en Ezekiel 39

Ezekiel 39
Ezekiel 39
← chapter 38 chapter 40 →
	Book of Ezekiel 30:13–18 in an English manuscript from the early 13th century, MS. Bodl. Or. 62, fol. 59a. A Latin translation appears in the margins with further interlineations above the Hebrew.
Book	Book of Ezekiel
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	7
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	26

Ezekiel 39 is the thirty-ninth chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. The previous chapter and verses 1-16 of this chapter form a section dealing with "Gog, of the land of Magog".^[1]

Text

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 29 verses. The New King James Version divides this chapter into the following sections:

Ezekiel 39:1–10 = Gog's Armies Destroyed
Ezekiel 39:11–16 = The Burial of Gog
Ezekiel 39:17–20 = A Triumphant Festival
Ezekiel 39:21–29 = Israel Restored to the Land

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[2]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^Q; 6th century).^[3]^[a]

Verse 1

"And you, son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, ‘Thus says the Lord God: “Behold, I am against you, O Gog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal" (NKJV)^[5]

"Son of man" (Hebrew: בן־אדם ḇen-’ā-ḏām): this phrase is used 93 times to address Ezekiel.^[6]
"Rosh" (Hebrew: ראש rōsh): can also be translated as "head" (of human and animal); "top" (of the mountain); "beginning" (of time); "river-head"; "chief" (as in "chief-prince", "chief-priest", head of the family).^[7]^[8] In conjunction to the preceding word "prince", most English Bibles translates them as "chief prince".^[9]

Verses 16-24

In these verses, Ezekiel says that God "invites the fowls of the heaven and the beasts of the earth to a great feast, a sacrificial meal which he shall slay for them". Biblical commentator Andrew B. Davidson notes that "all slaughtering of animals was a sacrificial act" in ancient times.^[10] Likewise in Revelation 19:17–18, the angel standing in the sun invites all the birds of the air to gather at God's great feast.

Verse 25

Therefore thus says the Lord God: ‘Now I will bring back the captives of Jacob, and have mercy on the whole house of Israel; and I will be jealous for My holy name’ (NKJV)^[11]

"Now I will bring back" (Hebrew: עתה אשיב ‘at-tāh ’ā-shîḇ): denoting restoration before the end times.^[12]

Notes

^ Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.^[4]

References

^ Clements 1996, p. 170.
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
^ Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
^ Ezekiel 39:1
^ Bromiley 1995, p. 574.
^ Brown, Briggs & Driver 1994 "רוּחַ"
^ Gesenius 1979 "רוּחַ"
^ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1235-1236 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810
^ Davidson, A. B., Ezekiel 39, Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, accessed 2 January 2019
^ Ezekiel 39:25
^ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1236-1238 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810

Bibliography

Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. (1994). The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (reprint ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1565632066.
Clements, Ronald E (1996). Ezekiel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252724.
Gesenius, H. W. F. (1979). Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Translated by Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (7th ed.). Baker Book House.
Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.
Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

Christian

Ezekiel 39 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2017-04-25 at the Wayback Machine

[5] Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.^[4]

[FOOTNOTEClements1996170-1] Clements 1996, p. 170.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37-2] Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-3] Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.

[4] Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.

[6] Ezekiel 39:1

[FOOTNOTEBromiley1995574-7] Bromiley 1995, p. 574.

[FOOTNOTEBrownBriggsDriver1994-8] Brown, Briggs & Driver 1994 "רוּחַ"

[FOOTNOTEGesenius1979-9] Gesenius 1979 "רוּחַ"

[newoxford-10] The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1235-1236 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810

[11] Davidson, A. B., Ezekiel 39, Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, accessed 2 January 2019

[12] Ezekiel 39:25

[13] The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1236-1238 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810

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Ezekiel 39