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Daftar anggota Afrika-Amerika dalam Senat Amerika Serikat
Daftar Senator AS Afrika-Amerika
Orang Afrika Amerika yang terpilih pada Senat Amerika Serikat, namun tak meraih kursi
Referensi
- ^ "Revels, Hiram Rhodes, (1827–1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2009.
- ^ "First African American Senator". Historical Minutes Essays, 1878–1920. Senate Historical Office. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ "Bruce, Blanche Kelso, (1841 - 1898)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2009.
- ^ "Former Slave Presides over Senate". Historical Minutes Essays, 1878–1920. Senate Historical Office. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ "Brooke, Edward William, III, (1919–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2009.
- ^ "Moseley Braun, Carol, (1947–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2009.
- ^ "Carol Moseley Braun". Senate Historical Office. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 17, 2012. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ "Obama, Barack, (1961–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama". Senate Historical Office. Diakses tanggal January 4, 2013.
- ^ "Burris, Roland, (1937–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal January 25, 2009.
- ^ "Scott, Tim, (1965–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal November 18, 2014.
- ^ Blake, Aaron; Cillizza, Chris (December 17, 2012). "Nikki Haley appoints Rep. Tim Scott to Senate". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal January 5, 2013.
- ^ "Cowan, William (Mo), (1969–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal November 18, 2014.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (January 30, 2013). "William 'Mo' Cowan is Governor Deval Patrick's pick to serve as interim US senator". Boston Globe. Diakses tanggal January 30, 2013.
- ^ Walshe, Shushannah (January 30, 2013). "Cory Booker Wins Race for US Senate Seat in New Jersey". ABC News. Diakses tanggal October 16, 2013.
- ^ "Booker, Cory Anthony, (1969–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal November 18, 2014.
- ^ Giambusso, David (October 23, 2013). "Cory Booker planning to be sworn in to Senate on Halloween". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Diakses tanggal October 26, 2013.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
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- ^ "Harris, Kamala Devi, (1964 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Diakses tanggal June 27, 2018.
- ^ Sources for label "African American" or "black" include:
- "African American Senators". United States Senate. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2018.
Kamala D. Harris (D-CA) became the first African American to represent California in the United States Senate on January 3, 2017.
- "Kamala Harris's File". PolitiFact. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2018.
Harris, a Democrat, was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016. She became California's attorney general in January 2011. She was the first woman and the first African-American to hold the office in California's history.
- Weigel, David (January 9, 2018). "Democrats Add Harris, Booker to Senate Judiciary Committee". The Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2018.
The Senate Judiciary Committee will welcome its first African American members in this century after Democrats added Sens. Kamala D. Harris (D-Calif.) and Cory Booker (D-N.J.) to the panel that handles judicial nominations and appointments to the Justice Department.
- Wire, Sarah D. (November 8, 2016). "Kamala Harris Will Be the First Indian American U.S. Senator and California's First Black Senator". Los Angeles Times. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2018.
She will also be just the second black woman to serve in the U.S. Senate, and the first black senator from California.
- McPhate, Mike (September 29, 2016). "California Today: A Snooze of a Senate Race". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2 July 2018.
The race to succeed Senator Barbara L. Boxer of California was supposed to be one of the marquee contests of the year ... It offers a window into the ethnic kaleidoscope that is California: Pitting a Latino, Representative Loretta Sanchez, against an African-American, Kamala Harris, the state attorney general.
- DeMarche, Edmund (April 6, 2018). "Sen. Kamala Harris Raises Eyebrows on 'Ellen' With Trump Joke". Fox News. Diakses tanggal 2 July 2018.
Harris, California’s first African-American senator, has not responded to the conservative response online.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-11-11. Diakses tanggal August 7, 2013.
Bacaan tambahan
- Christopher, Maurine (1971). America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 9780690085853.
- Clay, William L. (1992). Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press. ISBN 1-56743-000-7.
- Dray, Philip (2008). Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8.
- Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807120828.
- Freedman, Eric; Jones, Stephen A. (2008). African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press. ISBN 9780872893856.
- Gill, LaVerne McCain (1997). African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813523538.
- Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
- Haskins, James (1999). Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Oryx Press. ISBN 9781573561266.
- Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
- Middleton, Stephen (2002). Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322815.
- Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. (1982). Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252009723.
- Walton, Jr., Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Jr., Donald R. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
- Wasniewski, Matthew, ed. (2008). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160801945. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).
Pranala luar
- "African American Senators". United States Senate. Diakses tanggal 2 July 2018.
- African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2012 A 66-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - Present Perform search of desired Representative or Delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
- Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matt Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
- Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.
- Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.
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