Garamantoj
| Garamantoj | |
|---|---|
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| historia etno | |
| Ŝtatoj kun signifa populacio | |
La Garamantoj, ankaŭ Garamantes (eble el la berbera igherman / ijerman, kun signifo: "urboj" en moderna berbera; aŭ eble el igerramen kun signifo "sankta, sakra popolo" en moderna berbera) estis Sahara Berbera popolo en antikva sudokcidenta Libio kiu disvolvigis antaŭeniritan civilizacion. Ili uzis prilaboritan subgrundan sistemon por irigacio kaj fondis prosperajn Berberajn regnojn aŭ urbo-ŝtatojn en la areo de Fezano en teritorioj de nuntempa Libio, en la Sahara dezerto. Ili estis surloka povo en la Saharo inter 500 a.K. kaj 700 p.K.
Estas malmulte da teksta informaro pri la Garamantoj. Eĉ la nomo Garamantes estis greklingva nomo kiun la romianoj poste adoptis. Disponebla informaro venas ĉefe el grekaj kaj romiaj fontoj, same kiel el arkeologiaj elfosaĵoj en la areo, kvankam restas grandaj areoj en ruinoj neelfositaj. Alia grava fonto de informaro estas abunda roka arto, kiu ofte priskribas la vivon antaŭ la apero de loa regno.
Referencoj
Bibliografio
- Birley, Anthony R.. (1999) Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16591-1.
- N. Barley (Revizio): Les chars rupestres sahariens: des syrtes au Niger, par le pays des Garamantes et des Atlantes by Henri Lhote Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 48, No. 1 (1985), pp. 210–210
- Timothy F. Garrard. Myth and Metrology: The Early Trans-Saharan Gold Trade The Journal of African History, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1982), pp. 443–461
- Ulrich Haarmann. The Dead Ostrich Life and Trade in Ghadames (Libya) in the Nineteenth Century. Die Welt des Islams, New Series, Vol. 38, Issue 1 (March 1998), pp. 9–94
- R. C. C. Law . The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times The Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1967), pp. 181–200
- Daniel F. McCall. Herodotus on the Garamantes: A Problem in Protohistory History in Africa, Vol. 26, (1999), pp. 197–217
- Count Byron Khun de Prorok. Ancient Trade Routes from Carthage into the Sahara Geographical Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (April 1925), pp. 190–205
- Brent D. Shaw. Climate, Environment and Prehistory in the Sahara. World Archaeology, Vol. 8, No. 2, Climatic Change (October 1976), pp. 133–149
- Richard Smith. What Happened to the Ancient Libyans? Chasing Sources across the Sahara from Herodotus to Ibn Khaldun Arkivigite je 2017-04-17 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine. Journal of World History - Volume 14, Number 4, December 2003, pp. 459–500
- John T. Swanson. The Myth of Trans-Saharan Trade during the Roman Era The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 582–600
- Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Esteban, César; Perera Betancort, Maria Antonia; Marrero, Rita. Archaeoastronomy in the Sahara: The Tombs of the Garamantes at Wadi el Agial, Fezzan, Libya. Journal for the History of Astronomy Supplement, Vol. 33, 2002
- Louis Werner. Libya's Forgotten Desert Kingdom Arkivigite je 2011-06-10 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine. Saudi Aramco World May/June 2004, pp. 8–13
- Raymond A. Dart . The Garamantes of central Sahara. African Studies, Volume 11, Issue 1 March 1952, pages 29 – 34
- Bryn Mawr Classical Review of David. J. Mattingly (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2. Site Gazetteer, Pottery and Other Survey Finds. Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 7. London: The Society for Libyan Studies and Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya Department of Antiquities, 2007. Pp. xxix, 522, figs. 760, tables 37. ISBN 1-900971-05-4.
- Karim Sadr (Reviewer): WHO WERE THE GARAMANTES AND WHAT BECAME OF THEM? The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume I: Synthesis. Edited by DAVID J. MATTINGLY. London: Society for Libyan Studies, and Tripoli: Department of Antiquities, 2003. (ISBN 1-90097-102-X) Review in The Journal of African History (2004), 45: 492-493
- Victor Paul Borg. The Garamantes masters of the Sahara. Geographical, Vol. 79, Aŭgusto 2007.
- Gabriel Camps. Les Garamantes, conducteurs de chars et bâtisseurs dans le Fezzan antique Arkivigite je 2014-10-18 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine. Clio.fr (2002).
- Kevin White, David Mattingly. Ancient lakes of the Sahara. American Scientist. Januaro–Februaro 2006.
- Théodore Monod, L’émeraude des Garamantes, Souvenirs d’un Saharien. Paris: L’Harmattan. (1984).
- Eamonn Gearon. The Sahara: A Cultural History. Signal Books, UK, 2011. Oxford University Press, USA, 2011.
Eksteraj ligiloj
- The Royal Saharan Kingdom Garamantes Civilization
- "Kingdom of the Sands" Arkivigite je 2011-05-14 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
- Encyclopaedia of the Orient - artikolo pri Garamanta Imperio Arkivigite je 2011-08-31 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine
- romansonline.com Arkivigite je 2011-07-20 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine: klasikaj latinaj tekstoj citantaj la Garamantojn.
- LiveScience.com article - about "lost cities" built by the Garamantes in Libya, most dating between CE 1 to 500, 7a de novembro 2011
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