ca Peneicultura

La peneicultura és l'aqüicultura de les gambes. El nom "peneicultura" prové del fet que pràcticament totes les gambes que es cultiven a les granges pertanyen a la família Penaeidae o penèids. Dins d'aquesta família només dues espècies Penaeus vannamei i Penaeus monodon ja comprenen més del 80% de totes les gambes cultivades.

El conreu industrial de gambes requereix basses d'uns 1.000 m², situades preferentment en zones que ja són aiguamolls salats naturals o estuaris. A certes zones del sud-est asiàtic les condicions climàtiques permeten que el conreu de gambes es pugui fer tot l'any.

Al mar Mediterrani la peneicultura només es pot practicar durant els mesos d'estiu, car les espècies de penèids utilitzades industrialment són susceptibles al fred. Aquest tipus de monoconreu és molt vulnerable a diverses malalties que poden exterminar totalment la població de gambes. La situació de les granges en zones importants ecològicament, com aiguamolls costaners, causa problemes als hàbitats contigus. Les queixes de diverses ONGs varen portar als governs de certs països a regular més estrictament la peneicultura l'any 1999.

Airejador de pales a una granja de peneicultura
Naupli d'una gamba

Bibliografia

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Bondad-Reantaso, M. G.; McGladdery, S. E.; East, I.; Subasinghe, R. P. (eds.): Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases, chapter 4. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 402/2, NACA/FAO 2001. ISBN 92-5-104620-4.
Boyd, C. E.; Hargreaves, J. A.; Clay, J. R.: Codes of Practice for Marine Shrimp Farming, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2002.
Chautard, P. (ed.); Avalle, O.; Millous, O.; Vimaux, J.-F.: L'élevage de la crevette en zone tropicale ("Shrimp farming in the tropical zone"), Centre pour le Développement de l'Entreprise, Brussels, Belgium; November 2003. In French. URL last accessed November 22, 2006.
Consortium: Draft report of the Consortium Programme Shrimp Farming and the Environment, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO, June 21, 2002.
DeWalt, B. R.: Social and Environmental Aspects of Shrimp Aquaculture in Coastal Mexico, paper presented at the Mangrove 2000 conference in Recife, Brasil, May 2000.
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Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: Non-Native Species Summaries: White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex (WSBV), 2003. URL last accessed 2005-06-23.
Hempel, E.; Winther, U.; Hambrey, J.: Can Shrimp Farming Be Undertaken Sustainably? , World Bank/NACA/FAO/WWF Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2002.
Hossain, Md. Z., Lin, C.K., 2001. Diversified Uses of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds - A Case Study in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. ITCZM Monograph No. 5, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand; 2001. URL last accessed 2007-02-15.
Indian Aquaculture Authority: Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment - An Environment Impact Assessment Report Arxivat 2011-07-16 a Wayback Machine., ch. 2; IAA report, April 2001.
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Josueit, H.: An Overview on the World Shrimp Market, FAO GlobeFish. Presentation given at World Shrimp Markets 2004, Madrid, Spain; October 26/27, 2004.
Kumaran, M.; Ravichandran, P.; Gupta, B.P.; Nagavel, A.: Shrimp Farming Practices and its Socio-Economic Consequences in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India – A Case Study, Aquaculture Asia 8(3), September 2003.
Lewis, R. R.; Philipps, M. J.; Clough, B.; Macintosh, D. J.: Thematic Review on Coastal Wetland Habitats and Shrimp Aquaculture, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2003.
McClennan, C.: White Spot Syndrome Virus – The Economic, Environmental and Technical Implications of the Development of Latin American Shrimp Farming Arxivat 2009-02-25 a Wayback Machine., Master's Thesis, Tufts University, 2004.
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NACA/MPEDA: Shrimp Health Management Extension Manual, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) and Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), India; 2003.
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Owen, J.: Shrimp's Success Hurts Asian Environment, Group Says, in National Geographic News, June 21, 2004; updated December 20, 2004. URL last accessed 2007-08-20.
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McQuaid, J.: Thailand transformed by shrimp boom, March 28, 1996. Part of a series for which the newspaper The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, won the Pulitzer Prize in the category Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1997.

Enllaços externs

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Peneicultura

Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) has many of the World Bank et al. reports and a lot of current information about shrimp farming in Asia.
Scampi.nu is a Swedish web site critical of shrimp farming that has many excellent links to English articles.

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Bibliografia

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