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Digital art

An image of the Melissa computer virus created by Ukrainian artist Stepan Ryabchenko in 2011.
Irrational Geometrics' digital art installation, 2008 by Pascal Dombis

Digital art refers to any artistic work or practice that uses digital technology as part of the creative or presentation process. It can also refer to computational art that uses and engages with digital media.[1] Since the 1960s, various names have been used to describe digital art, including computer art, electronic art, multimedia art,[2] and new media art.[3][4]

Subcategories for the art include digital painting, where artists use software to emulate techniques using in physical painting, digital illustration, which involves creating rendered images for other media, and 3D modeling, where artists craft three-dimensional objects and scenes. Pieces of digital art range from captured in unique displays and restricted from duplication to popular memes available for reproduction in commercial products.

Repositories for digital art include pieces stored on physical media, galleries on display on websites, and collections for download for free or purchase.

History

In the early 1960s, John Whitney developed the first computer-generated art using mathematical operations.[5] In 1963, Ivan Sutherland invented the first user interactive computer-graphics interface known as Sketchpad.[6] Between 1974 and 1977, Salvador Dalí created two big canvases of Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea which at a distance of 20 meters is transformed into the portrait of Abraham Lincoln (Homage to Rothko)[7] and prints of Lincoln in Dalivision based on a portrait of Abraham Lincoln processed on a computer by Leon Harmon published in "The Recognition of Faces".[8] The technique is similar to what later became known as photographic mosaics.

Andy Warhol created digital art using an Amiga where the computer was publicly introduced at the Lincoln Center, New York, in July 1985. An image of Debbie Harry was captured in monochrome from a video camera and digitized into a graphics program called ProPaint. Warhol manipulated the image by adding color using flood fills.[9][10]

Art that uses digital tools

Digital paintings are created through processes analogous to traditional painting, albeit executed on digital platforms.

Digital art can be purely computer-generated (such as fractals and algorithmic art) or taken from other sources, such as a scanned photograph or an image drawn using vector graphics software using a mouse or graphics tablet. Artworks are considered digital paintings when created similarly to non-digital paintings but using software on a computer platform and digitally outputting the resulting image as painted on canvas.

Despite differing viewpoints on digital technology's impact on the arts, a consensus exists within the digital art community about its significant contribution to expanding the creative domain, i.e., that it has greatly broadened the creative opportunities available to professional and non-professional artists alike.[11]

Computer-generated visual media

See also: Computer art

Digital visual art consists of either 2D visual information displayed on an electronic visual display or information mathematically translated into 3D information viewed through perspective projection on an electronic visual display. The simplest form, 2D computer graphics, reflects how one might draw with a pencil or paper. In this case, however, the image is on the computer screen, and the instrument you draw with might be a tablet stylus or a mouse. What is generated on your screen might appear to be drawn with a pencil, pen, or paintbrush. The second kind is 3D computer graphics, where the screen becomes a window into a virtual environment, where you arrange objects to be "photographed" by the computer.

A procedurally generated photorealistic landscape was created with Terragen. Terragen has been used in creating CGI for movies.

Typically 2D computer graphics use raster graphics as their primary means of source data representations, whereas 3D computer graphics use vector graphics in the creation of immersive virtual reality installations. A possible third paradigm is to generate art in 2D or 3D entirely through the execution of algorithms coded into computer programs. This can be considered the native art form of the computer, and an introduction to the history of which is available in an interview with computer art pioneer Frieder Nake.[12] Fractal art, Datamoshing, algorithmic art, and real-time generative art are examples.

Computer-generated 3D still imagery

Main article: 3D computer graphics

3D graphics are created via the process of designing imagery from geometric shapes, polygons, or NURBS curves[13] to create three-dimensional objects and scenes for use in various media such as film, television, print, rapid prototyping, games/simulations, and special visual effects.

There are many software programs for doing this. The technology can enable collaboration, lending itself to sharing and augmenting by a creative effort similar to the open source movement and the creative commons in which users can collaborate on a project to create art.[14]

Pop surrealist artist Ray Caesar works in Maya (a 3D modeling software used for digital animation), using it to create his figures as well as the virtual realms in which they exist.

Computer-generated animated imagery

Main article: Computer-generated imagery
See also: Computer animation

Computer-generated animations are animations created with a computer from digital models created by 3D artists or procedurally generated. The term is usually applied to works created entirely with a computer. Movies make heavy use of computer-generated graphics; they are called computer-generated imagery (CGI) in the film industry. In the 1990s and early 2000s, CGI advanced enough that, for the first time, it was possible to create realistic 3D computer animation, although films had been using extensive computer images since the mid-70s. A number of modern films have been noted for their heavy use of photo-realistic CGI.[15]

Digital painting

See also: Digital painting

Digital painting[16] mainly refers to the process of creating paintings on computer software based on computers or graphic tables. Through pixel simulation, digital brushes in digital software (see the software in Digital painting) can imitate traditional painting paints and tools, such as oil, acrylic acid, pastel, charcoal, and airbrush. Users of the software can also customize the pixel size to achieve a unique visual effect (customized brushes).

Artificial intelligence art

See also: Artificial intelligence art

Artists have used artificial intelligence to create artwork since at least the 1960s.[17] Since their design in 2014, some artists have created artwork using a generative adversarial network (GAN), which is a machine learning framework that allows two "algorithms" to compete with each other and iterate.[18][19] It can be used to generate pictures that have visual effects similar to traditional fine art. The essential idea of image generators is that people can use text descriptions to let AI convert their text into visual picture content. Anyone can turn their language into a painting through a picture generator.[20]

Generation Process

Generally, the user can set the input, and the input content includes detailed picture content that the user wants. For example, the content can be a scene's content, characters, weather, character relationships, specific items, etc. It can also include selecting a specific artist style, screen style, image pixel size, brightness, etc. Then picture generators will return several similar pictures[19] generated according to the input (generally, 4 pictures are given now). After receiving the results generated by picture generators, the user can select one picture as a result he wants or let the generator redraw and return to new pictures.

Awards and recognition

In both 1991 and 1992, Karl Sims won the Golden Nica award at Prix Ars Electronica for his 3D AI animated videos using artificial evolution.[21] In 2009, Eric Millikin won the Pulitzer Prize along with several other awards for his artificial intelligence art that was critical of government corruption in Detroit and resulted in the city's mayor being sent to jail.[22][23] In 2018 Christie's auction house in New York sold an artificial intelligence work, "Edmond de Bellamy" for US$432,500. It was created by a collective in Paris named "Obvious".[24]

In 2019, Stephanie Dinkins won the Creative Capital award for her creation of an evolving artificial intelligence based on the "interests and culture(s) of people of color."[25] In 2022, an amateur artist using Midjourney won the first-place $300 prize in a digital art competition at the Colorado State Fair.[26][20] Also in 2022, Refik Anadol created an artificial intelligence art installation at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, based on the museum's own collection.[27]

List of digital art software

List of digital art software[28][29][30]
Software Developer Platform License
Adobe Fresco Adobe Inc. Windows, iOS, iPadOS Freemium
Adobe Photoshop Adobe Inc. Windows, macOS Proprietary
Adobe Illustrator Adobe Inc. Windows, macOS, iPadOS Proprietary
Affinity Designer Serif Windows, macOS Proprietary
ArtRage Ambient Design Ltd Windows, macOS, iOS, Android Proprietary EULA
Autodesk SketchBook Autodesk Windows, macOS, iOS, Android Freemium
Corel Painter Corel Corporation Windows, macOS Proprietary
Clip Studio Paint Celsys, Inc. Windows, macOS, iOS, Android Proprietary
GIMP GNU Image Manipulation Program Windows, macOS, Linux GPLv3
Inkscape Inkscape Developers Windows, macOS, Linux GPLv2
Krita Krita Foundation Windows, macOS, Linux GPLv3
My Paint MyPaint Contributors Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD GPLv2
Procreate Savage Interactive iPadOS Proprietary
Terragen Planetside Software Windows, macOS Proprietary/freeware
  •   Proprietary
  •   Open source
  •   Freeware/Freemium/Trialware

List of 2D digital art repositories

Repositories for 2D and vector digital art offer pieces for download, either individually or in bulk. Proprietary repositories require a purchase to license or use any image, while those operating under freemium models like Flaticon, Vecteezy, etc., provide some images for free and others for fee based on tiers.[31][32]

List of 2D digital art repositories[31][33]
Repository Company License
Eezy Inc. Iconfinder ApS Freemium
Flaticon Freepik Company Freemium
The Noun Project Noun Project Inc. Freemium
Pixabay Canva Free use (Pixabay Content License)
Shutterstock Shutterstock, Inc. Proprietary

Art made for digital media

In contemporary art, the term digital art is used primarily to describe visual art that is made with digital tools, and also is highly computational, and explicitly engages with digital technologies. Art historian Christiane Paul writes that it "is highly problematic to classify all art that makes use of digital technologies somewhere in its production and dissemination process as digital art since it makes it almost impossible to arrive at any unifying statement about the art form.[34]

Computer demos

An animation frame generated by demo "fr-041: debris." by Farbrausch, first released in 2007.
See also: Demoscene

Computer demos are computer programs, usually non-interactive, that produce audiovisual presentations. They are a novel form of art, which emerged as a consequence of home computer revolution in the early 1980s. In the classification of digital art, they can be best described as real-time procedurally generated animated audio-visuals.

This form of art does not concentrate only on aesthetics of the final presentation, but also on complexities and skills involved in creating the presentation. As such, it can be fully enjoyed only by persons with a high level of knowledge in the field of accompanying computer technologies. On the other hand, many of the created pieces of art are primarily aesthetic or amusing, and those can be enjoyed by general public.

Digital installation art

See also: interactive art
Boundary Functions at the Tokyo Intercommunications Center, 1999.
Boundary Functions (1998) interactive floor projection by Scott Snibbe at the NTT InterCommunication Center in Tokyo[35]

Digital installation art constitutes a broad field of activity and incorporates many forms. Some resemble video installations, particularly large-scale works involving projections and live video capture. By using projection techniques that enhance an audience's impression of sensory envelopment, many digital installations attempt to create immersive environments. Others go even further and attempt to facilitate a complete immersion in virtual realms. This type of installation is generally site-specific, scalable, and without fixed dimensionality, meaning it can be reconfigured to accommodate different presentation spaces.[36]

Noah Wardrip-Fruin's "Screen" (2003) is an example of interactive digital installation art which makes use of a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment to create an interactive experience.[37] Scott Snibbe's "Boundary Functions" is an example of augmented reality digital installation art, which response to people who enter the installation by drawing lines between people, indicating their personal space.[35]

Internet art and net.art

See also: Internet art

Internet art is digital art that uses the specific characteristics of the internet and is exhibited on the internet.

Digital art and blockchain

See also: NFT and Generative art

Blockchain, and more specifically NFTs, are associated with digital art since the NFTs craze of 2020 and 2021. Digital art is a common use case for NFTs.[38] By minting a piece of digital art the owner of the NFT is proven to be the owner of the art piece.[39] While the technology received many critics and has many flaws related to plagiarism and fraud (due to its almost completely unregulated nature),[40] auction houses, museums and galleries around the world started collaborations and partnerships with digital artists, selling NFTs associated with digital artworks (via NFT platforms) and showcasing those artworks (associated to the respective NFTs) both in virtual galleries and real-life screens, monitors and TVs.[41][42][43]

In March 2024, Sotheby's presented an auction highlighting significant contributions of digital artists over the previous decade, [44] one of many record-breaking auctions of digital artwork by the auction house. These auctions look broadly at the cultural impact of digital art in the 21-st century and featured work by artists such as Jennifer & Kevin McCoy, Vera Molnár, Claudia Hart, Jonathan Monaghan and Sarah Zucker.[45][46]

Art theorists and historians

Notable art theorists and historians in this field include:

Oliver Grau, Jon Ippolito, Christiane Paul, Frank Popper, Jasia Reichardt, Mario Costa, Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Dominique Moulon, Robert C. Morgan, Roy Ascott, Catherine Perret, Margot Lovejoy, Edmond Couchot, Tina Rivers Ryan, Fred Forest and Edward A. Shanken.

Scholarship and archives

In addition to the creation of original art, research methods that utilize AI have been generated to quantitatively analyze digital art collections. This has been made possible due to the large-scale digitization of artwork in the past few decades.[47] Although the main goal of digitization was to allow for accessibility and exploration of these collections, the use of AI in analyzing them has brought about new research perspectives.[48]

Two computational methods, close reading and distant viewing, are the typical approaches used to analyze digitized art.[49] Close reading focuses on specific visual aspects of one piece. Some tasks performed by machines in close reading methods include computational artist authentication and analysis of brushstrokes or texture properties. In contrast, through distant viewing methods, the similarity across an entire collection for a specific feature can be statistically visualized. Common tasks relating to this method include automatic classification, object detection, multimodal tasks, knowledge discovery in art history, and computational aesthetics.[48] Whereas distant viewing includes the analysis of large collections, close reading involves one piece of artwork.

Whilst 2D and 3D digital art is beneficial as it allows the preservation of history that would otherwise have been destroyed by events like natural disasters and war, there is the issue of who should own these 3D scans – i.e., who should own the digital copyrights.[50]

Art online platforms

Various online platforms have become essential for digital artists to share, promote, and sell their work. These platforms provide artists with access to global audiences and foster a sense of community, democratizing the art world and shifting how art is created, consumed, and appreciated.[51][52]

  • DeviantArt: Launched in 2000, DeviantArt is one of the largest and oldest platforms dedicated to art sharing. It has cultivated a strong community of digital artists, offering features like portfolio building and social interaction that allow artists to showcase their work to a broad audience.[53]
  • Behance: Owned by Adobe, Behance is a platform that connects creative professionals across multiple disciplines, including digital art. Integrated with Adobe’s software suite, Behance enables artists to showcase their projects, collaborate with others, and gain exposure to clients and recruiters looking for creative talent.
  • Instagram: Originally a photo-sharing app, Instagram has evolved into a platform for visual artists. Artists use it to build their personal brands, interact with followers, and reach collectors and fans directly. Its visual format and extensive user base have made it a powerful tool for artists seeking visibility online.[54][55]
  • Pinterest: Pinterest serves as a platform for discovering and sharing visual inspiration. Many digital artists use Pinterest to showcase their work and gather ideas for future projects. Its structure enables users to create curated boards, often influencing design and art trends within the digital community.[56]

Subtypes

See also

References

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