Byblos
Byblos
جُبَيْل Jebeil | |
|---|---|
Bandar | |
Bandar Lama Byblos | |
| Koordinat: 34°07′25″U 35°39′07″T / 34.12361°U 35.65194°T | |
| Negara | |
| Kegabenoran | Keserwan-Jbeil |
| Daerah | Byblos |
| Keluasan | |
• Bandar | 4.16 km2 (1.61 batu persegi) |
| • Metro | 17 km2 (7 batu persegi) |
| Penduduk | |
• Bandar | 40,000 |
| • Metro | 100,000 |
| Zon waktu | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Musim panas (WMP) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Kod panggilan | +961 |
| Tapak sesawang | www |
| Kriteria | Cultural: iii, iv, vi |
| Rujukan | 295 |
| Inskripsi | Sesi 1984 (ke-8 ) |
Byblos (/ˈbɪblɒs/ BIB-loss; Yunani: Βύβλος), juga dikenali sebagai Jebeil, Jbeil atau Jubayl (Arab: جُبَيْل, rumi: Jubayl, tempatan Jbeil [ʒ(ə)beːl]), merupakan sebuah bandar purba di Kegabenoran Keserwan-Jbeil di Lubnan. Kawasan ini dipercayai mula-mula diselesaikan antara 8800 dan 7000 SM[1] dan terus didiami sejak 5000 SM.[2] Semasa sejarahnya, Byblos ialah sebahagian daripada pelbagai budaya termasuk Mesir, Phoenicia, Assyria, Parsi, Hellenistik, Rom, Genoa, Mamluk dan Uthmaniyyah. Pembandaran dianggap telah bermula pada milenium ketiga SM dan ia berkembang menjadi sebuah bandar[3][2] menjadikannya salah satu bandar tertua di dunia. Ia adalah Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO.[4]
Ia adalah di Byblos purba bahawa abjad Phoenicia, mungkin nenek moyang Yunani, Latin dan semua abjad Barat yang lain, telah dibangunkan.[5]
Galeri
- Pandangan Byblos
Bacaan lanjut
- Jidéjian, Nina (1968). Byblos through the ages. Beirut: Dar al Machreq. OCLC 7630.
- Thiollet, Jean-Pierre (2005). Je m'appelle Byblos (dalam bahasa Perancis). Paris: H & D. ISBN 9782914266048.
- Aubet, Maria Eugenia (2001). The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Diterjemahkan oleh Mary Turton (ed. 2d). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521795432.
- Baumgarten, Albert I. (1981). The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos: A Commentary. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-06369-3.
- Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G. (2014). A Monetary and Political History of the Phoenician City of Byblos: In the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575063041.
- Kaufman, Asher S. (2004). Reviving Phoenicia: In Search of Identity In Lebanon. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780767796.
- Moscati, Sabatino (1999). The World of the Phoenicians. London: Phoenix Giant. ISBN 9780753807460.
- Nibbi, Alessandra (1985). Ancient Byblos Reconsidered. Oxford: DE Publications. ISBN 0951070401.
Nota
- ^ Garfinkel, Yosef (2004). ""Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context". Dalam E. J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse (penyunting). Neolithic Revolution: New Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-132-5. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
- ^ a b Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 104. ISBN 1-57607-919-8. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.
- ^ Lorenzo Nigro (2007). "Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town". Dalam Nigro, Lorenzo (penyunting). Byblos and Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". m/s. 35. ISBN 978-88-88438-06-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 September 2023. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
- ^ "Byblos". UNESCO. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
- ^ "Phoenician alphabet | Definition, Letters, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
Rujukan
- Head, Barclay; dll. (1911), "Phoenicia", Historia Numorum (ed. ke-2), Oxford: Clarendon Press, m/s. 788–801
Pautan luar
| Sumber perpustakaan |
|---|
| Tentang Byblos |
- "Byblos". Lebanon, the Cedars' Land.
- "Byblos info". middleeast.com.
- "Embassy of Lebanon in Canada". Byblos. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 10 Oktober 2006.
- "Byblos in Belarus". byblos.by. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 Januari 2020. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
- "Radio Carbon Context Database". University of Cologne. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 13 Ogos 2011. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2024.
- Baalat ancient deity, chiefly of Byblos
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