The official English language translation of the Greek Constitution as of May 27, 2008 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Article 110 §1, p. 124, source: Hellenic Parliament, "The provisions of the Constitution shall be subject to revision with the exception of those which determine the form of government as a Parliamentary Republic and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 , 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, 13 paragraph 1, and 26."

[3] Changes like Brexit need a super-majority. Times of India Blog. 2016-07-03 [2020-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-28）（美国英语）.

[weakcon-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Joel Colón-Ríos. Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic Legitimacy and the Question of Constituent Power (Routledge Research in Constitutional Law. 2012: 67 [2021-01-22]. ISBN 978-0415671903. （原始内容存档于2021-02-15）.

[EWC-5] Gerhard Robbers. Encyclopedia of World Constitutions. 2006: 626 [2021-01-26]. ISBN 978-0816060788. （原始内容存档于2021-01-07）.

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剛性條款

參考文獻

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