Cossack starshyna

For a military rank, see Starshina.

Among Zaporozhian Cossacks, starshyna (Ukrainian: старши́на, Ukrainian pronunciation: [stɐrˈʃɪnɐ]) was a collective noun for administrative categories of military officers and state officials. In common parlance the term referred to the privileged social stratum of the Cossack society.[1]

Starshyna was subdivided into:

  • General Starshyna (Генеральна старшина), headed by Hetman (or Quartermaster General as acting Hetman)
    • Quartermaster General (Генеральний обозний)
    • Judge General (Генеральний суддя)
    • Secretary General (Генеральний писар)
    • Adjutant General (Генеральний осавул)
    • Treasurer General (Генеральний підскарбій)
    • Ensign General (Генеральний хорунжий)
    • Bunchuk General (Генеральний бунчужний)
  • Regimental (Polkova) Starshyna, headed by Polkovnyk (Colonel)
    • Regimental Obozni (Quartermaster) (Ukrainian: Полковий обозний) – first Deputy Colonel. He was in charge of artillery and fortress fortifications. In the absence of a colonel he replaced him, but he was not authorized to issue universal orders (as opposed to the commanding colonel).
    • Regimental Judge (Ukrainian: Полковий суддя) – was in charge of a civil court in the ratusha
    • Regimental Osavul (Ukrainian: Полковий осавул) – assistant Colonel in Military Affairs
    • Regimental Khorunzhyi (Ukrainian: Полковий хорунжий) – commander of the "Khorunzhy Cossacks", guarding the colonel and the starshyna. He was in charge of regimental music and was responsible for keeping the khorugv (regiment flag).
    • Regimental scribe [uk] (Ukrainian: Полковий писар, romanized: Polkovyi pysar) – secretaries at the ratusha. One was in charge of military affairs, and the other of civilian affairs.
  • Starshyna of Hundred (Sotenna) – headed by Sotnyk
    • Sotenny otaman (Ukrainian: Сотенний отаман) – the deputy Sotnyk, implemented the duties of an obozni and a judge on a sotnia level
    • Sotenny Osavul (Ukrainian: Сотенний осавул) – assistant sotnik in military affairs
    • Sotenny Khorunzhy (Ukrainian: Сотенний хорунжий) – headed the sotnia's flags
    • Sotenny Scribe (Ukrainian: Сотенний писар) – a secretary
  • Junior Starshyna (Молодша старшина) – headed by Otaman
  • Chancellery: Regimental scribe [uk], General scribe [uk]

Later, sometime after the Khmelnytsky's Uprising, it was also associated with the Ukrainian nobility which derived out of the officership and the Hetman.

References

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