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The Kanakanavu live in the two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District (formerly Sanmin Township), Kaohsiung.[2]
The language is moribund, with only 4 speakers (2012 census).[3]
History
The native Kanakanavu speakers were Taiwanese aboriginals living on the islands. Following the Dutch Colonial Period in the 17th century, Han-Chinese immigration began to dominate the islands population. The village of Takanua is a village assembled by Japanese rulers to relocate various aboriginal groups in order to establish easier dominion over these groups.[4]
Phonology
There are 14 different consonant phonemes, containing only voiceless plosives within Kanakanavu. Adequate descriptions of liquid consonants become a challenge within Kanakanavu. It also contains 6 vowels; phonetic diphthongs and triphthongs occur where vowels are adjacent. Vowel length is often not clear if distinctive or not, as well as speakers pronouncing vowel phonemes with variance. As most Austronesian and Formosan languages, Kanakanavu has a CV syllable structure (where C = consonant, V = vowel). Very few, even simple words, contain less than three to four syllables.[5]
Several texts have been transcribed by outsiders in the orthography of the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan, and a dictionary is available.
⟨C⟩ is used for /t͜s/, ⟨ng⟩ for /ŋ/, ⟨r⟩ and ⟨l⟩ for /ɾ/ and /ɽ/, ⟨ꞌ⟩ for /ʔ/, and ⟨ʉ⟩ for the central vowel.
Li, Paul Jen-Kuei (2004). "Basic Vocabulary for Formosan Languages and Dialects". Selected Papers on Formosan Languages (in English and Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN9789570184136.
Pejros, I. (1994). "Some Problems of Austronesian Accent and *T ~ *C (Notes of an Outsider)". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1): 105–127. doi:10.2307/3623002. JSTOR3623002.
Tsuchida, Shigeru (1976). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. Studies of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa: Monograph Series, 5. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Tsuchida, Shigeru (2003). Kanakanavu Texts (Austronesian Formosan) (Thesis). Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series, A3-014. Osaka: ELPR. hdl:10108/77962.
Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典(in Chinese) – Kanakanavu search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation
