Vodka
Vodka (From Russian водка, from вода [water] + ка [the diminutive suffix] [1]) adalah sejenis minuman suling. Ia cecair jernih mengandungi kebanyakannya air dan etanol ditulenkan oleh penyulingan—sering kali penyulingan berganda—daripada satu bahan ditapai, seperti bijirin (biasanya rai atau gandum), kentang atau molases bit gula. Satu jumlah tidak signifikan bahan-bahan lain seperti perisa atau kekotoran tidak disengajakan adalah juga biasanya ditambah.
Vodka biasanya mempunyai 35% ke 50% kandungan alkohol mengikut isipadu. Vodka klasik Rusia, Lithuania dan Poland adalah 40% (80 proof). Ini boleh jadi dianggap berpunca daripada piawaian orang Rusia untuk pengeluaran vodka diperkenalkan pada 1894 oleh Alexander III.[2] Menurut Vodka Museum di Moscow, ahli kimia Rusia Dmitri Mendeleev (lebih terkenal untuk kerja beliau membangunkan jadual berkala) mendapati peratusan sempurna adalah 38%. Bagaimanapun, kerana roh-roh dalam masanya telah dikenakan cukai pada kekuatan mereka, peratusan mengimpunkan sehingga 40 untuk memudahkan pengiraan cukai.
Sejarah
Ia dipercayai berasal dari Poland atau Rusia.
Nota
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631781/vodka
- ^ from research undertaken by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev
Rujukan
- Begg, Desmond. The Vodka Companion: A Connoisseur's Guide. Running: 1998. ISBN 0-7624-0252-0.
- Pokhlebkin, William and Clarke, Renfrey (translator). A History of Vodka. Verso: 1992. ISBN 0-86091-359-7.
- Delos, Gilbert. Vodkas of the World. Wellfleet: 1998. ISBN 0-7858-1018-8.
- Lingwood, William, and Ian Wisniewski. Vodka: Discovering, Exploring, Enjoying. Ryland, Peters, & Small: 2003. ISBN 1-84172-506-4.
- Price, Pamela Vandyke. The Penguin Book of Spirits and Liqueurs. Penguin Books, 1980. Chapter 8 is devoted to vodka.
- Broom, Dave. Complete Book of Spirits and Cocktails, Carlton Books Ltd: 1998. ISBN 1-85868-485-4
- Faith, Nicholas and Ian Wisniewski Classic Vodka, Prion Books Ltd.: 1977. ISBN 1-85375-234-7
- Rogala, Jan. Gorzałka czyli historia i zasady wypalania mocnych trunków, Baobab: 2004. ISBN 83-89642-70-0
Lihat juga
- List of vodkas
- Flavoured liquor, which includes flavoured vodkas
- Vodka infusion
- Alcoholic beverages
- List of cocktails
- Soju, a Korean distilled beverage, sometimes called "Korean vodka"
- Shōchū, sometimes called "Japanese vodka"
- Baijiu, a Chinese distilled liquor sometimes called "Chinese vodka"
- A History of Vodka
- Vodka war
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