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List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces

This is a list of military equipment[1][2] used by Syrian opposition forces in the Syrian Civil War. This list does not include equipment used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the Syrian Democratic Forces.

Sources

Large pieces of equipment like tanks and vehicles are generally captured from the Syrian Army, but small arms are a mixture of captured Syrian Army weapons, weapons imported by foreign combatants joining the opposition forces, or other sources. These include funding by private donors (notably from the Gulf region) and equipment supplied by friendly nations like Turkey.

The U.S. supplied a considerable amount of weapons and ammunition, of both American and Soviet-type from Eastern Europe, to Syrian rebel groups under operation Timber Sycamore. For example, Jane's Defence Weekly reported that in December 2015 the U.S. shipped 994 tonnes of weapons and ammunition (including packaging and container weight) to Syrian opposition fighters, mainly being to the Free Syrian Army.[3][4]

Small arms

Model Image Caliber Type Origin Details
Pistols
TT-33 7.62×25mm Tokarev Recoil operated

Semi-automatic pistol

 Soviet Union Commonly used by rebels, captured from the Syrian Arab Army.
Makarov PM[5] 9×18mm Makarov Blowback

Semi-automatic pistol

 Soviet Union Commonly used by rebels, captured from the Syrian Arab Army. It is often seen with black grips intead of the reddish-brown one.[5]
Browning Hi-Power[5][6] 9×19mm Parabellum Recoil operated tilting barrel

Semi-automatic pistol

 Belgium
 United States		 Is an apparent popular pistol in Syria.
SIG P226[5] 9×19mm Parabellum

7.65mm Parabellum 9×21mm IMI .357 SIG .40 S&W

Recoil operated

DA/SA Semi-automatic pistol

 West Germany
 Switzerland 		Seen in a video of Al-Jazeera where former members of the Syrian regime were surrendering their weapons.
M1911[5][7] .45 ACP Short-Recoil-Operated

Semi-automatic pistol

 United States Previously it has been seen and used rarely but has in recent times appeared more often.
Walther PPK[5] 9×18mm Ultra

.22 Long Rifle .25 ACP .32 ACP .380 ACP

Straight-Blowback

Semi-automatic pistol

 Weimar Republic
 Nazi Germany
 West Germany
 Germany 		Seen in a video of Al-Jazeera where former members of the Syrian regieme were surrendering their weapons.
Rifles and Carbines
Mosin–Nagant[8] 7.62×54mmR Bolt-action rifle  Soviet Union Seen common service by snipers, who usually put modern optics on it. The Mosin Nagant 1891/30 variant is used most but the M1944 (or Bulgarian 91/59 mosin nagant) carbine are also used, though to a lesser extent.
MAS-36[9] 7.5×54mm French Bolt-action rifle  French Third Republic Seen moderate usage by snipers through 2013–2014 in Aleppo when in July 2013, the FSA (probably the 16th Division or some other branch of the FSA. 16th Division did use MAS-36s.)[10] captured large amounts of stockpiled MAS-36s from the Syrian Arab Army. Other rebel groups such as the Al-Tawhid Brigade also captured and used large amounts of MAS-36s captured from the Syrian Arab Army. Most rebel groups stopped using the MAS-36 around 2015, probably because the ammo ran out.[citation needed]
Karabiner 98k[11] 7.92×57mm Bolt-action rifle  Nazi Germany
SKS[12] 7.62×39mm Semi-automatic rifle  Soviet Union Somewhat uncommon usage. Usually when it is used, it is seen being used by marksmen attached with optics.
Heckler & Koch G3[13][14] 7.62×51mm NATO Battle rifle  West Germany
 Turkey		 Sourced from Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Used as a DMR. Used very rarely.
FN FAL[14][15][16] 7.62×51mm NATO Battle rifle  Belgium Often used as Marksman Rifle and Operations Specialist Weapon, sourced from Libya and UAE.
MK14 EBR[17] 7.62×51mm NATO Battle rifle  United States Rarely seen by the Free Syrian Army's Division 30[18][19]
Assault rifles and Carbines
StG 44[20][21] 7.92×33mm Kurz Assault rifle Nazi Germany Nazi Germany On 8 August 2012, the FSA captured around 5,000 from a Syrian Arab Army storage container.
AK-47 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  Soviet Union Isn't the most common gun in the war, but is used. The AKS-47 variant is also used.[22]
AKM 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  Soviet Union One of the most common weapons used by Syrian rebels. The AKMS version is more often seen than the AKM.
Type 56
7.62×39mm Assault rifle  People's Republic of China Chinese variant of the Russian AK-47 and AKM. The Type-56 has been seen in use by various rebel groups. The Type-56-1 and Type-56-2 are also seen.
Zastava M70[23] 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  Yugoslavia Yugoslavian variant of the Russian AK-47 and AKM.
PM md. 63 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Romania Socialist Republic of Romania Used commonly in the early part of the war. Isn't seen too commonly now.
AMD 65[24][25] 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Hungary Hungarian People's Republic Has seen occasional use in both the beginning and the end of the fall of the Assad regieme.
vz. 58[26] 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic In 2016, the Czech Republic donated 6,600 vz. 58 assault rifles to Iraqi and Kurdish regional governments to aid in the fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syira.[27]
AK-74
AKS-74[28]
5.45×39mm Assault rifle  Soviet Union Mostly used by opposition special forces and elite units. Isn't too common elsewhere.
AK-74M 5.45×39mm Assault rifle  Russia Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.[28]
AK-103 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  Russia Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.[28]
AK-105[5] 5.45×39mm Assault rifle  Russia Seen in a video of Al-Jazeera where former members of the Syrian regieme were surrendering their weapons.
MPi KM-72[29] 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  East Germany Possibly weapons from the PLO[30]
MPi KMs-72[31] 7.62×39mm Assault rifle  East Germany Possibly weapons from the PLO[30]
AK-9 9×39mm Assault rifle  Russia Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.[28]
FB Tantal 5.45×39mm Assault rifle  Poland Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.[28]
M16A1
M16A2[25]
5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle  United States Used by Division 30, the New Syrian Army, Al-Moutasem Brigade and Euphrates Shield rebels. The M16A1 was used commonly as a marksman rifle in the early parts of the war.
M4[32] 5.56×45mm NATO Carbine  United States Really, really rare. Used in the late stages of the Civil War.
Norinco CQ[33] 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle  People's Republic of China "Where they are coming from is not certain. Iran is known to have purchased CQ rifles and produce it under license, but rifles similar to those seen in the Middle East have been seen and manufactured under license in Sudan, the National Interest report said." said by the Asia times.
FAMAS[34][35] 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle  France Seen once in 2013, possibly smuggled out of Lebanon.
Steyr AUG[15][36] 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle  Austria Origin unclear; serial numbers removed. Used by Syrian Opposition special forces.[37][38] Sometimes used by Syrian rebels as a marksman rifle.[39]
IMI Galil[25] 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle  Israel Limited usage.
Sniper rifles and anti-material rifles
Steyr SSG 69[40] 7.62×51mm NATO Sniper rifle  Austria Is a common bolt-action rifle used by Syrian rebels.
Dragunov SVD 7.62×54mmR Designated marksman rifle  Soviet Union The most common sniper rifle in the war.
Zastava M91 7.62×54mmR Designated marksman rifle  Yugoslavia
PSL 7.62×54mmR
7.62×51mm NATO		 Designated marksman rifle Romania Socialist Republic of Romania
OSV-96[41] 12.7×108mm Anti-materiel rifle  Russia
M99[42] N/A 12.7×108mm Anti-materiel rifle  People's Republic of China Supplied by Qatar.[43] Is one of the most common anti-material rifles used by Syrian rebels.
Sayad-2 .50 BMG Anti-materiel rifle  Austria
 Iran		 Unlicensed Iranian produced copy of the Steyr HS .50. Captured from the Syrian Army.[44]
PTRS-41[45] 14.5×114mm Anti-tank rifle  Soviet Union Used by rebels as an anti-material rifle . Has seen very limited use.
Submachine guns
Sterling submachine gun[46] 9×19mm Parabellum Submachine gun  United Kingdom Rare. Unknown how it got there.
Sten[47][25] 9×19mm Parabellum Submachine gun  United Kingdom Possibly leftover from the 1948 arab-israeli war
Sa vz. 23[25][48] 7.62×25mm Tokarev Submachine gun  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
MAB 38[49] 9×19mm Parabellum Submachine gun  Kingdom of Italy Only one has been seen in the war. As of 2017.[49]
MP-40[50] 9×19mm Parabellum Submachine gun  Nazi Germany "Few MP-40s have been seen during the Syrian civil war, and of those that have, they appeared a year or two into the conflict.” “The Saudi-Croatian deal is one possibility” “as is Libya, which had bought some WWII-vintage MP-40s from Yugoslavia in the 1980s."[citation needed]
Beretta M12[25] 9×19mm Parabellum Submachine gun  Italy
Machine guns
RPD[51][52] 7.62×39mm Light machine gun  Soviet Union Uncommon usage by the 16th Division.
RPK[53] 5.45×39mm Light machine gun  Soviet Union Common usage.
PKM 7.62×54mmR General-purpose machine gun  Soviet Union
PKP Pecheneg 7.62×54mmR General-purpose machine gun  Russia Unknown quantity, captured during the Syrian Civil War.
MG-34[54] 7.92×57mm Mauser General-purpose machine gun  Nazi Germany Captured from some Syrian stockpiles. Very rare usage but was one of the FSA's first machine guns looted from Syrian army warehouses.[citation needed]
M240B[55] 7.62×51mm NATO General-purpose machine gun  United States Used by the SNA and Al-Moutasem Brigade and Euphrates Shield forces.
FN MAG[56] 7.62×51mm General-purpose machine gun  Belgium
Ksp 58[25] 7.62×51mm General-purpose machine gun  Belgium
 Sweden
DShK[3]
Type 54 HMG[citation needed]		 12.7×108mm Heavy machine gun  Soviet Union
 People's Republic of China		 Often mounted on technicals. Sometimes is planted in holes in walls or on flat surfaces when in lack of a tripod.
Chinese copy of DShK.
NSV[57] Coyote M02[58] 12.7×108mm Heavy machine gun  Soviet Union Often seen being used behind cover mounted on a wall, jersey barrier or on some kind of improvised bipod.
W85[33][59] 12.7×108mm Heavy machine gun  People's Republic of China Used very commonly.[33] Sometimes is planted in holes in walls or on flat surfaces when in lack of a tripod.[60][61]
KPV[62] 14.5×114mm Heavy machine gun  Soviet Union Often mounted on technicals.
M2 Browning[63][64][55] 12.7×99mm NATO Heavy machine gun  United States Used by US-backed FSA groups, including the al-Mu'tasim Brigade and the Hamza Division.
M1919 Browning[25][47] .30-06 Springfield Medium machine gun  United States Seen at least once in the war. It's possible it was taken off a disabled Israeli vehicle during the Yom Kippur War or the 1980s fighting in Lebanon.[citation needed]
Vickers machine gun[47] .303 British Heavy machine gun  British Empire Seen at least once in the war. May or may not be usable.

Grenades, grenade launchers and explosives

Model Image Diameter Type Origin Details
F1[65][47] 55 mm Hand grenade  Soviet Union The most common grenade used by the Free Syrian Army and other rebel groups.
Mk 2 grenade[citation needed] 59 mm Hand grenade  United States
M26 grenade[citation needed] 57 mm Hand grenade  United States
RGD-5[47] 58 mm Hand grenade  Soviet Union The second most common grenade.
OHG-92[66] 65mm[67] Hand grenade  Switzerland Grenades originally delivered to the United Arab Emirates in 2003–2004 and then given to Jordan in 2004. Unclear how the hand grenades reached the Syrian rebels.[68]
AGS-17[69] 30×29mm grenade Automatic grenade launcher  Soviet Union
Mark 19 grenade launcher[citation needed] 40×53mm grenade Automatic grenade launcher  United States Supplied by the United States.
RBG-6[70][71][72] 40×46mm grenade Grenade launcher  Croatia Croatian-produced copy of South African Milkor MGL. Supplied by Saudi Arabia.[73]
Arsenal MSGL[74] 40×46mm grenade Grenade launcher  Bulgaria
FN 303[citation needed] 18 mm Riot gun  Belgium Used by Free Syrian Police.[citation needed]
IED[75] Improvised explosive device Syria Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Molotov cocktail[75][better source needed] Improvised Incendiary device Syria Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

Anti-tank weapons

Model Image Diameter Type Origin Details
Shoulder-fired missiles
SPG-82[76] 82 mm Anti-tank rocket launcher  Soviet Union
RPG-2[citation needed] 82 mm Recoilless gun[77]  Soviet Union Although the 104th Brigade of the Syrian Republican Guard had used them,[78] there is no proof of the Syrian Opposition using RPG-2s. Syrian rebels did use Chinese Type-69 RPGs which could be mistaken as the RPG-2.[79]
RPG-7[3] 40 mm (launcher only, warhead diameter varies) Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union Very common, the most common anti-tank gun in Syria.
RPG-18[80] 64 mm Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union
RPG-22[71] 72.5 mm Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union Supplied by Saudi Arabia.[73]
RPG-26[81] 72.5 mm Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union
RPG-29[82] 105 mm Rocket-propelled grenade  Soviet Union
RPG-75[83] 68 mm Rocket-propelled grenade  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
M72 LAW[16] 66 mm Anti-tank rocket launcher  United States Turkish HAR-66 (LAW copy) supplied by Turkey
M79 Osa[71][84] 90 mm Anti-tank rocket launcher  Yugoslavia Supplied by Saudi Arabia.[73]
RBR-120 mm M90[85] 120 mm Anti-tank rocket launcher  Serbia /
 Macedonia
Anti-tank guided weapons
9M14 Malyutka[86][87] 125 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  Soviet Union Designated AT-3 Sagger by NATO.
9K111 Fagot[3][88][87] 120 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  Soviet Union Designated AT-4 Spigot by NATO.
9M113 Konkurs[3][89][87] 135 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army and supplied by Saudi Arabia.[90] Designated AT-5 Spandrel by NATO.
9K115 Metis[87] 130 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  Soviet Union Designated AT-7 Spriggan by NATO.
9K115-2 Metis-M[91][87] 130 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  Russia Designated AT-13 Saxhorn-2 by NATO.
9M133 Kornet[92][87] 152 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  Russia Designated AT-14 Spriggan by NATO.
HJ-8[93][94] 120 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  People's Republic of China Supplied by Qatar from Sudan.[95]
MILAN[96][87] 115 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  France /
 West Germany		 Captured from the Syrian Army and YPG.[97] Some supplied by Qatar or from Libyan National Army stocks.[98]
BGM-71 TOW[99][87] 152 mm Wire-guided anti-tank missile  United States Allegedly supplied by the U.S., but origin remains "unclear"; serial numbers removed.[100] The TOW missile system has seen extensive use during the Hama Offensive by Syrian opposition forces, mainly against armoured vehicles from both the SAA and NDF.

Anti-aircraft weapons

Model Image Diameter Type Origin Details
Towed anti-aircraft guns
ZU-23-2[101][87] 23 mm Anti-aircraft Autocannon  Soviet Union Often mounted on technicals.
37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)[102] 37 mm Anti-aircraft Autocannon  Soviet Union Mounted on technicals.
57 mm AZP S-60[103] 57 mm Anti-aircraft Autocannon  Soviet Union
ZPU[75][87] 14.5×114mm Anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union Based on the Soviet 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun. Often mounted on technicals.
ZPU-4[87] 14.5×114mm Anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union Mostly mounted on technicals.
ZPU-1[87] 14.5×114mm Anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union Mounted on technicals.
Self-propelled air defense
ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"[104][87] 23 mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun  Soviet Union Often used against ground targets in urban environments.
9K33 Osa[105] 209.6 mm 9M33 missile Amphibious SAM system  Soviet Union Two captured from the Syrian Armed Forces and used by Jaysh al-Islam and Jaysh al-Ahrar.
Man-portable air-defense systems
FN-6[106] 72 mm Man-portable air-defense system  People's Republic of China Supplied by Qatar.[107]
9K32 Strela-2[108] 72 mm Man-portable air-defense system  Soviet Union Designated SA-7 Grail by NATO.
9K310 Igla-1[109] 72 mm Man-portable air-defense system  Soviet Union Designated SA-16 Gimlet by NATO.
9K338 Igla-S[110] 72 mm Man-portable air-defense system  Soviet Union Designated SA-24 Grinch by NATO.
FIM-92 Stinger[111] 100 mm Man-portable air-defense system  United States Turkey reportedly helped to transport to a limited amount of FIM-92 Stingers to the Free Syrian Army

Artillery and Mortars

Model Image Caliber Type Origin Details
Mortars
82-BM-37[87] 82 mm Infantry mortar  Soviet Union
2B9M Vasilek[112] 82 mm Gun-mortar  Soviet Union Possible Chinese copy (W99).
At least one in use by Ansar al-Sham. Unclear origin. Also being used by Syrian Turkmen Brigade.[113][112]
M1938 mortar[87] 120 mm Infantry mortar  Soviet Union
120-PM-43 mortar[citation needed] 120 mm Infantry mortar  Soviet Union
Soltam K6 120 mm Infantry mortar  Israel
Improvised mortars N/A Various Improvised mortar Syria Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
Field artillery
10.5 cm leFH 18M 105 mm Howitzer  Nazi Germany Probably looted from Syrian Army warehouses or from museums, according to N.R. Jenzen-Jones.[11]
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)[87] 122mm Howitzer  Soviet Union Captured during Ramouseh Artillery Base assault by Jaish al Fateh
D-30[87] 122 mm Howitzer  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army
"Hell cannon"[114] Various Improvised artillery Syria Syrian opposition Improvised howitzer that fires propane gas cylinders.
Originated with the Ahrar al-Shamal Brigades, now used widely.
M-46[62] 130 mm Field gun  Soviet Union
180 mm gun S-23[115] 180mm Heavy gun  Soviet Union Captured during Ramouseh Artillery Base assault by Jaish al Fateh
152 mm howitzer 2A65[87] 152mm Howitzer  Soviet Union
Self-propelled artillery
2S1 Gvozdika[116][87] 122 mm Self propelled howitzer  Soviet Union Armed with D-30 howitzer.
2S3 Akatsiya[117] 152.4 mm Self propelled howitzer  Soviet Union Armed with D-22 howitzer.
Recoilless rifles
B-10[87]

Type 65		 82 mm Recoilless rifle  Soviet Union

 People's Republic of China

Chinese copy of B-10.
M60[71] Recoilless rifle  Yugoslavia Supplied by Saudi Arabia.[73]
M40[118] 105 mm Recoilless rifle  United States Possible Iranian copy.
Carl Gustav 84mm[119] 84 mm Recoilless rifle  Sweden
SPG-9[87] 73 mm Recoilless rifle  Soviet Union
Rocket artillery
Type 63[91][87] 106.7 mm Multiple rocket launcher  People's Republic of China Possible Iranian copy.[120]
RAK-12[121][122][123] 128 mm Multiple rocket launcher  Croatia Croatian built version of Yugoslavian M-63 Plamen with 12 rockets tubes instead of the original 32. Supplied by Saudi Arabia.[73]
Katyusha[124][125][126] N/A Multiple rocket launcher  Soviet Union
BM-21 Grad[127][128][87] 122 mm Multiple rocket launcher  Soviet Union Initially captured from the Syrian Army,[129] later supplied by Saudi Arabia from Bulgaria and Poland.[130]
Grad-P 122 mm Light portable rocket system  Soviet Union
Improvised rocket launchers[75] Various Improvised Rocket launcher Syria Syrian opposition / Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

Tanks and armoured vehicles

Model Image Type Origin Details
T-54[131][87] Medium tank
Main battle tank		  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army, at least one operated by the al-Tawhid Brigade and the Conquest Brigade as of September 2013.
T-55[132][87] Medium tank
Main battle tank		  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army.
T-62[133] Main battle tank  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army. One of the most used tanks used by Syrian rebels.
T-72[134] Main battle tank  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army. At least 8 previously operated by Jaysh al-Islam.
Liwa Dawood had another 6, then captured by ISIL.[135] Total numbers currently unknown
T-90[136] Main battle tank  Russia 1 operated by Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, captured from the Syrian Army.
BMP-1[87] Infantry fighting vehicle  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army.
BVP-1 AMB-S[137] Military ambulance  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Captured from the Syrian Army.
BMP-2 Infantry fighting vehicle  Soviet Union Two BMP-2s were captured from Syrian Army when FSA overran Aleppo's Infantry School and another was destroyed in the fight for Aleppo's Central Prison.[138]
BTR-60PB[139] Wheeled amphibious armoured personnel carrier  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army.
BRDM-2[140] Amphibious Armoured scout car  Soviet Union Captured from the Syrian Army.
Humvee[citation needed] Military light utility vehicle  United States Some captured from ISIS and YPG/SDF.
Improvised fighting vehicles Improvised fighting vehicle Syria Syrian opposition Examples are the Sham 1 armored pickup truck and the Sham 2 armored car used by the Al-Ansar Brigade.[141]
Streit Cougar[citation needed] Infantry mobility vehicle  Canada
Streit Typhoon[citation needed] MRAP  Canada
Safir[citation needed] Off-road military light utility vehicle  Iran
Construction Vehicles[citation needed] Hitachi, Hidromek, Poclain, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Develon, Bobcat, JCB and Volvo etc. Various

See also

References

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