zh 内啡肽

内啡肽（endorphin），音譯安多酚，是人类和其他脊椎動物中枢神经系统（如腦下垂體和丘腦下部）或肾上腺髓质^[1]中产生的内源性阿片肽（英语：Opioid peptide）^[2]^[3]，可以阻断疼痛的感觉，且增加幸福感^[4]^[5]。内啡肽主要有α、β和γ三种类型，可结合于特异的阿片样物质受体，其与脑啡肽（英语：Enkephalin）、强啡肽等共同组成阿片肽（英语：Opioid peptide）家族^[6]。

内啡肽又俗称“腦內嗎啡”^[7]^[8]、“腦內啡”^[9]，但这些称呼易与脑啡肽（enkephalin）混淆；且内啡肽属于一种神经肽（一种肽类），吗啡结构为生物碱（与肽类无关）^[10]。内啡肽英语 endorphin 命名源自“内源吗啡”（endogenous morphine^[11]^[12]^[13]）。

歷史

在1975年，内啡肽分別由兩組獨立的研究人員同時發現。

蘇格蘭的約翰·休斯（John Hughes）及漢斯·科斯特利茲（Hans Kosterlitz）首次由豬的腦中發現有α（alpha）、β（beta）及γ（gamma）3種内啡肽。當時他們稱它為enkephalins（由大腦的希臘文εγκέφαλος, 變化而成）。
同一時間，另一組美國研究人員Rabi Simantov和Solomon H. Snyder在牛的腦中發現内啡肽。埃里·西門（Eric Simon）（日後發現人類體內的嗎啡受體）把它稱為 "endomorphin"，是「內生嗎啡」的縮寫。事實上嗎啡本身並不是肽，但近期的研究發現，人類或動物的肌肉細胞組織能產生嗎啡。^[14]

量變化的原因

科學家對於審度人類體內的内啡肽水平有所爭論，現時關於内啡肽的大量數據是由動物的實驗結果得來的，不是由人類臨床實驗。因為人類實驗只能量度人體血漿內的内啡肽水平，這並不是真正量度中樞神經系統內的内啡肽水平。有些實驗利用一些類嗎啡的對抗藥（例如naloxone），間接地量度内啡肽水平。

運動

跑步者的愉悅感（英语：Runner's high）是指當運動量超過某一階段時，體內便會分泌内啡肽。長時間、連續、中等至高強度的運動、深呼吸也是分泌内啡肽的條件。長時間運動把肌肉內的糖原用盡，内啡肽便會分泌。這些運動包括跑步、游泳、越野滑雪、羽毛球、長距離划船、騎單車、舉重、有氧運動舞或球類運動（例如籃球、足球或美式足球）。

文內注釋

^ Hsu CT, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Increase of beta-endorphin biosynthesis in the adrenal gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318(2):57-60. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02473-9
^ Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. December 2020, 22 (1): 338. PMC 7796446 . PMID 33396962. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338 .
^ Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ. Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update. Sports Medicine. July 1997, 24 (1): 8–16. PMID 9257407. doi:10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002.
^ Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW. Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training. British Medical Journal. June 1984, 288 (6435): 1950–1952. PMC 1442192 . PMID 6329401. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950.
^ Endorphins: What They Are and How to Boost Them. Cleveland Clinic. [2023-03-25] （英语）.
^ Miller RJ, Cuatrecasas P. Enkephalins and endorphins. Vitam Horm. 1978;36:297-382. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60987-5
^ 「腦內嗎啡」與健康. [2014-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-01）.
^ 陈普.可改变人生的脑内吗啡[J].知识就是力量, 1998(1):3.DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZSLL.0.1998-01-006.
^ 梅语.内啡肽——运动首快乐着[J].养生保健指南：中老年健康, 2017(9):2.
^ Papini, A. M. (2018). From morphine to endogenous opioid peptides, e.g., endorphins: the endless quest for the perfect painkiller. Substantia, 2(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.13128/Substantia-63
^ Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM. Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011 (PDF). Folia Biologica. 1515, 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine
^ μ receptor. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15 March 2017 [28 December 2017]. Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously.
^ Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH. Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2004, 101 (39): 14091–14096. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10114091P. PMC 521124 . PMID 15383669. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405430101 .
^ Grobe, Nadja; Lamshöft, Marc; Orth, Robert G.; Dräger, Birgit; Kutchan, Toni M.; Zenk, Meinhart H.; Spiteller, Michael. Urinary excretion of morphine and biosynthetic precursors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-04, 107 (18): 8147–8152 [2020-12-20]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003423107. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.

这是一篇與生物学相關的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

这是一篇與医学相關的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[1] Hsu CT, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Increase of beta-endorphin biosynthesis in the adrenal gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318(2):57-60. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02473-9

[2] Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. December 2020, 22 (1): 338. PMC 7796446 . PMID 33396962. doi:10.3390/ijms22010338 .

[3] Goldfarb AH, Jamurtas AZ. Beta-endorphin response to exercise. An update. Sports Medicine. July 1997, 24 (1): 8–16. PMID 9257407. doi:10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002.

[4] Howlett TA, Tomlin S, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, McArthur JW. Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: response to training. British Medical Journal. June 1984, 288 (6435): 1950–1952. PMC 1442192 . PMID 6329401. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950.

[5] Endorphins: What They Are and How to Boost Them. Cleveland Clinic. [2023-03-25] （英语）.

[6] Miller RJ, Cuatrecasas P. Enkephalins and endorphins. Vitam Horm. 1978;36:297-382. doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60987-5

[7] 「腦內嗎啡」與健康. [2014-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-01）.

[8] 陈普.可改变人生的脑内吗啡[J].知识就是力量, 1998(1):3.DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZSLL.0.1998-01-006.

[9] 梅语.内啡肽——运动首快乐着[J].养生保健指南：中老年健康, 2017(9):2.

[10] Papini, A. M. (2018). From morphine to endogenous opioid peptides, e.g., endorphins: the endless quest for the perfect painkiller. Substantia, 2(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.13128/Substantia-63

[Endogenous_steroids_in_humans-11] Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM. Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011 (PDF). Folia Biologica. 1515, 58 (2): 49–56. PMID 22578954. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. ... The apparently serendipitous finding of an opiate alkaloid-sensitive, opioid peptide-insensitive, µ3 opiate receptor subtype expressed by invertebrate immunocytes, human blood monocytes, macrophage cell lines, and human blood granulocytes provided compelling validating evidence for an autonomous role of endogenous morphine as a biologically important cellular signalling molecule (Stefano et al., 1993; Cruciani et al., 1994; Stefano and Scharrer, 1994; Makman et al., 1995). ... Human white blood cells have the ability to make and release morphine

[IUPHAR-12] μ receptor. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 15 March 2017 [28 December 2017]. Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand ... Morphine occurs endogenously.

[13] Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH. Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2004, 101 (39): 14091–14096. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10114091P. PMC 521124 . PMID 15383669. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405430101 .

[14] Grobe, Nadja; Lamshöft, Marc; Orth, Robert G.; Dräger, Birgit; Kutchan, Toni M.; Zenk, Meinhart H.; Spiteller, Michael. Urinary excretion of morphine and biosynthetic precursors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-04, 107 (18): 8147–8152 [2020-12-20]. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003423107. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

Agama	Bahasa	Biografi	Budaya	Ekonomi	Elektronika
Film	Filsafat	Geografi	Indonesia	Ilmu	Lingkungan
Masyarakat	Matematika	Militer	Mitologi	Musik	Olahraga
Pendidikan	Politik	Sastra	Sejarah	Seni	Teknologi

内啡肽

歷史

量變化的原因

運動

文內注釋

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia