Jam
Jam je uobičajeni naziv za neke biljne vrste iz roda Dioscorea, porodice Dioscoreaceae, koje imaju jestive gomolje (krtole). Iz ove porodice na Balkanu u divljini raste D. balcanica.
To su višegodišnje zeljaste povijuše koje su kultivirane za potrošnju škrobnih krtola, u Africi, Aziji, Latinskoj Americi, na Karibi ma i Okeaniji. Postoje mnoge sorte jama. Iako se neki varijeteti slatkog krompira ( Ipomoea batatas ) također nazivaju jam u dijelovima Sjedinjenih Država i Kanade, slatki krumpir nije iz porodice Dioscoreaceae već spada u srodnički nevezane povijuše sabahčića, porodica Convolvulaceae.[1][2][3][4]
Opis
Jamovu su monokotiledone, koje su srodne sa ljiljanima i travama. Nativne su u Africi i Aziji. Veličina krtola varira od obima malog krompir do preko 60 kg. Postoji preko 600 sorti, a 95% tih usjeva se uzgaja u Africi.[5][6][7][8]
- Razlike između pravog jama i slatkog krompira zvanog jam
| Faktor | Slatki krompir | Jam |
| Porodica | Convolvulaceae | Dioacoreaceae (jamovi) |
| Hromosomi | 2n = 90 | 2n = 20 |
| Spolnost | Jednodomni | Varijabilni |
| Porijeklo | Tropska Amerika (Peru, Ekvador) | Zapadna Afrika, Azija |
| Jestivi dio | Korijen | Gomolj |
| Izgled | Glatki, s tankom kožom | Grubi, ljuskavi |
| Oblik | Kratki, kockasti, suženog završetka | Dugi, cilindrični, neki s „prstima“ |
| Osjećaj u ustima | Vlažni | Suhi |
| Okus | Sladak | Škrobast |
| Beta karoten | Obično visok | Obično vrlo nizak |
| Razmnožavanje | Vegetativno - Transplantacija / Reznice | Komadi gomolja |
Hranidbena vrijednost
Hranidbena vrijednnost na 100 g (3,5 Oz)
| Sastojak | Količina |
| Energija | 494 kJ (118 kcal) |
| Ugljikohidrati (ukupno) | 27,9 g |
| Šećeri | 0,5 g |
| Hranljiva vlakna | 4,1 g |
| Masti | 0,17 g |
| Proteini | 1,5 g |
| Vitamini (ukupno) | 0,5 g – 27,9 g |
| Vitamin A (ekvivalent) | (1%) 7 μg |
| Vitamin B1 (Tiamin) | (10%) 0,112 mg |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin | (3%) 0,032 mg |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | (4%) 0,552 mg |
| Vitamin B5 (Pantotenska kiselina) | (6%) 0,314 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | (23%) 0,293 mg |
| Vitamin B9 (Folat) | (6%) 23 μg |
| Vitamin C | (21%) 17,1 mg |
| Vitamin E | (2%) 0,35 mg |
| Vitamin K | (2%) 2,3 μg |
| Minerali | |
| Kalcij | (2%) 17 mg |
| Željezo | (4%) 0,54 mg |
| Magnezij | (6%) 21 mg |
| Mangan | (19%) 0,397 mg |
| Fosfor | (8%) 55 mg |
| Kalij | (17%) 816 mg |
| Cink | (3%) 0,24 mg |
Napomena=Link to USDA Database entry Arhivirano 12. 3. 2016. na Wayback Machine }}
Proizvodnja
| Rang | Zemlja | Proizvodnja (tone) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nigerija | 38,000.000 |
| 2 | Gana | 6,638,867 |
| 3 | Obala Slonovače | 5,674.696 |
| 4 | Benin | 2,739.088 |
| 5 | Togo | 864.408 |
| 6 | Kamerun | 520.000 |
| 7 | Centralnoafrička Republika | 460.000 |
| 8 | Čad | 420.000 |
| 9 | Papua Nova Gvineja | 345.000 |
| 10 | Kolumbija | 361.034 |
| Izvor: UN Food & Agriculture Organization[9] | ||
Također pogledajte
Reference
- ^ White, L.D. (2003). Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawai'i: Uhi.
- ^ Kay D.E. (1987): Root Crops Arhivirano 5. 9. 2015. na Wayback Machine. Tropical Development and Research Institute : London.
- ^ Mignouna H.D., Abang M.M., Asiedu, R. (2003): Harnessing Modern biotechnology for tropical tuber crop improvement: Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Molecular Breeding: online Arhivirano 3. 3. 2016. na Wayback Machine.
- ^ Schultz, G.E. (1993). Element stewardship abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/diosbul.html Arhivirano 18. 9. 2006. na Wayback Machine Nature Conservancy.
- ^ Everyday Mysteries: Yam, Library of Congress, United States of America: http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/sweetpotato.html.
- ^ Sumiyoshi, S., Ed. (1996): Nigerian culture and customs: A walk through time. Koerner.
- ^ Walsh S. (2003): Plant based nutrition and health. ISBN 0-907337-26-0.
- ^ White L.D. (2003): http://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawai'i: Uhi.
- ^ http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Arhivirano 13. 7. 2011. na Wayback Machine |title=Faostat |publisher=Faostat.fao.org.
Vanjski linkovi
- Purdue University's Famine Foods Database includes a page about how various Dioscoreaceae species are used
- Will Tuladhar-Douglas’s ethnobotanical study on the transnational word yam and how it is changing.
- The Straight Dope answers "What's the difference between yams and sweet potatoes?" Arhivirano 3. 7. 2008. na Wayback Machine
- What Is the Difference Between Yams and Sweet Potatoes? - YouTube
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