Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Pakistani-administrated Azad Kashmir's population.[15]
Geographic distribution and status
There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the Kashmiri diaspora in other states of India.[16] Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.[17] In the Kashmir valley, they form a majority.
Kashmiri is spoken by roughly five percent of Azad Kashmir's population.[18] According to the 1998 Pakistan Census, there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.[19] Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,[20][21] particularly in the districts of Muzaffarabad (15%), Neelam (20%) and Hattian (15%), with very small minorities in Haveli (5%) and Bagh (2%).[19] The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still intelligible with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.[21] In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.[21] The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly Kupwara.[21] At the 2017 Census of Pakistan, as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.[22][23]
A process of language shift is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist Tariq Rahman, as they gradually adopt local dialects such as Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko or move towards the lingua francaUrdu.[24][20][25][21] This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.[26][27] There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims of Azad Kashmir have seen as their identity symbol.[28] Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.[28]
The Kashmiri language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India.[29] It was a part of the eighth Schedule in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the Sixth Schedule, as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.[30] After Hindi, Kashmiri is the second fastest growing language of India, followed by Meitei (Manipuri) as well as Gujarati in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.[31]
Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the Dogra rule.[32][33] In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.[34][35][36]
Poguli and Kishtwari are closely related to Kashmiri, which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.
The people in the Chenab region of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir mainly speak Kashmiri, but the accent and various words differentiate it from the Kashmiri spoken in the Kashmir Valley. The Chenab Times, a news outlet known for promoting lesser-known languages, has termed this language as Chenabich Kashir, meaning the Kashmiri language spoken in Chenab Valley.[37]
Palatalization is phonemic. All consonants apart from those in the post-alveolar/palatal column have palatalized counterparts.
Archaisms
Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonantss ṣ ś of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as dvi-, has developed into ba-/bi- in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but du- in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stop d). Seventy-two is dusatath in Kashmiri, bahattar in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and dvisaptati in Sanskrit.[40]
Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (This tendency was complete in the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The word rahit in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds to rost in Kashmiri. Similarly, sahit (meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds to sost in Kashmiri.[40]
Today Kashmiri is primarily written in Perso-Arabic (with some modifications).[41] Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.[42]
The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script is recognized as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.[43][44][45][46] The Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script has been derived from Persian alphabet. The consonant inventory and their corresponding pronunciations of Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script doesn't differ from Perso-Arabic script, with the exception of the letter ژ, which is pronounced as /t͡s/ instead of /ʒ/. However, the vowel inventory of Kashmiri is significantly larger than other Perso-Arabic derived or influenced South Asian Perso-Arabic scripts. There are 17 vowels in Kashmiri, shown with diacritics, letters (alif, waw, ye), or both. In Kashmiri, the convention is that most vowel diacritics are written at all times.
Despite Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script cutting across religious boundaries and being used by both the Kashmiri Hindus and the Kashmiri Muslims,[47] some attempts have been made to give a religious outlook regarding the script and make Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Kashmiri Devanagari script to be associated with some sections of Kashmiri Hindu community.[48][49][50]
The Kashmiri language was traditionally written in the Sharada script after the 8th Century A.D.[51] The script grew increasingly unsuitable for writing Kashmiri because it couldn't adequately represent Kashmiri peculiar sounds by the usage of its vowel signs.[52] Therefore, it is not in common use today and is restricted to religious ceremonies of the Kashmiri Pandits.[53]
There have been a few versions of the Devanagari script for Kashmiri.[57]
The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.[58] This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal.[59][60]
This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs
कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] and elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.
Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari.[61][62]
The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signs कऺ / कऻ for the schwa-like vowel [ə] & elongated schwa-like vowel [əː] and a new stand alone vowel ॵ and vowel sign कॏ for the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.
Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no articles, nor is there any grammatical distinction for definiteness, although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.[66]
Gender
The Kashmiri gender system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a morphophonemic change, or both) to a masculine noun.[66] A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique suppletion forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.[69] The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:[70]
Process
Masculine
Feminine
Meaning
-en’ suffix
[d̪ukaːnd̪aːr]
دُکاندار
[d̪ukaːnd̪aːrenʲ]
دُکانداریٚنؠ
shopkeeper
-bāy suffix
[maːʃʈar]
ماشٹَر
[maːʃʈarbaːj]
ماشٹَر باے
teacher
-in’ + vowel change
[xar]
خَر
[xərinʲ]
خٔرِنؠ
donkey
-ür + vowel change
[pʰot̪]
پھۆت
[pʰɔt̪ɨr]
پھۄتٕر
basket
Adding of affix
[huːn]
ہوٗن
[huːnʲ]
ہوٗنؠ
dog/bitch
vowel change
[ɡaɡur]
گَگُر
[ɡaɡɨr]
گَگٕر
rat
consonant change
[hokʰ]
ہۆکھ
[hot͡ʃʰ]
ہۆچھ
dry
vowel/consonant change
[t̪ot̪]
تۆت
[t̪ət͡s]
تٔژ
hot
suppletive form
[marɨd̪]
مَرٕد
[zanaːn]
زَنان
man/woman
masculine only
[nuːl]
نوٗل
---
mongoose
feminine only
---
[mət͡ʃʰ]
مٔچھ
housefly
Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.[69]
Kashmiri utilizes an ergative-absolutive case structure when the verb is in simple past tense.[71] Thus, in these sentences, the subject of a transitive verb is marked in the ergative case and the object in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an intransitive verb is marked.[71][72][73] However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.[74]
The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.[74][76]
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
Nom.
-Ø
-Ø
-Ø
-Ø
Erg.
-[an] اَن
-[aw] اَو
-[i] اِ
-[aw] اَو
Dat.
-[as] or -[is] اَس or اِس
-[an] اَن
-[i] اِ
-[an] اَن
Abl.
-[i] or -[ɨ] اِ or إ
-[aw] اَو
-[i] اِ
-[aw] اَو
Voc.
-[aː] ا
-[aw] اَو
-[ij] اِے
-[aw] اَو
Verbs
Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and person, and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of aspect, is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the infinitive ending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of various modal auxiliaries.[77] Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.[78]
Tense
Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the copula and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):[79]
Present
Masculine
Feminine
1st Person Sing.
[t͡ʃʰusjiwaːn] چھُس یِوان
[t͡ʃʰasjiwaːn] چھَس یِوان
2nd Person Sing.
[t͡ʃʰukʰjiwaːn] چھُکھ یِوان
[t͡ʃʰakʰjiwaːn] چھَکھ یِوان
3rd Person Sing.
[t͡ʃʰujiwaːn] چھُ یِوان
[t͡ʃʰejiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان
1st Person Pl.
[t͡ʃʰijiwaːn] چھِ یِوان
[t͡ʃʰajiwaːn] چھَ یِوان
2nd Person Pl.
[t͡ʃʰiwjiwaːn] چھِو یِوان
[t͡ʃʰawjiwaːn] چھَو یِوان
3rd Person Pl.
[t͡ʃʰijiwaːn] چھِ یِوان
[t͡ʃʰejiwaːn] چھےٚ یِوان
Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.[80] The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.[81]
As described above, Kashmiri is a split-ergative language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.[81] Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.[81][82]
Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ("to read"):[83]
Simple Past (Transitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
[por] پۆر
[pərʲ] پٔرؠ
[pər] پٔر
[pari] پَرِ
2nd Person
Non-honorific
[porut̪ʰ] پۆرُتھ
[pərit̪ʰ] پٔرِتھ
[pərɨt̪ʰ] پٔرٕتھ
[parʲat̪ʰ] پَرؠتھ
Honorific
[porwɨ] پۆروٕ
[pəriwɨ] پٔرِوٕ
[pərwɨ] پٔروٕ
[pariwɨ] پَرِوٕ
3rd Person
[por] پۆر
[pərʲ] پٔرؠ
[pər] پٔر
[pari] پَرِ
A group of irregular intransitive verbs (special intransitives), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.[84]
Simple Past (Special Intransitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
-[us] اُس
-[ʲ] ؠ
-[as] اَس
-[i] اِ
2nd Person
-[kʰ] کھ
-[wɨ] وٕ
-[kʰ] کھ
-[wɨ] وٕ
3rd Person
-Ø
-Ø
-[t͡ʃʰ] چھ
-[i] اِ
Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.[85]
Simple Past (Intransitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
-[jas] یَس
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːjas] یے یَس
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person
-[jaːkʰ] یاکھ
-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ
-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person
-[joːw] یوو
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.[86] Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:[87]
Indefinite Past (Transitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st/3rd Person
-[joːw] یوو
-[eːji] ے یہِ
-[eːji] ے یہِ
-[eːji] ے یہِ
2nd Person
-[joːt̪ʰ] یوتھ
-[eːjat̪ʰ] ے یَتھ
-[eːjat̪ʰ] ے یَتھ
-[eːjat̪ʰ] ے یَتھ
Remote Past (Transitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st/3rd Person
-[eːjoːw] ے یوو
-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ
-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ
-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ
2nd Person
-[eːjoːt̪ʰ] ے یوتھ
-[eːjeːjat̪ʰ] ے یے یَتھ
-[eːjeːjat̪ʰ] ے یے یَتھ
-[eːjeːjat̪ʰ] ے یے یَتھ
As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:[88]
Indefinite Past (Special Intransitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
-[aːs] اس
-[aːjas] ایَس
-[aːjas] ایَس
-[aːji] ایہِ
2nd Person
-[kʰ] کھ
-[kʰ] کھ
-[aːjakʰ] ایَکھ
-[aːjiwɨ] ایِوٕ
3rd Person
-[aw] اَو
-[aːji] ایہِ
-[aːji] ایہِ
-[aːji] ایہِ
Remote Past (Special Intransitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Perso
-[aːjaːs] ایاس
-[eːjaːji] ے یایہِ
-[eːjeːjas] ے یے یَس
-[eːjeːji] ے یے یہِ
2nd Person
-[aːkʰ] اکھ
-[eːjiwɨ] ے یِوٕ
-[aːjakʰ] ایَکھ
-[aːjiwɨ] ایِوٕ
3rd Person
-[eːjoːw] ے یوو
-[eːjeːji] ے یے یہِ
-[eːjaːjɨ] ے یایہٕ
-[eːjaːjɨ] ے یایہٕ
Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:[89]
Indefinite Past (Intransitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
-[jas] یَس
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːjas] یے یَس
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person
-[jaːkʰ] یاکھ
-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ
-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person
-[joːw] یوو
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
Remote Past (Intransitive)
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
-[jeːjaːs] یے یاس
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːjaːs] یے یاس
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
2nd Person
-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ
-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
-[jeːjakʰ] یے یَکھ
-[jeːjiwɨ] یے یِوٕ
3rd Person
-[jeːjoːw] یے یوو
-[jeːji] یے یہِ
-[jeːjaːjɨ] یے یایہٕ
-[jeːjɨ] یے یہٕ
Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:[90]
Future (Intransitive)
Singular
Plural
1st Person
-[mɨ] مہٕ
-[maw] مَو
2nd Person
-[akʰ] اَکھ
-[jiw] یِو
3rd Person
-[ji] یِہ
-[an] اَن
The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:[91]
Future (Transitive)
Singular Object
Plural Object
1st Person Sing.
-[an] اَن
-[akʰ] اَکھ
1st Person Pl.
-[ɨhoːn] إہون
-[ɨhoːkʰ] إہوکھ
2nd Person Sing.
-[ɨhǝn] إۂن
-[ɨhǝkʰ] إۂکھ
2nd Person Pl.
-[ɨhuːn] إہوٗن
-[ɨhuːkʰ] إہوٗکھ
3rd Person Sing.
-[jas] یَس
-[jakʰ] یَکھ
3rd Person Pl.
-[ɨnas] إنَس
-[ɨnakʰ] إنَکھ
Aspect
There are two main aspectual distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a participle formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ("to be")—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).[92]
Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the perfective aspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:[92]
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
-[mut̪] مُت
-[mɨt̪ʲ] مٕتؠ
-[mɨt͡s] مٕژ
-[mat͡sɨ] مَژٕ
The imperfective (expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.[93] A type of iterative aspect can be expressed by reduplicating the imperfective participle.[94]
Pronouns
Pronouns are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.[95]
Nominative
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
[bɨ] بہٕ
[ǝsʲ] أسؠ
[bɨ] بہٕ
[ǝsʲ] أسؠ
2nd Person
[t͡sɨ] ژٕ
[t̪ohʲ] or [t̪uhʲ] تۆہؠ or تُہؠ
[t͡sɨ] ژٕ
[t̪ohʲ] or [t̪uhʲ] تۆہؠ or تُہؠ
3rd Person
proximate
[ji] یہِ
[jim] یِم
[ji] یہِ
[jimɨ] یِمہٕ
remote I
[hu] ہُہ
[hum] ہُم
[hɔ] ہۄ
[humɨ] ہُمہٕ
remote II
[su] سُہ
[t̪im] تِم
[sɔ] سۄ
[t̪imɨ] تِمہٕ
Ergative
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
[me] مےٚ
[asi] اَسہِ
[me] مےٚ
[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person
[t͡se] ژےٚ
[t̪ɔhi] تۄہِہ
[t͡se] ژےٚ
[t̪ɔhi] تۄہِہ
3rd Person
proximate
[jemʲ] ییٚمؠ
[jimaw] یِمَو
[jemi] ییٚمِہ
[jimaw] یِمَو
remote I
[humʲ] ہُمؠ
[humaw] ہُمَو
[humi] ہُمہِ
[humaw] ہُمَو
remote II
[t̪ǝmʲ] تٔمؠ
[t̪imaw] تِمَو
[t̪ami] تَمہِ
[t̪imaw] تِمَو
Dative
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
[me] مےٚ
[asi] اَسہِ
[me] مےٚ
[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person
[t͡se] ژےٚ
[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ
[t͡se] ژےٚ
[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ
3rd Person
proximate
[jemis] ییٚمِس
[jiman] یِمَن
[jemis] ییٚمِس
[jiman] یِمَن
remote I
[humis] ہُمِس
[human] ہُمَن
[humis] ہُمِس
[human] ہُمَن
remote II
[t̪ǝmis] تٔمِس
[t̪iman] تِمَن
[t̪ǝmis] تٔمِس
[t̪iman] تِمَن
Ablative
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Person
[me] مےٚ
[asi] اَسہِ
[me] مےٚ
[asi] اَسہِ
2nd Person
[t͡se] ژےٚ
[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ
[t͡se] ژےٚ
[t̪ɔhi] تۄہہِ
3rd Person
proximate
[jemi] ییٚمہِ
[jimaw] یِمَو
[jemi] ییٚمہِ
[jimaw] یِمَو
remote I
[humi] ہُمہِ
[humaw] ہُمَو
[humi] ہُمہِ
[humaw] ہُمَو
remote II
[t̪ǝmi] تٔمہِ
[t̪imaw] تِمَو
[t̪ǝmi] تٔمہِ
[t̪imaw] تِمَو
There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.[96]
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
1st Sing.
[mʲoːn]
میٛون
[mʲəːnʲ]
میٛٲنؠ
[mʲəːnʲ]
میٛٲنؠ
[mʲaːni]
میٛانہِ
1st Pl.
[soːn]
سون
[səːnʲ]
سٲنؠ
[səːnʲ]
سٲنؠ
[saːni]
سانہِ
2nd Sing.
[t͡ʃoːn]
چون
[t͡ʃəːnʲ]
چٲنؠ
[t͡ʃəːnʲ]
چٲنؠ
[t͡ʃaːni]
چانہِ
2nd Pl.
[t̪uhund̪]
تُہُنٛد
[t̪uhɨnd̪ʲ]
تُہٕنٛدؠ
[t̪uhɨnz]
تُہٕنٛز
[t̪uhnzɨ]
تُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. Prox.
[jemʲsund̪]
ییٚمؠ سُنٛد
[jemʲsɨnd̪ʲ]
ییٚمؠ سٕنٛدؠ
[jemʲsɨnz]
ییٚمؠ سٕنٛز
[jemʲsɨnzɨ]
ییٚمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. Prox.
[jihund̪]
یِہُنٛد
[jihɨnd̪ʲ]
یِہٕنٛدؠ
[jihɨnz]
یِہٕنٛز
[jihnzɨ]
یِہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R I
[humʲsund]
ہُمؠ سُنٛد
[humʲsɨnd̪ʲ]
ہُمؠ سٕنٛدؠ
[humʲsɨnz]
ہُمؠ سٕنٛز
[humʲsɨnzɨ]
ہُمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R I
[huhund̪]
ہُہُنٛد
[huhɨnd̪ʲ]
ہُہٕنٛدؠ
[huhɨnz]
ہُہٕنٛز
[huhnzɨ]
ہُہنٛزٕ
3rd Sing. R II
[t̪ǝmʲsund̪]
تٔمؠ سُنٛد
[t̪ǝmʲsɨnd̪ʲ]
تٔمؠ سٕنٛدؠ
[t̪ǝmʲsɨnz]
تٔمؠ سٕنٛز
[t̪ǝmʲsɨnzɨ]
تٔمؠ سٕنٛزٕ
3rd Pl. R II
[t̪ihɨnd̪]
تِہٕنٛد
[t̪ihɨnd̪ʲ]
تِہٕنٛدؠ
[t̪ihɨnz]
تِہٕنٛز
[t̪ihnzɨ]
تِہنٛزٕ
Adjectives
There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.[97] Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.[98] The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective /wɔzul/ ("red"):[99][100]
Masculine
Feminine
singular
plural
singular
plural
Nom.
[wɔzul] وۄزُل
[wɔzɨlʲ] وۄزٕلؠ
[wɔzɨd͡ʒ] وۄزٕج
[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ
Erg.
[wɔzlɨ] وۄزلہٕ
[wɔzlʲaw] وۄزلؠو
[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ
[wɔzd͡ʒaw] وۄزجَو
Dat.
[wɔzlis] وۄزلِس
[wɔzlʲan] وۄزلؠن
[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ
[wɔzd͡ʒan] وۄزجَن
Abl.
[wɔzlɨ] وۄزلہٕ
[wɔzlʲaw] وۄزلؠو
[wɔzd͡ʒi] وۄزجہِ
[wɔzd͡ʒaw] وۄزجَو
Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -lad or -a, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.[99]
The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words tsor ("more") and sitha ("most"), respectively.[101]
Numerals
Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers.[102] These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.), multiplicative (two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.[102]
Cardinal
Ordinal
Aggregative
Multiplicative
Emphatic
Suffix
-[jum] for masculine
-[im] for feminine
-[waj]
-[ɡun] or -[ɡon] for masculine
-[ɡɨn] for feminine
-[j]
0.
[sifar]
صِفَر
1.
[akʰ]
اَکھ
[ǝkʲum] or [ǝkim]
أکیُٛم or أکِم
[oɡun] or [oɡɨn]
اۆگُن or اۆگٕن
[akuj]
اَکُے
2.
[zɨ]
زٕ
[dojum] or [dojim]
دۆیُم or دۆیِم
[dɔʃwaj]
دۄشوَے
[doɡun] or [doɡɨn]
دۆگُن or دۆگٕن
[zɨj]
زٕے
3.
[tre]
ترٛےٚ
[trejum] or [trejim]
ترٛیٚیُم or ترٛیٚیِم
[treʃwaj]
ترٛیٚشوَے
[troɡun] or [troɡɨn]
ترٛۆگُن or ترٛۆگٕن
[trej]
ترٛیٚے
4.
[t͡soːr]
ژور
[t͡suːrʲum] or [t͡suːrim]
ژوٗریُٛم or ژوٗرِم
[t͡sɔʃwaj]
ژۄشوَے
[t͡soɡun] or [t͡soɡɨn]
ژۆگُن or ژۆگٕن
[t͡soːraj]
ژورَے
5.
[pãːt͡sʰ] or [pə̃ːt͡sʰ]
پانٛژھ or پٲنٛژھ
[pɨ̃:t͡sjum] or [pɨ̃:t͡sim]
پٟنٛژیُٛم or پٟنٛژِم
[pãːt͡sɨwaj]
پانٛژٕوَے
[pãːt͡sɨɡun] or [pãːt͡sɨɡɨn]
پانٛژٕگُن or پانٛژٕگٕن
[pãːt͡saj]
پانٛژَے
6.
[ʃe]
شےٚ
[ʃejum] or [ʃejim]
شیٚیُم or شیٚیِم
[ʃenɨwaj]
شیٚنہٕ وَے
[ʃuɡun] or [ʃuɡɨn]
شُگُن or شُگٕن
[ʃej]
شیٚے
7.
[satʰ]
سَتھ
[sətjum] or [sətim]
سٔتیُٛم or سٔتِم
[satɨwaj]
سَتہٕ وَے
[satɨɡun] or [satɨɡɨn]
سَتہٕ گُن or سَتہٕ گٕن
[sataj]
سَتَے
8.
[əːʈʰ]
ٲٹھ
[ɨːʈʰjum] or [uːʈʰjum]
اٟٹھیُٛم or اوٗٹھیُٛم
[ɨːʈʰim] or [uːʈʰim]
اٟٹھِم or اوٗٹھِم
[əːʈʰɨwaj]
ٲٹھٕ وَے
[əːʈʰɨɡun] or [əːʈʰɨɡɨn]
ٲٹھٕ گُن or ٲٹھٕ گٕن
[əːʈʰaj]
ٲٹھَے
9.
[naw]
نَو
[nəwjum] or [nəwim]
نٔویُٛم or نٔوِم
[nawɨwaj]
نَوٕوَے
[nawɨɡun] or [nawɨɡɨn]
نَوٕگُن or نَوٕگٕن
[nawaj]
نَوَے
10.
[dəh] or [daːh]
دٔہ or داہ
[dəhjum] or [dəhim]
دٔہیُٛم or دٔہِم
[dəhɨwaj]
دٔہہٕ وَے
[dəhɨɡon] or [dəhɨɡɨn]
دٔہہٕ گۆن or دٔہہٕ گٕن
[dəhaj]
دٔہَے
11.
[kah] or [kaːh]
کَہہ or کاہ
[kəhjum] or [kəhim]
کٔہیُٛم or کٔہِم
12.
[bah] or [baːh]
بَہہ or باہ
[bəhjum] or [bəhim]
بٔہیُٛم or بٔہِم
13.
[truwaːh]
ترُٛواہ
[truwəːhjum] or [truwəːhim]
ترُٛوٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوٲہِم
14.
[t͡sɔdaːh]
ژۄداہ
[t͡sɔdəːhjum] or [t͡sɔdəːhim]
ژۄدٲہیُٛم or ژۄدٲہِم
15.
[pandaːh]
پَنٛداہ
[pandəːhjum] or [pandəːhim]
پَنٛدٲہیُٛم or پَنٛدٲہِم
16.
[ʃuraːh]
شُراہ
[ʃurəːhjum] or [ʃurəːhim]
شُرٲہیُٛم or شُرٲہِم
17.
[sadaːh]
سَداہ
[sadəːhjum] or [sadəːhim]
سَدٲہیُٛم or سَدٲہِم
18.
[arɨdaːh]
اَرٕداہ
[arɨdəːhjum] or [arɨdəːhim]
اَرٕدٲہیُٛم or اَرٕدٲہِم
19.
[kunɨwuh]
کُنہٕ وُہ
[kunɨwuhjum] or [kunɨwuhim]
کُنہٕ وُہیُٛم or کُنہٕ وُہِم
20.
[wuh]
وُہ
[wuhjum] or [wuhim]
وُہیُٛم or وُہِم
21.
[akɨwuh]
اَکہٕ وُہ
[akɨwuhjum] or [akɨwuhim]
اَکہٕ وُہیُٛم or اَکہٕ وُہِم
22.
[zɨtoːwuh]
زٕتووُہ
[zɨtoːwuhjum] or [zɨtoːwuhim]
زٕتووُہیُٛم or زٕتووُہِم
23.
[trowuh]
ترٛۆوُہ
[trowuhjum] or [trowuhim]
ترٛۆوُہیُٛم or ترٛۆوُہِم
24.
[t͡sowuh]
ژۆوُہ
[t͡sowuhjum] or [t͡sowuhim]
ژۆوُہیُٛم or ژۆوُہِم
25.
[pɨnt͡sɨh]
پٕنٛژٕہ
[pɨnt͡sɨhjum] or [pɨnt͡sɨhim]
پٕنٛژٕہیُٛم or پٕنٛژٕہِم
26.
[ʃatɨwuh]
شَتہٕ وُہ
[ʃatɨwuhjum] or [ʃatɨwuhim]
شَتہٕ وُہیُٛم or شَتہٕ وُہِم
27.
[satoːwuh]
سَتووُہ
[satoːwuhjum] or [satoːwuhim]
سَتووُہیُٛم or سَتووُہِم
28.
[aʈʰoːwuh]
اَٹھووُہ
[aʈʰoːwuhjum] or [aʈʰoːwuhim]
اَٹھووُہیُٛم or اَٹھووُہِم
29.
[kunɨtrɨh]
کُنہٕ ترٕٛہ
[kunɨtrɨhjum] or [kunɨtrɨhim]
کُنہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or کُنہٕ ترٕٛہِم
30.
[trɨh]
ترٕٛہ
[trɨhjum] or [trɨhim]
ترٕٛہیُٛم or ترٕٛہِم
31.
[akɨtrɨh]
اَکہٕ ترٕٛہ
[akɨtrɨhjum] or [akɨtrɨhim]
اَکہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or اَکہٕ ترٕٛہِم
32.
[dɔjitrɨh]
دۄیہِ ترٕٛہ
[dɔjitrɨhjum] or [dɔjitrɨhjim]
دۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or دۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
33.
[tejitrɨh]
تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ
[tejitrɨhjum] or [tejitrɨhim]
تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
34.
[t͡sɔjitrɨh]
ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہ
[t͡sɔjitrɨhjum] or [t͡sɔjitrɨhim]
ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم
35.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨh] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨh]
پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہ or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhjum]
پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim] or [pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim]
پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم or پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم
36.
[ʃejitrɨh]
شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ
[ʃejitrɨhjum] or [ʃejitrɨhim]
شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم or شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم
37.
[satɨtrɨh]
سَتہٕ ترٕٛہ
[satɨtrɨhjum] or [satɨtrɨhim]
سَتہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم or سَتہٕ ترٕٛہِم
38.
[arɨtrɨh]
اَرٕترٕٛہ
[arɨtrɨhjum] or [arɨtrɨhim]
اَرٕترٕٛہیُٛم or اَرٕترٕٛہِم
39.
[kunɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒiː]
کُنہٕ تٲجِہہ or کُنہٕ تٲجی
[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [kunɨtəːd͡ʒihim]
کُنہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or کُنہٕ تٲجِہِم
40.
[t͡satd͡ʒih] or [t͡satd͡ʒiː]
ژَتجِہہ or ژَتجی
[t͡satd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡satd͡ʒihim]
ژَتجِہیُٛم or ژَتجِہِم
41.
[akɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒiː]
اَکہٕ تٲجِہہ or اَکہٕ تٲجی
[akɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [akɨtəːd͡ʒihim]
اَکہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or اَکہٕ تٲجِہِم
42.
[dɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒiː]
دۄیہِ تٲجِہہ or دۄیہِ تٲجی
[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [dɔjitəːd͡ʒihim]
دۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or دۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
43.
[tejitəːd͡ʒih] or [tejitəːd͡ʒiː]
تیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ or تیٚیہِ تٲجی
[tejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [tejitəːd͡ʒihim]
تیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or تیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
44.
[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒih] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒiː]
ژۄیہِ تٲجِہہ or ژۄیہِ تٲجی
[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihim]
ژۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or ژۄیہِ تٲجِہِم
45.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː]
پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہہ or پٲنٛژٕ تٲجی or پانٛژٕ تٲجی
[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]
پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim] or [pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]
پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہِم or پانٛژٕ تٲجِہِم
46.
[ʃejitəːd͡ʒih] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒiː]
شیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ or شیٚیہِ تٲجی
[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihjum] or [ʃejitəːd͡ʒihim]
شیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم or شیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم
47.
[satɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒiː]
سَتہٕ تٲجِہہ or سَتہٕ تٲجی
[satɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [satɨtəːd͡ʒihim]
سَتہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم or سَتہٕ تٲجِہِم
48.
[arɨtəːd͡ʒih] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒiː]
اَرٕتٲجِہہ or اَرٕتٲجی
[arɨtəːd͡ʒihjum] or [arɨtəːd͡ʒihim]
اَرٕتٲجِہیُٛم or اَرٕتٲجِہِم
49.
[kunɨwanzaːh]
کُنہٕ وَنٛزاہ
[kunɨwanzəːhjum] or [kunɨwanzəːhim]
کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
50.
[pant͡saːh]
پَنٛژاہ
[pant͡səːhjum] or [pant͡səːhim]
پَنٛژٲہیُٛم or پَنٛژٲہِم
51.
[akɨwanzaːh]
اَکہٕ وَنٛزاہ
[akɨwanzəːhjum] or [akɨwanzəːhim]
اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
52.
[duwanzaːh]
دُوَنٛزاہ
[duwanzəːhjum] or [duwanzəːhim]
دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or دُوَنٛزٲہِم
53.
[truwanzaːh] or [trɨwanzaːh]
ترُٛوَنٛزاہ or ترٕٛوَنٛزاہ
[truwanzəːhjum] or [truwanzəːhim]
ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم
[trɨwanzəːhjum] or [trɨwanzəːhim]
ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم
54.
[t͡suwanzaːh]
ژُوَنٛزاہ
[t͡suwanzəːhjum] or [t͡suwanzəːhim]
ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or ژُوَنٛزٲہِم
55.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzaːh] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzaːh]
پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum]
پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhim] or [pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhim]
پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم or پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
56.
[ʃuwanzaːh]
شُوَنٛزاہ
[ʃuwanzəːhjum] or [ʃuwanzəːhim]
شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or شُوَنٛزٲہِم
57.
[satɨwanzaːh]
سَتہٕ وَنٛزاہ
[satɨwanzəːhjum] or [satɨwanzəːhim]
سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم or سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم
58.
[arɨwanzaːh]
اَرٕوَنٛزاہ
[arɨwanzəːhjum] or [arɨwanzəːhim]
اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم or اَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم
59.
[kunɨhəːʈʰ]
کُنہٕ ہٲٹھ
[kunɨhəːʈʰjum] or [kunɨhəːʈʰim]
کُنہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or کُنہٕ ہٲٹھِم
60.
[ʃeːʈʰ]
شیٹھ
[ʃeːʈʰjum] or [ʃeːʈʰim]
شیٹھیُٛم or شیٹھِم
61.
[akɨhəːʈʰ]
اَکہٕ ہٲٹھ
[akɨhəːʈʰjum] or [akɨhəːʈʰim]
اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or اَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم
62.
[duhəːʈʰ]
دُ ہٲٹھ
[duhəːʈʰjum] or [duhəːʈʰim]
دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم or دُ ہٲٹھِم
63.
[truhəːʈʰ] or [trɨhəːʈʰ]
ترُٛہٲٹھ or ترٕٛہٲٹھ
[truhəːʈʰjum] or [truhəːʈʰim]
ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترُٛہٲٹھِم
[trɨhəːʈʰjum] or [trɨhəːʈʰim]
ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم or ترٕٛہٲٹھِم
64.
[t͡suhəːʈʰ]
ژُہٲٹھ
[t͡suhəːʈʰjum] or [t͡suhəːʈʰim]
ژُہٲٹھیُٛم or ژُہٲٹھِم
65.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ]
پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھ or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum]
پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim] or [pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim]
پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم or پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم
66.
[ʃuhəːʈʰ]
شُہٲٹھ
[ʃuhəːʈʰjum] or [ʃuhəːʈʰim]
شُہٲٹھیُٛم or شُہٲٹھِم
67.
[satɨhəːʈʰ]
سَتہٕ ہٲٹھ
[satɨhəːʈʰjum] or [satɨhəːʈʰim]
سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم
68.
[arɨhəːʈʰ]
اَرٕہٲٹھ
[arɨhəːʈʰjum] or [arɨhəːʈʰim]
اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم or اَرٕہٲٹھِم
69.
[kunɨsatatʰ]
کُنہٕ سَتَتھ
[kunɨsatatyum] or [kunɨsatatim]
کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ سَتَتِم
70.
[satatʰ]
سَتَتھ
[satatjum] or [satatim]
سَتَتیُٛم or سَتَتِم
71.
[akɨsatatʰ]
اَکہٕ سَتَتھ
[akɨsatatjum] or [akɨsatatim]
اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ سَتَتِم
72.
[dusatatʰ]
دُسَتَتھ
[dusatatjum] or [dusatatim]
دُسَتَتیُٛم or دُسَتَتِم
73.
[trusatatʰ] or [trɨsatatʰ]
ترُٛسَتَتھ or ترٕٛسَتَتھ
[trusatatjum] or [trusatatim]
ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترُٛسَتَتِم
[trɨsatatjum] or [trɨsatatim]
ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم or ترٕٛسَتَتِم
74.
[t͡susatatʰ]
ژُسَتَتھ
[t͡susatatjum] or [t͡susatatim]
ژُسَتَتیُٛم or ژُسَتَتِم
75.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatʰ]
پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھ or پانٛژٕ سَتَتھ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatjum]
پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim] or [pãːt͡sɨsatatim]
پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِم or پانٛژٕ سَتَتِم
76.
[ʃusatatʰ]
شُسَتَتھ
[ʃusatatjum] or [ʃusatatim]
شُسَتَتیُٛم or شُسَتَتِم
77.
[satɨsatatʰ]
سَتہٕ سَتَتھ
[satɨsatatjum] or [satɨsatatim]
سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ سَتَتِم
78.
[arɨsatatʰ]
اَرٕسَتَتھ
[arɨsatatjum] or [arɨsatatim]
اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم or اَرٕسَتَتِم
79.
[kunɨʃiːtʰ]
کُنہٕ شيٖتھ
[kunɨʃiːtjum] or [kunɨʃiːtim]
کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or کُنہٕ شيٖتِم
80.
[ʃiːtʰ]
شيٖتھ
[ʃiːtjum] or [ʃiːtjim]
شيٖتیُٛم or شيٖتِم
81.
[akɨʃiːtʰ]
اَکہٕ شيٖتھ
[akɨʃiːtjum] or [akɨʃiːtim]
اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or اَکہٕ شيٖتِم
82.
[dɔjiʃiːtʰ]
دۄیہِ شيٖتھ
[dɔjiʃiːtjum] or [dɔjiʃiːtjum]
دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or دۄیہِ شيٖتِم
83.
[trejiʃiːtʰ]
ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ
[trejiʃiːtjum] or [trejiʃiːtim]
ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
84.
[t͡sɔjiʃiːtʰ]
ژۄیہِ شيٖتھ
[t͡sɔjiʃiːtjum] or [t͡sɔjiʃiːtim]
ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or ژۄیہِ شيٖتِم
85.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ]
پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھ or پانٛژٕ شيٖتھ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtjum] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtjum]
پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim] or [pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim]
پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم or پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم
86.
[ʃejiʃiːtʰ]
شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ
[ʃejiʃiːtjum] or [ʃejiʃiːtim]
شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم or شیٚیہِ شيٖتِم
87.
[satɨʃiːtʰ]
سَتہٕ شيٖتھ
[satɨʃiːtjum] or [satɨʃiːtim]
سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛم or سَتہٕ شيٖتِم
88.
[arɨʃiːtʰ]
اَرٕشيٖتھ
[arɨʃiːtjum] or [arɨʃiːtim]
اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم or اَرٕشيٖتِم
89.
[kunɨnamatʰ]
کُنہٕ نَمَتھ
[kunɨnamatjum] or [kunɨnamatim]
کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or کُنہٕ نَمَتِم
90.
[namatʰ]
نَمَتھ
[namatjum] or [namatim]
نَمَتیُٛم or نَمَتِم
91.
[akɨnamatʰ]
اَکہٕ نَمَتھ
[akɨnamatjum] or [akɨnamatim]
اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or اَکہٕ نَمَتِم
92.
[dunamatʰ]
دُنَمَتھ
[dunamatjum] or [dunamatim]
دُنَمَتیُٛم or دُنَمَتِم
93.
[trunamatʰ] or [trɨnamatʰ]
ترُٛنَمَتھ or ترٕٛنَمَتھ
[trunamatjum] or [trunamatim]
ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترُٛنَمَتِم
[trɨnamatjum] or [trɨnamatim]
ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم or ترٕٛنَمَتِم
94.
[t͡sunamatʰ]
ژُنَمَتھ
[t͡sunamatjum] or [t͡sunamatim]
ژُنَمَتیُٛم or ژُنَمَتِم
95.
[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatʰ] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatʰ]
پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھ or پانٛژٕ نَمَتھ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatjum] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatjum]
پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim] or [pãːt͡sɨnamatim]
پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِم or پانٛژٕ نَمَتِم
96.
[ʃunamatʰ]
شُنَمَتھ
[ʃunamatjum] or [ʃunamatim]
شُنَمَتیُٛم or شُنَمَتِم
97.
[satɨnamatʰ]
سَتہٕ نَمَتھ
[satɨnamatjum] or [satɨnamatim]
سَتہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ نَمَتِم
98.
[arɨnamatʰ]
اَرٕنَمَتھ
[arɨnamatjum] or [arɨnamatjim]
اَرٕنَمَتیُٛم or اَرٕنَمَتِم
99.
[namɨnamatʰ]
نَمہٕ نَمَتھ
[namɨnamatjum] or [namɨnamatim]
نَمہٕ نَمَتیُٛم or نَمہٕ نَمَتِم
100.
[hatʰ]
ہَتھ
[hatyum] or [hatim]
ہَتیُٛم or ہَتِم
101.
[akʰhatʰtɨakʰ]
اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ اَکھ
[akʰhatʰtɨǝkjum] or [akʰhatʰtɨǝkim]
اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکیُٛم or اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکِم
102.
[akʰhatʰtɨzɨ]
اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ زٕ
[akʰhatʰtɨdojum] or [akʰhatʰtɨdojim]
اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیُم or اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیِم
200.
[zɨhatʰ]
زٕ ہَتھ
[duhatyum] or [duhatim]
دُہَتیُٛم or دُہَتِم
300.
[trehatʰ]
ترٛےٚ ہَتھ
[trɨhatyum] or [trɨhatim]
ترٕٛہَتیُٛم or ترٕٛہَتِم
400.
[t͡soːrhatʰ]
ژور ہَتھ
[t͡suhatyum] or [t͡suhatim]
ژُہَتیُٛم or ژُہَتِم
500.
[pə̃ːt͡sʰhatʰ] or [pãːt͡sʰhatʰ]
پٲنٛژھ ہَتھ or پانٛژھ ہَتھ
[pə̃ːt͡sɨhatyum] or [pãːt͡sɨhatyum]
پٲنٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم or پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم
[pə̃ːt͡sɨhatim] or [pãːt͡sɨhatim]
پٲنٛژٕ ہَتِم or پانٛژٕ ہَتِم
600.
[ʃehatʰ]
شےٚ ہَتھ
[ʃehatyum] or [ʃehatim]
شےٚ ہَتیُٛم or شےٚ ہَتِم
700.
[satʰhatʰ]
سَتھ ہَتھ
[ʃatɨhatyum] or [ʃatɨhatim]
سَتہٕ ہَتیُٛم or سَتہٕ ہَتِم
800.
[əːʈʰʃatʰ]
ٲٹھ شَتھ
[əːʈʰʃatjum] or [əːʈʰʃatim]
ٲٹھ شَتیُٛم or ٲٹھ شَتِم
900.
[nawʃatʰ]
نَو شَتھ
[nawʃatjum] or [nawʃatim]
نَو شَتیُٛم or نَو شَتِم
1000.
[saːs]
ساس
[səːsjum] or [səːsim]
سٲسیُٛم or سٲسِم
1001.
[akʰsaːsakʰ]
اَکھ ساس اَکھ
[akʰsaːsǝkjum] or [akʰsaːsǝkim]
اَکھ ساس أکیُٛم or اَکھ ساس أکِم
1002.
[akʰsaːszɨ]
اَکھ ساس زٕ
[akʰsaːsdojum] or [akʰsaːsdojim]
اَکھ ساس دۆیُم or اَکھ ساس دۆیِم
1100.
[akʰsaːshatʰ]
اَکھ ساس ہَتھ
or
[kahʃatʰ] or [kaːhʃatʰ]
کَہہ شَتھ or کاہ شَتھ
[akʰsaːshatjum] or [akʰsaːshatim]
اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس ہَتِم
or
[kahʃatjum] or [kaːhʃatjum]
کَہہ شَتیُٛم or کاہ شَتیُٛم
[kahʃatim] or [kaːhʃatim]
کَہہ شَتِم or کاہ شَتِم
1500.
[akʰsaːspãːt͡sʰhatʰ]
اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ
or
[pandaːhʃatʰ]
پَنٛداہ شَتھ
[akʰsaːspãːt͡sɨhatjum] or [akʰsaːspãːt͡sɨhatim]
اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم or اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتِم
or
[pandaːhʃatjum] or [pandaːhʃatim]
پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛم or پَنٛداہ شَتِم
10,000.
[dəhsaːs] or [daːhsaːs]
دٔہ ساس or داہ ساس
[dəhsəːsjum] or [daːhsəːsjum]
دٔہ سٲسیُٛم or داہ سٲسیُٛم
[dəhsəːsim] or [daːhsəːsim]
دٔہ سٲسِم or داہ سٲسِم
Hundred thousand
[lat͡ʃʰ]
لَچھ
[lat͡ʃʰjum] or [lat͡ʃʰim]
لَچھیُٛم or لَچھِم
Million
[dəhlat͡ʃʰ] or [daːhlat͡ʃʰ]
دٔہ لَچھ or داہ لَچھ
[dəhlat͡ʃʰjum] or [daːhlat͡ʃʰjum]
دٔہ لَچھیُٛم or داہ لَچھیُٛم
[dəhlat͡ʃʰim] or [daːhlat͡ʃʰim]
دٔہ لَچھِم or داہ لَچھِم
Ten million
[kɔroːr] or [karoːr]
کۄرور or کَرور
[kɔroːrjum] or [karoːrjum]
کۄروریُٛم or کَروریُٛم
[kɔroːrim] or [karoːrim]
کۄرورِم or کَرورِم
Billion
[arab]
اَرَب
[arabjum] or [arabim]
اَرَبیُٛم or اَرَبِم
Hundred billion
[kʰarab]
کھَرَب
[kʰarabjum] or [kʰarabim]
کھَرَبیُٛم or کھَرَبِم
The ordinal number "1st" which is [ǝkʲum]أکیُٛم for its masculine gender and [ǝkim]أکِم for its feminine gender is also known as [ɡɔɖnʲuk]گۄڈنیُٛک and [ɡɔɖnit͡ʃ]گۄڈنِچ respectively.[103]
Kashmiri retains several features of Old Indo-Aryan that have been lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.[40] Some vocabulary features that Kashmiri preserves clearly date from the Vedic Sanskrit era and had already been lost even in Classical Sanskrit. This includes the word-form yodvai (meaning if), which is mainly found in Vedic Sanskrit texts. Classical Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan use the word yadi instead.[40]
First person pronoun
Both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-Iranian family have demonstrated a strong tendency to eliminate the distinctive first person pronoun ("I") used in the nominative (subject) case. The Indo-European root for this is reconstructed as *eǵHom, which is preserved in Sanskrit as aham and in Avestan Persian as azam. This contrasts with the m- form ("me", "my") that is used for the accusative, genitive, dative, ablative cases. Sanskrit and Avestan both used forms such as ma(-m). However, in languages such as Modern Persian, Baluchi, Hindi and Punjabi, the distinct nominative form has been entirely lost and replaced with m- in words such as ma-n and mai. However, Kashmiri belongs to a relatively small set that preserves the distinction. 'I' is ba/bi/bo in various Kashmiri dialects, distinct from the other me terms. 'Mine' is myon in Kashmiri. Other Indo-Aryan languages that preserve this feature include Dogri (aun vs me-), Gujarati (hu-n vs ma-ri), Konkani (hā̃v vs mhazo), and Braj (hau-M vs mai-M). The Iranian Pashto preserves it too (za vs. maa), as well as Nuristani languages, such as Askunu (âi vs iũ).[108]
Variations
There are very minor differences between the Kashmiri spoken by Hindus and Muslims.[109] For 'fire', a traditional Hindu uses the word اۆگُن[oɡun] while a Muslim more often uses the Arabic word نار[naːr].[110]
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
"I kept reciting the unique divine word "Om" and kept it safe in my heart through my resolute dedication and love. I was simply ash and by its divine grace got metamorphosed into gold."
One who recites the divine word "Omkār" by devotion is capable to build a bridge between his own and the cosmic consciousness. By staying committed to this sacred word, one doesn't require any other mantra out of thousands others.
^At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics اَ اِ، اُ can be omitted in writing. Other diacritics (i.e. آ، أ، ٲ، إ، اٟ) are never omitted. For example, اَخبار"akhbār" is often written as اخبار, whereas أچھ" ȧchh" is never written as اچھ.
^The letter wāw can either represent consonant ([w/v]) or vowel ([oː]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels وٗ, ۆ, ۄ (uː], [o], [ɔ]). At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter wāw will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter wāw needs to be preceded by an ạlif, او, اوٗ, اۆ, اۄ.
^This letter differs from do-chashmi hē (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,do-chashmi hē (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of digraphs for representing aspirated consonants.
^In initial and medial position, the letter hē always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter hē can either represent consonant ([h]) or vowel ([a]). In final position, only in its attached form, and not in isolated form, it can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels ـٔہ, ـہٕ ([ə], [ɨ]). For example, whereas a final "-rạ" is written as ـرٔ, a final "-gạ" is written as ـگٔہ.
^The letter yē can either represent consonant ("y" [j]) or vowel ("ē" [eː] or "ī" [iː]). The letter yē can represent [j] in initial or medial position, or it can represent "ē" [eː] or "ī" [iː] in medial positions, or "ī" [iː] in final position. In combination with specific diacritics, the letter yē in its medial position, can represent "ī" [iː], "e" [e], "ĕ" [ʲa], or ' [◌ʲ] as well. To represent the consonant "y" [j] or the vowel "ē" [eː] in final position, the letter boḍ yē (ے) is used. The letter boḍ yē (ے), in combination with specific diacritics, can represent "e" [e] in final position.
^The letter boḍ yē only occurs in final position. The letter boḍ yē represents the consonant "y" [j] or the vowel "ē" [eː]. With specific diacritics, vowel "e" [e] is also shown with the letter boḍ yē.
^Bukhari, Shujaat (14 June 2011). "The other Kashmir". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^"Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"(PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2018. The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).
^ abcdeAkhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN1028-6640. Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.
^Kaw, M. K. (2004). Kashmir and It's People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. APH Publishing. pp. 328–329. ISBN978-81-7648-537-1. In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), "there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere ..." Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of the them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government.
^"Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". The Express Tribune. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2020. He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying.
^Khan, Zafar Ali (20 February 2016). "Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad...
^ abcdK.L. Kalla (1985), The Literary Heritage of Kashmir, Mittal Publications, ... Kashmiri alone of all the modern Indian languages preserves the dvi (Kashmiri du) of Sanskrit, in numbers such as dusatath (Sanskrit dvisaptati), dunamat (Sanskrit dvanavatih) ... the latter (Yodvai) is archaic and is to be come across mainly in the Vedas ...
^Zakharyin, Boris (2015). "Indo-Aryan Ergativity and its Analogues in Languages of Central and Western Eurasia", The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp.66.
^Grierson, George Abraham (1911). "Kashmiri" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 689–693. Sanskrit has been actively studied for many centuries, and the Kashmiri vocabulary, and even its grammar, are now largely Indian. So much is this the case that, for convenience' sake, it is now frequently classed as belonging to the north-western group of languages, instead of as belonging to the Piśāca family as its origin demands. It cannot be said that either classification is wrong.
^ abGorekar, Niẓāmuddīn Es (2002). Indo-Islamic Relations. KnowledgeCity Books. p. 67. The Kashmiri language was in the beginning greatly influenced by the Sanskrit language, but with the coming of the Muslims and monarchs like Zainu'l-Abedin it began to accept the influence of Persian which was the language of the rulers.
^Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. p. 582. ISBN978-0-08-087775-4. Kashmiri vocabulary can be broadly categorized into Kashmiri/Dardic, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi/Urdu, Persian, and Arabic origins.
^John D. Bengtson, Harold Crane Fleming (2008), In hot pursuit of language in prehistory: essays in the four fields of anthropology, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN978-90-272-3252-6, ... However, Gujarati as well as a Dardic language like Kashmiri still preserve the root alternation between subject and non-subject forms (but they replaced the derivative of the Sanskrit subject form ahám by new forms) ...
^Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (6 April 2010), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN978-0-08-087774-7, ... Kashmiri occupies a special position in the Dardic group, being probably the only dardic language that has a written literature dating back to the early 13th century ...
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