Bade
Bade (nke a na-asụkwa Bede, Bedde, ma ọ bụ Bode) bụ asụsụ Chadic ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndị Bade na Yobe steeti na steeti Jigawa, Nigeria na-asụ. Eze ọdịnala ha bụ Emir nke Bade. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa, Bade bụ asụsụ na-adịghị ike nke nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ikpochapụ.[1] Site na ndị na-asụ 356,000, [2] asụsụ na omenala ndị Bade atawo ahụhụ n'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga. Ka asụsụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-adapụ, omenala na uru akụkọ ihe mere eme metụtara asụsụ ahụ na-alakwa n'iyi. Olumba obodo na-esi na Bade na-aga na Hausa.[2] N'ofe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ime obodo site na mfu nke asụsụ obodo ga-adị mkpa. Ihe ize ndụ nke asụsụ Bade na-anọchi anya asụsụ dị iche iche zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.[3] Ọtụtụ asụsụ Afrịka enwetala obere nlebara anya asụsụ, na-emetụta asụsụ Africa ndị a.[1]
Nchịkọta
A na-ekewa Bade n'okpuru ụdị ndị a: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ebe ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme gbasara asụsụ Bade nwere oke, ọtụtụ okwu n'asụsụ Bade gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'asụsụ Kanuri.[1] A na-asụkarị asụsụ Kanuri na West Africa, gụnyere: Nigeria na Chad. Bade na Ngizim agbaziwo ọtụtụ mkpụrụokwu n'asụsụ Kanuri.[1] Dị ka akụkọ ọdịnala si kwuo, asụsụ Bade n'onwe ya sitere na Badr nke Yemen na Muhammad chụpụrụ ndị Bade mgbe ha enweghị ike ikpe ekpere. Ugbu a, dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ Naijiria nọ n'ihe egwu, bade na-eje ozi dị ka olumba mpaghara. N'ozuzu, asụsụ Naijiria nwere akụ na ụba dị iche iche nke asụsụ dị na mba ahụ.[2] N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ịchịisi sokwa mee ka asụsụ obodo dara ada, nke Bade so na ya, na ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọtụtụ obodo Bade na-aghọ obodo ndị na-asụ Hausa..[2]
Ebe a na-ekesa ya
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bade nọ na Naijiria. A na-asụ ya n'akụkụ ugwu nke Yobe State, Nigeria . [3]
Ọnọdụ gọọmentị
Asụsụ ahụ abụghị asụsụ gọọmentị nke Naijiria ma ọ bụ mba ọ bụla ọzọ.
Asụsụ / Ụdị dị iche iche
E nwere olumba atọ nke asụsụ Bade nke kwekọrọ na mpaghara:
- Gashua Bade (Mazgarwa)
- Southern Bade (Bade-Kado)
- Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ (Amshi, Maagwaram, Shirawa)
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ọtụtụ asụsụ West Chadic nwere ndepụta ụdaume yiri nke ahụ kewara n'ime ìgwè asatọ: laryngeal, laryngeel, laryingeal, laialized velar, velar, lateral, alveopalatal, alveolar, na labial.[4] N'asụsụ Bade / Ngizim, nkwụsị glottal anaghị arụ ọrụ, mana hiatus ụdaume na-adabere na elision na coalescence. Ụda ndị ahụ na-egosipụtakwa "ịkwa" ma nwee mgbanwe site na fricative gaa na nkwụsị.[4]
Mkpụrụ okwu
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Mgbe alv./Obodo Palatal |
Velar | Mkpịsị aka | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lateral | ala dị larịị | <small id="mwgw">ụlọ nyocha</small> | ala dị larịị | <small id="mwiA">ụlọ nyocha</small> | ||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| Kwụsị/Africate |
enweghị olu | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | |||
| kwuru okwu | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||||
| Nri | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ɗ̠ʲ | ||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | enweghị olu | f | s | ɬ | ʃ | h | hʷ | ||
| kwuru okwu | v | z | ɮ | ʒ | ɦ | ɦʷ | |||
| Rhotic | r | ɽ | |||||||
| Ihe atụ | l | j | w | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | |||||
- A pụkwara ịnụ /r/ dị ka flap [ɾ].
- A pụkwara ịnụ /ɗ̠j/ dị ka [Xij].[4]
Mkpụrụedemede
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i iː | ɨ | u uː |
| N'etiti | eː | oː | |
| Emeghe | a aː |
Asụsụ
Asụsụ maka asụsụ Bade kwekọrọ na asụsụ Ngizim.[4]
Ọdịdị na nhazi okwu
Asụsụ Bade / Ngizim dịtụ iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Chadic.[4] Bade na Ngizim nwere ụdaume ogologo na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi. Mkpụrụedemede dị n'etiti nwekwara ojiji a kpaara ókè ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdaume ndị ọzọ. Mkpụrụedemede dị n'etiti ga-apụta dị ka okwu ndị e si n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ nweta.[4] Asụsụ ahụ na-echekwa diphthongs na okwu ala na nke a gbazitere.
Okwu
Asụsụ Bade nwere mmetụta siri ike site na Asụsụ Kanuri. E nwere ọtụtụ okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Kanuri ruo n'asụsụ West Chadic, gụnyere Bade.[5] A na-ejikarị Bade na asụsụ Ngizim. Dị ka ihe atụ, okwu "onye ahụike" bụ nga n'asụsụ Kanuri na Ngati n'asụsụ Ngizim.[5] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, asụsụ Hausa emetụtala asụsụ Bade.[6]
Aha azụ
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ aha azụ nke Ala mmiri Hadejia-Nguru na Bade, tinyere aha ha bụ Hausa na Manga Kanuri. Rịba ama na a hụghị ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, n'ihi ịcha nke mpaghara ahụ.
Usoro ide ihe
Asụsụ Bade na-eji edemede Latin.
| Ə | A | B | Ọ bụ ihe efu | C | D | Ɗ | E | F | G | H | M | J | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | O | P | R | R̃ | S | T | U | V | W | Y | ʼY | Z |
| ə | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ka | na | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | p | r | r̃ | s | t | u | v | w | na | ʼy | z |
A na-eji mkpụrụedemede R̃ eme ihe naanị n'asụsụ Gashua.
Edemsibia
- ↑ Lupke (2009). "At the margin - African Endangered Languages in the Context of Global Endangerment Discourses". African Research & Documentation 109: 15–41. DOI:10.1017/S0305862X00016472.
- ↑ Novak (2008). "Who speaks? Who listens?: The problem of address in two Nigerian trauma novels". Studies in the Novel 40 (1–2): 31–51. DOI:10.1353/sdn.0.0013.
- ↑ Schuh (2009). The Ngizim Language. aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Schuh (2002). Overview of Bade/Ngizim of Phonology. aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved on 2025-03-03.Schuh, Russell (2002). (PDF). aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Schuh (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Bade and Ngizim. aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved on 2017-06-26.
- ↑ Schuh (1997). Changes in Obstruent Voicing in Bade/Ngizim. aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26.
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