en Tarokoid languages

Tarokoid
Tarokoid
Plateau VII
Geographic; distribution	Nigeria
Linguistic classification	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Central Nigerian (Platoid) Plateau Tarokoid; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	taro1265

The five Tarokoid languages are a branch of the Plateau family spoken in central Nigeria, just north of the middle reaches of the Benue River. Tarok itself has 300,000 speakers, with Pe and Sur about 5,000 each. Yangkam is severely endangered, being spoken by around fifty elderly men.

The Tarokoid languages have significantly influenced the Ron languages and later Ngas, but not the other West Chadic languages of Tel, Goemai, Mupun, and Mwaghavul. Most borrowed words went from Tarok to Chadic, although occasionally Chadic words were also borrowed into Tarok. Today, Tarok remains the lingua franca of the southern Plateau region of Nigeria.^[1]

Classification

The only language with significant data is Tarok. Pe (Pai) has been placed in various branches of Plateau, and Kwang (Kwanka) was only recently added, but it now seems clear that the following five languages belong together. The classification below follows Blench (2004).^[2]

Tarokoid

	Tarok (Yergam)

	Pe (Pai)

Yangkam (Bashar)

	Sur (Myet, Tapshin)

	Kwang (Kwanka)

	Shall-Zwall^[3]

Names and locations

Below is a list of Tarokoid language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).^[4]

Language	Dialects	Alternate spellings	Own name for language	Endonym(s)	Other names (location-based)	Other names for language	Exonym(s)	Speakers	Location(s)
Tarok	iTarok (Plain Tarok), iZini (Hill Tarok), Səlyər, iTarok Oga aSa, iGyang		iTarok			Appa, Yergam, Yergum			Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs
Yangkam				Yaŋkam	Bashiri		Basharawa	[20,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin)]. Ethnic population given; these groups now speak only Hausa. As of 1996, there were likely fewer than 400 speakers, all over 40 years old.	Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs, Bashar town

Reconstruction

Reconstructed Proto-Tarokoid forms proposed by Longtau (2016):^[5]

Gloss	Proto-Tarokoid
to burn	*bi-ʃi
head	*iki-ʃi
tongue	iki-lerem ~ iti-lem
to monger iron	*kɨ-la
bed	*iki-ler
tail	*iku-ʃol
hyena	*mmu-tuŋ
duiker	*in-tep
guinea fowl	*iru-nshyok
ladder	*n-kwaŋ
fonio	*iti-ʃi
head-pad	*ati-kat
knee	*itu-kuruŋ
bone	*atu-kubi
corpse	*atu-kum
skin	*a-tukwa
heart	*itun-rum
money	*igi-ʧam
fruit bat	*igi-gyak
husband	*u-rom
termite	*i-ʃum
hunger	*y-yɔŋ

Footnotes

^ Longtau, Selbut (25–26 March 2004). Some Historical Inferences from Lexical Borrowings and Traditions of Origins in the Tarokoid/Chadic Interface. International Symposium on Endangered Languages in Contact: Nigeria’s Plateau Languages. Hamburg: Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg.
^ Blench, Roger. 2004. Tarok and related languages of east-central Nigeria.
^ Blench, Roger. 2023. The Pe language of Central Nigeria and its affinities. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
^ Longtau, Selbut (1–3 September 2016). A comparative morphology of non-productive Tarok affixes and stems for suggested Proto-Tarokoid reconstruction of some lexemes (PDF). Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction (2nd International Congress). Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique (LLACAN).

References

Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.

External links

Roger Blench: Tarokoid materials
Plateau materials from Roger Blench

[Longtau2004-1] Longtau, Selbut (25–26 March 2004). Some Historical Inferences from Lexical Borrowings and Traditions of Origins in the Tarokoid/Chadic Interface. International Symposium on Endangered Languages in Contact: Nigeria’s Plateau Languages. Hamburg: Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg.

[2] Blench, Roger. 2004. Tarok and related languages of east-central Nigeria.

[Blench_2023-3] Blench, Roger. 2023. The Pe language of Central Nigeria and its affinities. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

[BlenchAtlas4-4] Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

[Longtau2016-5] Longtau, Selbut (1–3 September 2016). A comparative morphology of non-productive Tarok affixes and stems for suggested Proto-Tarokoid reconstruction of some lexemes (PDF). Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction (2nd International Congress). Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique (LLACAN).

[1]

[2]

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[5]

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Tarokoid languages