//{Short description|}

Malaysian Army
Tentera Darat Malaysia تنترا دارت مليسيا‎
Crest of the Malaysian Army
Founded	1 March 1933; 93 years ago (1933-03-01)
Country	Malaysia
Type	Army
Role	Land warfare
Size	80‚000 active personnel (as of 2023)[1][2] 50,000 reserve personnel (as of 2023)[1]
Part of	Malaysian Armed Forces
Mottos	Gagah Setia ('Strong and Loyal')
Colours	Red   Gold
March	Gagah Setia
Anniversaries	1 March
Engagements	List World War II Pacific War (1941–1945) Malayan campaign Cold War (1947–1991) 1st Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) Congo Crisis (1960–1965) ONUC Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation (1962–1966) 2nd Malayan Emergency (1968–1989) Sarawak Communist Insurgency (1962–1990) Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) UNIIMOG Bosnian War (1992–1995) UNPROFOR SFOR Somali Civil War (1980s–present) UNOSOM II (1993–1995) Operation Restore Hope Kosovo War (1998–1999) Operation 304 (2000) Timor-Leste crisis (2006) Operation Astute Arab–Israeli conflict (1948–present) UNIFIL (2007–present) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Operation Enduring Freedom ISAF Cross border attacks in Sabah (1962–present) Operation Pasir (2002–present) Operation Daulat (2013) Operation Benteng (2020–present)
Website	army.mil.my
Commanders
Supreme Commander	Sultan Sultan Ibrahim, the King of Malaysia
Chief of Army	General Datuk Azhan Md Othman
Deputy Chief of Army	Lieutenant General Dato' Tengku Muhammad Fauzi Tengku Ibrahim
Chief of Staff of the Army	Lieutenant General Dato' Ahmad Abu Bakar
Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army	Warrant Officer Class 1 Mohd Pauzi Mohd Ali
Insignia
Flag

The Malaysian Army (Malay: Tentera Darat Malaysia; Jawi: تنترا دارت مليسيا‎) is the land-based branch of the Malaysian Armed Forces and functions as the primary land warfare force of the nation. It is both the most senior and the largest service branch within the armed forces.^[3]

While the Malaysian Army is the primary land defence force, other organisations also maintain ground-based capabilities. The Royal Malaysia Police manages its own paramilitary land component, and the Royal Malaysian Air Force maintains dedicated ground combat units.^[4]

The service is led by a four-star general, known as the Chief of Army (Panglima Tentera Darat). The current Chief of Army is General Azhan Md Othman, who assumed the position on 1 January 2026. He succeeded General Muhammad Hafizuddeain Jantan.^[5][6]

The lineage of the Malaysian Army is rooted in the volunteer militia units established during British colonial rule. In 1854, the Singapore Volunteer Rifle Corps was formed, largely in response to the patriotic sentiment among European expatriates following the outbreak of the Crimean War. This was followed by the creation of the Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Corps in 1 March 1861^{[note 1]} and the Malacca Volunteer Corps in 1922.^[7]

While initially restricted to those of European descent, recruitment criteria were broadened starting in 1899 to include Eurasians, Malays, and Chinese volunteers. Similar units were also raised across the Federated and Unfederated Malay States between 1902 and 1936.^[7]

The success of the volunteer militias led to the creation of a permanent, full-time military force for local subjects.^{[note 2]} On 23 January 1933, the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States passed the Malay Regiment Bill. This legislation led to the formation of the First Experimental Malay Company on 1 March 1933, based at Haig Lines in Port Dickson. The company, initially comprising 25 men, was led by Major G. McI. S. Bruce of the Lincolnshire Regiment.^[9]

The unit was redesignated as the Malay Regiment on 1 January 1935 after expanding to 150 men. It grew into a full battalion by 1938, with a second battalion established just before the outbreak of hostilities in December 1941. During the Second World War, the 1st Battalion gained distinction for its defence of Opium Hill (Bukit Chandu) during the Battle of Singapore. Under the command of Second Lieutenant Adnan Saidi, a platoon of 42 soldiers resisted repeated assaults by the Japanese 18th Division led by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi. Their stand on 14 February 1942 has since become a prominent symbol of national military heroism.^[9][10]

The Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) necessitated a significant expansion of local forces. To support British operations against the communist insurgency, the Malay Regiment grew to seven battalions by the early 1950s, and various specialised corps were established.

As political authority began to transition from the British Military Administration to local leaders, the Federation of Malaya Army was formed under the Malayan Command. In July 1952, the Federation Regiment was established as the first multi-ethnic military unit. This was followed by the creation of the Federation Armoured Car Regiment on 1 September 1952, which eventually merged with the Federation Regiment in 1960 to form the Federation Reconnaissance Corps (present-day Royal Armoured Corps). Following several name changes, the unit adopted its current title on 8 December 1986.

In June 1958, as the Malayan Emergency neared its end, the government established the Territorial Army of Malaya (Askar Wataniah Malaya) to serve as a formal reserve component. This followed the planned disbandment of the Home Guard, a volunteer force whose members sought continued service. The Territorial Army Ordinance 1958 provided the legal framework for this transition. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the force was renamed the Territorial Army of Malaysia (Askar Wataniah Malaysia) and has since expanded to include various infantry, engineering, and communications elements.

The formation of Malaysia in 1963 integrated military and paramilitary units from the Crown Colony of North Borneo (present-day Sabah), the Crown Colony of Sarawak, and the Colony of Singapore into a unified national structure. The paramilitary forces of North Borneo and Sarawak were merged to form the Malaysian Ranger Regiment (now the Royal Ranger Regiment), named in honour of the 19th-century Sarawak Rangers. Military assets from Singapore were absorbed into existing Peninsular Malaysian formations. This period also saw the administrative separation of the Chief of Defence Forces and the Chief of Army roles to improve command efficiency.

In the 1980s, the army underwent further restructuring under the Total Defence (Pertahanan Menyeluruh or HANRUH) concept. This reorganisation involved modernising combat formations, incorporating Army Special Forces into strategic planning, and establishing new support corps to meet modern operational demands.

The chain of command in the Malaysian Army is organised as described above. The Army Headquarters serves as the highest authority, housing the senior leadership of the entire force. Beneath it are four subordinate commands: two responsible for combat operations and two for logistics, training, and doctrine.^[11]

In addition to these commands, four independent formations report directly to the Chief of Army.^[11]

The Army Headquarters is the highest administrative and command authority of the Malaysian Army. It is located at Wisma Kementah within Camp Mindef, Kuala Lumpur. The headquarters is headed by the Chief of Army, who is supported by the Deputy Chief of Army, the Chief of Staff of the Army, and the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army. In keeping with British Army traditions, the term 'Army Headquarters' is used instead of 'Army Command'. The headquarters is responsible for determining the overall direction, policy, and strategic management of the Malaysian Army.

The Chief of Army (Malay: Panglima Tentera Darat; abbreviated PTD) is the highest professional appointment in the Malaysian Army. The office is held by a four-star general. The first to hold the position was Major General Tan Sri Frank Hastings Brooke of the British Army Infantry, who had previously served as the last General Officer Commanding of the Federation of Malaya Army. Following Malaya's independence in 1957, he was retained in post, thereby becoming the first Chief of Army of the independent nation.

As the senior administrative and command authority of the Malaysian Army, the Chief of Army exercises control over the service through several formation commands, in addition to four independent formations that report directly to him. Beyond his official responsibilities, the Chief of Army also undertakes ceremonial duties, representing the army at formal state and military occasions.

The incumbent Chief of Army is General Muhammad Hafizuddeain Jantan, who assumed the appointment on 6 September 2023, succeeding General Mohammad Ab Rahman, who was promoted to become the Chief of Defence Forces on the same day.^[12]

The Deputy Chief of Army (Malay: Timbalan Panglima Tentera Darat; abbreviated TPTD) is the second-highest professional appointment in the Malaysian Army. The office is held by a three-star general, whose primary role is to support the Chief of Army in planning and other tasks as directed by the incumbent. The Deputy Chief of Army also acts as a key link between the army and other branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces, serves as the principal liaison with the Ministry of Defence, and represents the army at both domestic and international events. The officeholder regularly engages with senior army leaders of ASEAN member states, as well as counterparts from the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA).

The current Deputy Chief of Army is Lieutenant General Dato' Tengku Muhammad Fauzi Tengku Ibrahim, who assumed the appointment on 6 September 2023, succeeding Lieutenant General Muhammad Hafizuddeain Jantan, who was promoted to Chief of Army on the same day.

The Chief of Staff of the Army (Malay: Ketua Staf Tentera Darat; abbreviated KS TD) is the senior managerial appointment in the Malaysian Army. The office is held by a three-star general and is responsible for supporting the Chief of Army in the administration and coordination of the service, its headquarters, and staff functions, thereby ensuring the smooth operation of the army. The Chief of Staff is assisted by a number of Assistant Chiefs of Staff (Malay: Asisten Ketua Staf), each overseeing specific departments within the army.

The current Chief of Staff of the Army is Lieutenant General Dato' Ahmad Abu Bakar, who assumed the appointment on 28 May 2025, succeeding Lieutenant General Dato' Zaidan Atan.

The Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (Malay: Sarjan Mejar Rejimen Tentera Darat; abbreviated SMR TD) is the highest appointment attainable within the other ranks of the Malaysian Army. The holder of this office serves as the principal adviser to the Chief of Army on matters concerning other ranks and acts as their representative within Army Headquarters.

The appointment is held by a Warrant Officer Class 1 (Malay: Pegawai Waran 1; abbreviated PW1). Together with the Chief of Army and the Deputy Chief of Army, the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army also performs ceremonial duties, representing the army at formal state and military events.

The incumbent is Warrant Officer Class 1 Mohamad Fauzi A. Rahman, who assumed the appointment on 4 April 2024, succeeding Warrant Officer Class 1 Shahamrie Abdullah.

The Malaysian Army currently consists of 16 main corps and regiments, which are grouped into three categories: combat elements, combat support elements, and service support elements. In addition to these, there are three independent formations collectively known as the Army Troops Elements (Malay: Elemen Trup Tentera Darat). The Army also maintains a reserve component. The full list is as follows:^[11]

Corps and regiments

1. Infantry Corps (Malay: Kor Infantri)
   1. Royal Malay Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja)
   2. Royal Ranger Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Renjer Diraja)
   3. Border Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Sempadan)
2. Royal Armoured Corps (Malay: Kor Armor Diraja)
3. Royal Signal Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Semboyan Diraja)
4. Royal Engineer Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Askar Jurutera Diraja)
5. Royal Artillery Regiment (Malay: Rejimen Artileri Diraja)
6. Royal Military Police Corps (Malay: Kor Polis Tentera Diraja)
7. Royal Intelligence Corps (Malay: Kor Risik Diraja)
8. Corps of Royal Electrical & Mechanical Engineers (Malay: Kor Jurutera Letrik dan Jentera Diraja)
9. General Service Corps (Malay: Kor Perkhidmatan Am)
10. Royal Logistic Corps (Malay: Kor Perkhidmatan Diraja)
11. Royal Ordnance Corps (Malay: Kor Ordnans Diraja)
12. Royal Medical Corps (Malay: Kor Kesihatan Diraja)
13. Military Chaplain Corps (Malay: Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera)

The army's combat elements consist of corps and regiments tasked with direct fire roles and positioned at the frontlines, where they serve as the primary assault and defence formations. At present, only the infantry and armoured corps and regiments fall within this category.^[11]

Infantry Corps

The Infantry Corps (Malay: Kor Infantri) serves as the administrative command for infantry formations in the Malaysian Army. It is responsible for setting the strategic direction of infantry units, ensuring their operational capabilities, training, and equipment remain modern and comparable to international standards. Its duties also include the indoctrination and professional development of personnel, the provision of welfare services such as recreational activities, and the management of human resources for infantry regiments and battalions.^[13] At present, the Infantry Corps oversees three infantry regiments:

1. Royal Malay Regiment
2. Royal Ranger Regiment
3. Border Regiment

The battalions of these infantry regiments are currently divided into four categories:^{[14][15][16][17]}

• Standard Infantry Battalions
• Ceremonial Infantry Battalions
• Mechanised Infantry Battalions
• Specialised Infantry Battalions

Royal Malay Regiment

The Royal Malay Regiment (abbr.: RMR or R MALAY; Malay: Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja) is the most senior infantry formation within the Malaysian Army, having originated as an experimental Malay Company established by the British colonial administration on 1 March 1933. Currently comprising 27 battalions with diverse infantry specialisations, the regiment maintains an exclusive recruitment policy for personnel of Malay ethnicity. However, during its foundational years, the unit's operational structure reflected the multi-ethnic military hierarchy of British Malaya. Although the infantry ranks were drawn from the Malay populace, commissioned officer and medical roles were primarily held by British and European personnel, while technical and support functions were frequently staffed by the British Indian-Malayan community, including those of Punjabi and Gurkha descent.^[a] This integrated support model persisted until the early 1950s, at which point recruitment was restricted solely to the Malay population.^[18]

Royal Ranger Regiment

The Royal Ranger Regiment (abbr.: RRR or R RANGER; Malay: Rejimen Renjer Diraja) is the second most senior infantry regiment within the Malaysian Army and functions as a distinguished multi-ethnic unit. Formally established as a light infantry formation on 16 March 1963, the regiment was founded one day following the official disbandment of the Sarawak Rangers. Currently comprising 11 battalions with diverse infantry specialisations. The regiment is the successor to several colonial-era and multiracial units, such as the Sarawak Rangers, the Sarawak Constabulary, and the Federation Regiment.^[b] Notable members include Kanang Langkau SP PGB, who remains the most decorated soldier in Malaysian military history.^[19]

Border Regiment

The Border Regiment (abbr.: BR or BORDER; Malay: Rejimen Sempadan) is the youngest infantry formation within the Malaysian Army, established on 1 July 2006 under the direction of Najib Razak, then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. It is a multi-ethnic unit alongside the Royal Ranger Regiment. It serves as the primary element of the Malaysian Armed Forces responsible for national frontier security in co-operation with other government agencies. Although originally restricted to border protection duties, the regiment underwent a comprehensive reorganisation in 2022 to become the Army's third standard infantry regiment, following the Royal Malay Regiment and the Royal Ranger Regiment. Currently comprising 10 battalions situated near national boundaries, the regiment previously fielded 11 units prior to the disbandment of one battalion in 2019. Due to the rugged topography of certain border regions, specific battalions receive specialised training in mountain warfare.^[20][21][22]

Royal Armoured Corps

The Royal Armoured Corps (abbr.: RAC; Malay: Kor Armor Diraja) provides the primary armoured capability for the Malaysian Army, with a lineage originating from the Armoured Car Company of the Federated Malay States Volunteer Force established in 1939. Following various historical amalgamations and structural changes, the corps has been known by several titles, including the Federation Armoured Car Regiment in 1952, the Federation Reconnaissance Regiment in 1960, and the Royal Cavalry Corps in 1979, before adopting its current designation in 1986. At present, the corps comprises five armoured regiments equipped with diverse assets such as main battle tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armoured personnel carriers, mortar carriers, and light armoured vehicles. Furthermore, the corps maintains a dedicated ceremonial cavalry squadron tasked with public duties and state functions.^[23][24]

The Army's combat support elements consist of corps and regiments tasked with roles such as indirect fire and specialised service support, which function to assist the units within the Army's combat elements. The primary role of these units is to enhance the effectiveness and operational capabilities of the main assault and defence formations.^[11]

Royal Artillery Regiment

The Royal Artillery Regiment (abbr.: RA; Malay: Rejimen Artileri Diraja) functions as the artillery corps of the Malaysian Army, providing essential field fire support and air defence for ground formations. Established on 15 August 1957, the corps was initially formed to integrate personnel from the 1st (Singapore) Regiment, Royal Artillery, who sought to continue their service in Malaya following that unit's scheduled dissolution. Notably, the regiment provided the historic gun salute during the formal proclamation of independence on 31 August 1957. Currently, the corps comprises 18 regiments organised into specialised units operating field guns, howitzers, rocket artillery, and mortars alongside dedicated air defence batteries and artillery observers. Furthermore, the regiment maintains a ceremonial battery tasked with performing state and military salutes.^[25][26]

Royal Signal Regiment

The Royal Signal Regiment (abbr.: R SIGNALS; Malay: Rejimen Semboyan Diraja) is a combat support formation of the Malaysian Army tasked with the establishment and maintenance of secure military communication channels for both command and tactical elements. The regiment's operational scope encompasses strategic and tactical communications, electronic warfare, and the management of early warning systems, including radar. Originating in 1949 as the Communications Troop of the Malay Regiment, the unit evolved through several reorganisations, notably being redesignated as the Federation Signals in 1955. Following subsequent title changes to Malaysian Signals in 1963 and Pasukan Semboyan Malaysia (lit. 'Malaysian Signals Force') in 1966, the unit was formally upgraded to its current regimental status in 1980.^[27]

Royal Military Police Corps

The Royal Military Police Corps (abbr.: RMP; Malay: Kor Polis Tentera Diraja) serves as a combat support element of the Malaysian Army, primarily responsible for law enforcement, internal security, and the maintenance of order across the service. Personnel are deployed alongside field units to support operations while ensuring the disciplined conduct of service members. Beyond investigative duties and the prevention of criminal activity on military property, the corps plays a fundamental role in the administration of the military justice system, with personnel fulfilling various legal and disciplinary functions. The unit's origins date back to 1948, when British Indian Army Military Police personnel were dispatched to Malaya to restore public order following the Second World War; these personnel were subsequently integrated into the Malay Regiment and redesignated as the Military Police Troop of the Malay Regiment.

Royal Engineer Regiment

The Royal Engineer Regiment (abbr.: RE; Malay: Rejimen Askar Jurutera Diraja) constitutes the engineering arm of the Malaysian Army, providing critical support through electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering disciplines. The regiment's operational responsibilities are extensive, encompassing combat engineering, demolitions, rapidly deployable bridges, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Furthermore, the unit is tasked with ensuring uninterruptible power supplies for military installations during both peacetime and conflict, alongside the construction and maintenance of military infrastructure such as airbases and runways. Its lineage originates from the British Royal Engineers, specifically a dedicated squadron established on 22 April 1953 at Balaclava Lines within the Kluang Garrison. Originally designated as the 76th (Federal) Field Squadron RE, the unit was integrated into the Malaysian Army following national independence and subsequently expanded into a full regiment to meet the strategic requirements of the Communist Insurgency.^[28]

Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers

The Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (abbr.: REME; Malay: Kor Jurutera Letrik dan Jentera Diraja) functions as a critical engineering branch of the Malaysian Army, operating in tandem with the Royal Army Engineers Regiment. The corps is primarily responsible for the operational readiness and maintenance of the army's motorised and technical assets, ensuring that all equipment remains functional during both peacetime and conflict. Its extensive remit encompasses the maintenance of diverse military hardware, including land vehicles, rotary-wing aircraft, power generators, radar systems, and advanced electronic weaponry. Furthermore, the corps plays a proactive role in the innovation and implementation of new technologies for the Malaysian Armed Forces.^[29]

The corps' lineage originates from the British Royal Army Service Corps, which established the first military maintenance workshops in Malaya in 1939. Following the formal establishment of the British Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) in 1942, these workshops were incorporated into the new organisation. In April 1957, the Malayan government established the Federation Army Service Corps, which assumed control of these maintenance facilities. By 1965, the scope of the Federation Army Service Corps was restructured into several specialised branches, resulting in the formal creation of the modern-day Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.^[29]

Royal Intelligence Corps

The Royal Intelligence Corps (abbr.: R INT; Malay: Kor Risik Diraja) serves as the military intelligence branch of the Malaysian Army, tasked with a broad operational mandate that encompasses intelligence gathering, surveillance, reconnaissance, and counterintelligence. Beyond these core functions, the corps is responsible for psychological warfare, including the execution of propaganda and counter-propaganda initiatives. While modern intelligence in the region traces its roots to the British-led Malayan Security Service in 1939, the specific lineage of the corps began with the formation of the 355 Field Security Section by the British Intelligence Corps in 1953. This specialised counterintelligence unit underwent several structural transformations, including its redesignation as the Federation Field Security Section in 1955 and the Ministry of Defence Intelligence Unit in 1963. During this period, the unit underwent various mergers with the Royal Military Police Corps in 1959 and the General Service Corps in 1963. The unit was formally established as an independent entity in 1969 by the Chief of Defence Force, General Tunku Osman, eventually evolving into the modern-day corps.^[30]

The Malaysian Army's service support elements consist of various corps and regiments dedicated to providing essential support for the day-to-day operations of the Army, its personnel, and their families. These units form the backbone that ensures the army functions smoothly in all conditions, whether during peacetime or war. Their personnel fulfil a wide range of roles, from medical doctors to chefs, and are crucial for the overall well-being and operational readiness of the Army.

Royal Ordnance Corps

The Royal Ordnance Corps (abbr.: ROC; Malay: Kor Ordnans Diraja) is the administrative branch of the Malaysian Army tasked with the comprehensive management of military materiel. Its operational remit includes the procurement, storage, maintenance, and eventual disposal of all army equipment, encompassing personal gear, weaponry, and vehicles. The Corps serves a critical logistical role, ensuring the security and inventory integrity of all military assets.^[31]

The lineage of the Corps dates to the early 1940s, originating with British Commonwealth units (i.e., the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, the British Indian Army Ordnance Corps, and the Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps) deployed to Malaya during the Second World War. A formal transition toward a localised force began in 1952, when Malayan personnel from the Federation Regiment were integrated into the newly established Federation Ordnance Services. This unit replaced the departing Commonwealth elements and was transferred to Malaya Command on 15 July 1957. Following national independence later that year, the unit was formally incorporated into the modern Malaysian Army.^[31]

Military Chaplain Corps

The Military Chaplain Corps (Malay: Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera) is the branch of the Malaysian Armed Forces tasked with providing religious and chaplaincy services. Catering to Muslims, Christians, and followers of other major religions in Malaysia, the Corps provides spiritual guidance and counselling to all personnel and their families. Its members are integrated into frontline units to conduct religious rites on the battlefield and oversee the religious affairs of fallen service members. Although primarily a part of the Malaysian Army, the Corps provides essential services across the Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force.^[32]

The origins of the Corps date back to the formation of the Malay Regiment in 1933, when religious teachers were seconded from the British Malayan Public Service Department. This reliance on external civilian officials persisted until 1980, when Taib Mahmud, then the Minister of Public Industry (present-day Minister of Entrepreneur and Cooperatives Development), proposed the creation of an autonomous religious department within the military. The Corps was officially established on 16 April 1985.^[32]

Royal Logistic Corps

The Royal Logistic Corps (abbr.: RLC; Malay: Kor Perkhidmatan Diraja) is the service support branch of the Malaysian Army tasked with providing comprehensive logistical support to the Malaysian Armed Forces. Its operational responsibilities include transportation, supply management, catering, air delivery, and movement control, as well as the provision of military fire services. Although the literal translation of its Malay title is the Royal Service Corps, the English designation "Royal Logistic Corps" is preferred to distinguish the unit from the General Service Corps.^[33]

The lineage of the Corps is rooted in the formation of the Malay Regiment in 1933, specifically within the Quartermaster Branch established to provide integral support. This component was eventually absorbed by the British Royal Army Service Corps (RASC). The unit underwent several significant reorganisations and name changes throughout the 20th century: it was redesignated the Malay Regiment Transport Unit in 1948, the Federation Transport Unit in 1952, and the Military Maintenance Corps in 1958. It became the Malaysian Service Corps in 1965 before adopting its current title in the 1990s.^[33]

Royal Medical Corps

The Royal Medical Corps (abbr.: RMC; Malay: Kor Kesihatan Diraja)^{[note 3]} is the branch of the Malaysian Army tasked with providing comprehensive healthcare services to all components of the Malaysian Armed Forces. Its mandate encompasses all primary medical fields, including general practice, surgery, and dentistry. Personnel are deployed across a network of permanent military hospitals or attached to frontline combat units to operate field hospitals in active theatres.^[34][35]

The origins of military medical services in Malaysia date back to the 1933 formation of the Malay Regiment, which initially utilised a medical officer seconded from the British Royal Army Medical Corps. During the Second World War, Commonwealth forces from Britain and Australia established an extensive network of medics and field hospitals across Malaya. Following the conflict, these services evolved into permanent facilities, such as the British Military Hospitals at RAF Kinrara and Terendak Garrison.^[36]

The direct lineage of the current Corps began in 1960 as a medical department within the General Service Corps, later known as the Military Health Service (Malay: Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Angkatan Tentera). On 11 May 1967, the department was established as an independent entity designated the Medical and Dental Corps (Malay: Kor Ubatan dan Gigian). The unit underwent several titular changes over the following decades, including the Military Health Corps in 1988, the Royal Medical Corps in 1997 and the Royal Medical and Dental Corps in the early 2000s, before reverting to its current title in the 2010s.^[34][36]

General Service Corps

The General Service Corps (abbr.: GSC; Malay: Kor Perkhidmatan Am) is a functional support branch of the Malaysian Army tasked with administrative and miscellaneous duties not allocated to other corps and regiments. While historically responsible for a broad range of departments—including records, payroll, medical services, education, and military intelligence—the Corps has seen its remit narrow as some specialised functions became independent entities. In its contemporary role, the Corps manages administration, educational services, public relations, and financial affairs across all branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces.^[37]

The lineage of the Corps began in 1954 with the establishment of the Federation General Service Corps, a branch of the British Army General Service Corps. Initially, it served as the centralised administrative headquarters for military intelligence and healthcare personnel in Malaya. On 1 July 1958, the British authorities transferred the unit to the Federation of Malaya, at which point it was redesignated the General Service Corps. Over the following decade, the Corps served as the parent organisation for several emerging branches before they achieved independent status. Specifically, medical responsibilities were transferred to the Medical and Dental Corps in 1967, followed by the transfer of intelligence duties to the Malaysian Intelligence Corps in 1969.^[37]

According to the 2024 Manual Kualiti Standard Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (SATM) (lit. 'Malaysian Armed Forces Standard Quality Manual'), the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) officially categorises certain military formations as Special Forces (Malay: Pasukan Khas).^[38]

Personnel serving in these units are placed in a distinct category due to their unique mission profiles, specific responsibilities, and the rigorous selection and specialised training required. These collective factors establish the formations as the elite forces of the MAF.^[38]

...untuk semua anggota pasukan khas seperti GGK, PASKAU, PASKAL, PAC, anggota penerbangan, penyelam, anak-anak kapal selam dan pembantu perubatan selam.

[...for all special forces personnel such as the 21 Special Service Group (21 SSG), the RMAF Special Forces (PASKAU), the Naval Special Forces (PASKAL), the Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force (PAC), aircrew, divers, submarine crew, and dive medical assistants.]

The same standard manual includes the following Malaysian Army units under this special designation:

21st Special Service Group

The 21st Special Service Group (abbr.: 21 SSG; Malay: 21 Gerup Gerak Khas, or 21 GGK) is the command and operational headquarters for the Malaysian Army's special forces. It oversees a diverse array of specialist and commando regiments trained for unconventional warfare and special operations. The formation is composed of both elite Gerak Khas commandos and non-special forces personnel serving in essential support roles. Members of this group are distinguished by the iconic commando green beret.^[39]

The lineage of the 21 SSG is traced back to the Malaysian Special Service Unit (MSSU), formed in 1965 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. The unit was proposed by the then minister of defence, Abdul Razak Hussein, who sought to establish a specialised guerrilla force based on the model of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE). This initiative was supported by the Chief of Defence Force, General Tunku Osman, himself a veteran of SOE Force 136. Initial development was assisted by the 40 Commando Royal Marines, then stationed in Singapore, who helped design the selection process for candidates across all branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces. Successful recruits, primarily from the army and navy, subsequently underwent advanced training at the British Army Jungle Warfare Training School under the instruction of the Special Air Service (SAS).^[39]

10th Parachute Brigade

The 10th Parachute Brigade (abbr.: 10 PARA BDE; Malay: 10 Briged Paracut, or 10 Bgd Para) is a specialised combat formation within the Malaysian Army. Trained for rapid insertion via air, sea, and land, the brigade serves as the primary component of the Malaysian Rapid Deployment Force (Pasukan Aturgerak Cepat). Its core operational role is that of shock troops, though it frequently provides integral support to special forces during large-scale engagements. The formation is a self-sustaining brigade composed of specialised infantry, light armour, artillery, medical, signals, and engineering elements. Personnel are famously distinguished by their maroon berets.^[17]

A primary distinction exists between the 10 PARA BDE and the 21st Special Service Group (21 SSG); while the 21 SSG focuses on small-unit tactics and unconventional warfare, the 10 PARA BDE is designed for high-intensity, large-scale deployments and special operations.^[39]

Originally established in 1979 as a conventional infantry brigade, the unit underwent a strategic review following the conclusion of the Communist insurgency in the late 1980s. To modernise the army against evolving threats, the brigade was selected for airborne retraining in the 1980s and was formally upgraded to a special operations infantry formation in October 2020. While the British Parachute Regiment provided the initial template and the inspiration for the maroon beret, the unit's modern structure incorporates elements from the British 16 Air Assault Brigade, the United States 75th Ranger Regiment, and US Marine Corps reconnaissance formations.^[17]

Malaysian Army Aviation

The Malaysian Army Aviation (Malay: Pasukan Udara Tentera Darat) is the aviation arm of the Malaysian Army, providing integral aerial support for land operations. Its operational remit includes air reconnaissance, close air support, air transportation, medical evacuation (MEDIVAC), and air assault support. The formation serves as a force multiplier, enhancing the mobility and tactical depth of ground forces through specialised rotary-wing capabilities.^[40]

Originally designated as the Malaysian Army Air Corps, the unit initially functioned with pilots and technical crew seconded from the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). During the 2010s, the unit underwent a strategic transition to become a self-sufficient aviation force, significantly reducing its dependency on the RMAF. The lineage of the formation is indirectly linked to the British Army Air Corps (AAC) and the RMAF. This connection is symbolised by the history of Kluang Airport, which the RMAF inherited from the British AAC in 1970. The Malaysian Army Air Corps was subsequently established at the site in 1995 with the cooperation of the RMAF, serving as a functional tribute to the legacy of the British AAC.^[41]

The unit currently operates three squadrons equipped with various rotary-wing aircraft. As of 2019, the inventory included 10 AgustaWestland AW109 light helicopters and 14 Sikorsky S61A-4 medium helicopters. In 2022, the 883rd Army Aviation Regiment received six MD530G light attack helicopters.^[42][43][44] The 882nd Army Aviation Regiment had intended to acquire new utility helicopters, but the procurement of the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk was cancelled due to some issues. As of August 2025, no successor has been officially named to replace the regiment's ageing Sikorsky S61A-4 fleet.^[45]

Territorial Army

The Territorial Army of Malaysia (abbr.: TA; Malay: Askar Wataniah Malaysia) constitutes the reserve component of the Malaysian Army. Comprising a diverse body of civilian volunteers, the formation is a fundamental element of the nation's defence policy. Reservists serve across a broad spectrum of military specialisations, such as infantry, armour, artillery, signals, engineering, ordnance, logistics, medical services, and intelligence.^[46]

Under the Malaysian Total Defence (Pertahanan Menyeluruh or HANRUH) policy, the strategic role of the Territorial Army has undergone a significant shift. Reservists are no longer classified as a secondary line of defence; instead, they are integrated with the regular forces to execute critical military assignments. This integration ensures that the Malaysian Army maintains a scalable and resilient force structure capable of responding to modern warfare challenges.^[46]

The combat formation structure of the Malaysian Army closely mirrors its overall organisational framework. Army personnel not assigned to military education and training roles are organised into five infantry divisions. The Army Eastern Field Command oversees operations in East Malaysia, under which the 1st and 5th Infantry Divisions fall. The Army Western Field Command commands the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Infantry Divisions in West Malaysia.^[49]

In total, the army maintains 18 combat brigades with different specialisations, each garrisoned in its designated region. Most brigades operate under their respective divisional commands, though several function as independent formations. These independent units report directly to the Chief of Army and may be deployed nationwide at short notice. Among them are the 21st Special Service Group, the army's special forces command; the 10th Parachute Brigade, a rapid-deployment formation with special operations capability; the 165th Military Intelligence Battalion, an intelligence unit with special operations capacity; and three Army Aviation regiments.^[49]

The army also fields independent formations outside divisional or field command control. These units are placed under the Joint Force Headquarters or held on standby for deployment under other authorities, such as the United Nations or multinational peacekeeping organisations. A notable example is the Army Ready Battalion, which can be dispatched to overseas conflict areas at short notice under orders from the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UN DPKO). The battalion incorporates multiple capabilities, including special operations, armour, infantry, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defence.^[50][51]

The flag of the Malaysian Army, introduced since the inception of the Malaysian Army and still in use today, combines elements of the Malaysian Flag and the crest of the Malaysian Army. It serves as a symbol of pride and courage for the Malaysian Army.

This flag measures 187 centimetres (74 in) in height and 91.5 centimetres (36.0 in) in width. It is flown from 6.30 am to 6.30 pm daily, following specific protocols and honors.

• Crown: Represents the loyalty of the Malaysian Army to His Majesty the King of Malaysia and to the Malay State Rulers.
• Crescent Moon and Star: Symbolize the commitment of majority of Malaysian Army members to Islam, the official religion of the Federation.
• The words "Allah" and "Muhammad" symbolize God Almighty and the Messenger of Allah.
• Diamonds: Represent the wealth enjoyed by Malaysians.
• 16 Rice Flower Garlands: Depict the 16 corps within the Malaysian Army.
• Keris Bersilang Duku Ilang: This crossed stand of weapons symbolises bravery and the unwavering commitment of Army soldiers to fight to the last drop of blood. The Keris is a symbol of the fighting peoples of Peninsular Malaysia and a symbol associated with the historic Malay warriors of old, the Duku Ilang a symbol linked to warrior tribes of Malaysian Borneo.

The Malaysian Army employs a rank system inherited from the British Army. The structure comprises 17 ranks, ranging from Private (Malay: Prebet) to General (Malay: Jeneral). These ranks are grouped into two main categories: Officers (Malay: Pegawai) and Other Ranks (Malay: Lain-Lain Pangkat). The latter includes Non-Commissioned Officers (Malay: Pegawai Tanpa Tauliah, PTT) and Warrant Officers (Malay: Pegawai waran).^[52]

Rank group	Commander-in-Chief		General officers								Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadets
	Pemerintah tertinggi		Pegawai tinggi								Pegawai kanan						Pegawai muda								Pegawai kadet
Malaysian Army[53] v t e
	Fil marsyal		Jeneral		Leftenan jeneral		Mejar jeneral		Brigedier jeneral		Kolonel		Leftenan kolonel		Mejar		Kapten		Leftenan			Leftenan muda

Rank group	Warrant officers								Non-commissioned officers
	Pegawai waran								Pegawai tanpa tauliah
Malaysian Army[54] v t e																																			No insignia
	Pegawai waran I						Pegawai waran II		Staf sarjan		Sarjan												Koperal				Lans koperal								Prebet	Rekrut

Similar to the British Armed Forces, the titles of certain ranks in the Malaysian Army may vary between different corps and regiments, reflecting their unique traditions and specialisations. The following are examples of unique ranks utilised within the Malaysian Army:^[52]

Examples of unique ranks in the Malaysian Army

Unique ranks (English)	Unique ranks (B. Melayu)	Corps/regiments/formations	Equivalent to	Notes
Drum Major	Drum Mejar	Marching Band	Warrant Officer	Influenced by the marching bands of the British Army and the Royal Marines since 1937.
Colour Sergeant	Colour Sarjan	Infantry Corps and Gerak Khas (Special forces)	Staff Sergeant	Influenced by the infantry of the British Army and the Royal Marines since the 1930s.
Bombardier	Bombadier	Royal Artillery Regiment	Corporal	Influenced by the Royal Artillery of the British Army since the 1890s.
Lance-Bombardier	Lans-Bombadier	Royal Artillery Regiment	Lance corporal	Influenced by the Royal Artillery of the British Army since the 1890s.
Craftman	Kraftman	Corps of Royal Electrical & Mechanical Engineers	Private	Influenced by the British Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) in since the 1940s.
Gunner	Gunner	Royal Artillery Regiment	Private	Influenced by the Royal Artillery of the British Army since the 1890s.
Ranger	Renjer	Royal Ranger Regiment	Private	Influenced by the Sarawak Rangers of the Raj of Sarawak. Historically, the Sarawak Rangers' official ranks during the colonial period were known as Tracker.
Rifleman	Repalman	Royal Malay Regiment and Border Regiment	Private	Influenced by the infantry of the British Army and the Rifles since the 1930s.
Sapper	Sapper	Royal Engineers Regiment	Private	Influenced by the Royal Engineers of the British Army since the 1950s.
Signaller	Signaller	Royal Signal Regiment	Private	Influenced by the British Royal Corps of Signals since the late 1940s
Trooper	Truper	Royal Armoured Corps and and Gerak Khas	Private	Influenced by the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps since the 1930s. For special forces, it is influenced by the Special Air Service (SAS) of the British Army since the 1960s.
Musician	Pemuzik	Marching Band	Private	Influenced by the marching bands of the British Army and the Royal Marines since 1937.

Military education and training in the Malaysian Army fall under the responsibility of the Malaysian Army Training and Doctrine Command. The command currently oversees 16 institutes and training centres, which provide structured education and professional development for army personnel. As the largest provider of military education and training in Malaysia, these institutes also open selected courses to international students and trainees from friendly nations.^[55][49]

In addition to serving the armed forces, the institutes and training centres admit participants from local and foreign uniformed non-military agencies, such as the police, customs, and other government departments.^[56]

The Training and Doctrine Command also manages the Reserve Officers Training Unit (Abbr.: ROTU; Malay: Pasukan Latihan Pegawai Simpanan) centres, which are based in the vicinity of universities across the country. The institutes and training centres under its authority are as follows:^[55]

• Army Senior Officers Institute (Malay: Institut Pegawai Kanan Tentera Darat)
• Malaysian Army Academy (Malay: Akademi Tentera Darat)
• Army Basic Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Asas Tentera Darat)
• Army Combat Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Tempur Tentera Darat)
• Special Warfare Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khusus)
• Malaysian Army School of Music (Malay: Pusat Latihan Muzik Tentera Darat)
• Territorial Army Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Askar Wataniah)
• Armoured Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Armor)
• Army Institute of Communications and Electronics (Malay: Institut Komunikasi Dan Elektronik Tentera Darat)
• Army Field Engineering Institute (Malay: Institut Kejuruteraan Medan Tentera Darat)
• Artillery Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Artileri)
• Royal Military Police Corps Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Kor Polis Tentera Diraja)
• Royal Logistics Corps Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Kor Perkhidmatan Diraja)
• Ordnance Corps Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Kor Ordnans)
• Army Institute of Engineering (Malay: Institut Kejuruteraan Tentera Darat)
• Mechanised Training Centre (Malay: Pusat Latihan Mekanis)

The personnel strength of the Malaysian Army is approximately 80,000 personnel in the Active Army,^[1][2][57] 50,000 in the Active Reserve^[1][57] and 26,600 active and 244,700 reservists^[57] in the paramilitary.

The Malaysian Army combat formations consists of 5 infantry divisions, 13 infantry brigades, 1 mechanised infantry brigade, 1 special operations infantry brigade, 1 special forces brigade, 1 artillery rocket brigade and 1 artillery air defence group composed of:^[57]

• 38 light infantry battalions^[57]
• 4 special operations infantry battalions^[57]
• 4 mechanised infantry battalions
• 2 foot guards infantry battalions
• 5 armoured regiments (including 1 tank regiment)^[57]
• 1 light tank squadron^[57]
• 14 artillery regiments (4 air defence)
• 3 special forces regiments^[57]
• 3 field engineer regiments^[57]
• 1 construction engineer regiment^[57]
• 1 airborne infantry squadron^[57]
• 4 military police regiments^[57]
• 1 signals regiment^[57]
• 1 intelligence unit^[57]
• 3 helicopter squadrons

The territorial army includes:

• 16 light infantry regiments^[58]
• 4 specialist engineer regiments

Since the recovery from the 1997 economic crisis, Malaysian Army along with other branches of the Malaysian Armed Forces has regained momentum in its modernising programs.

Firearms

Currently, the American-made M4 carbine is standard issue for all army units while the Steyr AUG is only in limited use by certain units and the former standard issue M16A1 rifle is only use for ceremonial purposes and by Rejimen Askar Wataniah. Both the M4 carbine and the Steyr AUG are locally produced by SME Ordnance although the Steyr AUG rifle is no longer in production. In conjunction of LIMA 2023, United Arab Emirates EDGE Group had signed an agreement with Malaysian company Ketech Asia for the production of CARACAL firearms locally through the transfer of technology.^[59]

Tanks

The first major procurement was to set a milestone by building its first ever main battle tank regiment. Malaysian Army received delivery of 48 units PT-91M Pendekar main battle tanks and other tank-based equipment like ARV WZT-4 from Poland with fully completed contract of sale in March 2010. As of 2024, the army is planning to upgrade all PT-91M Pendekar tanks with the planned SLEP program.^[60] In 2016, a Malaysian company Etika Strategi Sdn Bhd made an agreement with Rheinmetall and Otokar on the possibility of working together on the Turkish joint venture Altay MBT.^[61][62]

Armoured combat vehicles

Malaysian Army is also rapidly mechanising its current inventory - 267 units locally manufactured DefTech ACV-300 Adnan IFVs were acquired by the army in 2004 and 111 units K200 KIFV also purchased from South Korea. Following the procurement of the Pakistani Bakhtar-Shikan ATGM, they were installed on the ACV-300 Adnans. As of 2023, the army will be modernising 60 ACV-300 Adnans in a Service Life Extension Program (SLEP). The army planned the SLEP for the entire ACV-300 Adnan and K200 KIFV fleet.^[63][64] The AV4 Lipanbara MRAPs were also manufactured by DefTech for the army and are stationed in East Malaysia ESSCOM area of operations. In 2014, the army also procured the locally produced DefTech AV8 Gempita which is based on the Turkish FNSS Pars and manufactured with FNSS Defence Systems assistance. A Malaysian company AVP Engineering has teamed up with a South Korean defence company Doosan DST to offer Black Fox 6x6 wheeled armoured vehicle if it was selected by the Malaysian government. In 2017, Malaysian Army acquired IAG Guardian armoured vehicle for uses in peacekeeping missions in Lebanon.^[65] Malaysian Army planned to add locally made light armoured vehicle in their inventory. In 2019, Malaysian government issues a tender for the new multipurpose light armoured vehicle. The variants sought for this new vehicle is the fitted for radio, mortar carrier, anti-tank guided missile carrier, light assault vehicle and special operation vehicle. This new light armoured vehicle is uses to augment the fleets of URO VAMTAC and locally made Weststar GK-M1/M2.^[66] In August 2020, the Ministry of Defence is preparing for an open competition to find the replacement for the armoured vehicle to replace the Condor APC and SIBMAS IFV. About 250-400 Armoured Fighting Vehicle were requested by the army, specifically in 4x4 and 6x6 configurations.^[67][68] As of 2024, the army has put in an order for 136 vehicles of the new Mildef Tarantula HMAV and more than 200 vehicles of the Cendana Auto 4x4 have also been delivered to the army since 2021.^[69][70] In Defence Services Asia (DSA) 2022 exhibition, Mildef International Technologies has launched its second armoured vehicle called Mildef Rentaka and offered it for Malaysian Army armoured vehicle program.^[71] In same exhibition also, Malaysia signed a contract to purchase Ejder Yalcin for Malaysian Army to be use by the UNIFIL contingent.^[72] Mildef also has offered its Mildef Ribat HMLTV for Malaysian Army High Mobility Light Tactical Vehicle Program.^[73]

Artillery

Despite adding some 28 units of South African G5 Mk III 155 mm howitzers, another major procurement was 18 units of Astros MLRS from Brazil, which delivery was completed in 2006. A second batch of 18 units MRLS was ordered in 2007.^[74] The United States reportedly agreed to transfer a total of 29 pieces of M109 howitzer artillery to the Malaysian Army but this deal was cancelled at the last minute.^[75][76] In 2018, Malaysian Army ordered 18 units of Nexter LG1 Mk III 105 mm howitzers.^[77] It is reported that in October 2024, Malaysian Army has selected the EVA M2 155 mm SPH as future self-propelled howitzer.^[69]

Air defence

There is also a requirement for an upgrade to the current air defence network. However, a dispute between the army and the air force on whether to introduce a mid-range surface-to-air missile system had led to the procurement being put on hold. According to a recent interview of the army's chief of staff, Ismail bin Haji Jamaluddin, the army has no intention of taking over the mid-range air defence role. Malaysian defence company, Weststar Defence Industries and its subsidiary Global Komited, has partnered with British air defence company, Thales for the distribution of Starstreak surface-to-air missile to the Malaysian Army.^[78]

Aircraft

Malaysian Army is now shifting its emphasis on enhancing its air wing. In September 2006, Malaysian Army received its 11th and last Agusta Westland AW109. These helicopters are to initially complement, and ultimately replace, the ageing SA316B Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters. Some of them were to be installed with light arms and to be tasked to a scout observation unit. Furthermore, the army will also receive S61A-4 Nuri multipurpose helicopters after they are retired from RMAF and these will form the backbone of the army's very first air transport units - 881 and 882 squadrons of the army air wing. To boost the security in eastern Sabah from the attacks by militants in the southern Philippines, especially in the Sulu Sea, the Malaysian government has purchased a total of six McDonnell Douglas MD-530G light attack helicopters from the United States for the Malaysian Army.^[79] In 2023, the army acquired Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter as the replacement for the S61A-4 Nuri.^[80][81] Due to delay in contract, there is planned to scrapped the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk acquisition and replaced it with AgustaWestland AW149.^[69]

Future soldier system and network centric operation system

The Malaysian Army currently has a soldier modernisation programme called the Future Soldier System (FSS). Under the FSS, The Malaysian Army plans to equip all soldiers with Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) such as Kevlar helmets, Kevlar vests, Oakley goggles and ear protection equipment. The programme also includes arming all the standard issue M4 carbines with SOPMOD kits, as well as equipping soldiers with a Glock series pistol.^[82][83] Sapura, a Malaysian electronics company, is offering their SAKTI Soldier System concept via work in three areas: Head Sub-System (HSS), Body Sub-System (BSS) and Weapon Sub-System (WSS). The HSS consists of a Helmet–Mounted Micro Camera and night vision capability with a data output, helmet-mounted display and earpiece and microphone. The BSS consists of a controller system, energy unit with a power pack for the communication interface, micro-camera and HMD with a single polymer lithium-ion battery for up to ten hours of operation; a communications interface for secure IP-based radio which from the image is a Thales St@rmille radio and finally a navigation unit with a display for blue force tracking and situational awareness, colour digital mapping and terrain and urban profile analysis. The system displayed is visually similar to the Kord Defence SmartGrip RIC developed in partnership with Thales Australia.^[84] The WSS consists of a Rifle Control Unit consisting of a five-button wireless controller for one handed use with key features including push to talk for the radio, switching the HMD on and off, turning the HMD brightness up and down as well as video transmission to friendly forces.

The FSS in conjunction with the Network Centric Operation (NCO) System, will give the three branches of the Armed Forces a shared situational awareness, interoperability and a common operating picture via a X-band satellite-based link and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system, with hopes to enable self-synchronisation for all three branches.^[85] The programme will go through several phases, with Phase 1A (the implementation of the mobile X-band satellite communication linked) and Phase 2 (the demonstration of the capabilities of the FSS with NCO) being successful and operational in 2017.^[86] In 2018, during the annual DSA convention, the Malaysian Army showcased a joint exercise between the NCO systems via Army Operations Room and soldiers equipped with FSS systems, where the Army Operations Room coordinated the soldiers doing numerous activities, first being a live firing of a 3-man squad involving the usage of artillery and how precise the accuracy of the artilleries via the FSS and NCO equipment, second being in an Army Training Centre and last being a real simulation operation in East Malaysia.^[87] Currently, several combat elements such as the 12th Royal Malay Regiment and the 4th Mechanised Brigade are outfitted with the system. Through the use of this system, the Malaysian Army is able to operate anywhere throughout the world, especially during United Nations Operations.

As a member of the Commonwealth, Malaysia has adopted numerous military customs and traditions from the United Kingdom, and the Malaysian Army remains strongly influenced by British Army practices.^[3]

For example, unlike the Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force, the Army does not carry the "royal" (Malay: diraja) title collectively. Instead, this distinction is granted individually to corps and regiments by the King of Malaysia, who serves as the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces.^[3]

Each corps and regiment has its own colonel-in-chief (Malay: Kolonel Yang DiPertua), a ceremonial appointment usually held by one of the Malaysian monarchs. The colonel-in-chief acts as the royal patron of the unit, and it is considered an honour when a member of the royalty wears the regimental uniform at state events, symbolically representing the corps or regiment at the highest level.^[88]

The Malaysian Army uses the style of hand salute (tabik hormat) associated with the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines, with the palm facing downwards, rather than the British Army style.^[89]

Several theories exist to explain this divergence:^[89][90]

• Distinction from Communist Guerrillas: One theory posits that this style was adopted to distinguish Malaysian soldiers from communist guerrillas, who were purportedly using a clenched-fist salute that visually resembled the British Army's open-palm style. However, this explanation is considered unlikely given that the Royal Malaysian Police still use the traditional British Army-style salute.
• Symbolic Protection: Another unproven theory, often shared during basic military training, suggests the downward-facing palm resembles an umbrella, symbolising that the armed forces are present to protect civilians, whereas the police salute signifies being unarmed and ready to help.

Despite these speculative explanations, the hand salute used by the Malaysian Army is clearly influenced by the Commonwealth forces stationed in Malaya and Borneo during earlier periods.^[89]

Other traditions also reflect British influence. For example, the drill commands used in marching are the same as those of the British Army, although translated into Malay. Military ranks follow the same pattern, with all titles rendered in Malay from their English originals.^[38]

The uniforms of the Malaysian Army are divided into two main categories: numbered orders of dress and combat uniforms. There are currently nine types of numbered orders of dress in use, following the discontinuation of No. 4 Dress. As a member of the Commonwealth and a former British colony, the Malaysian Army has inherited many aspects of its dress and traditions from the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth militaries. The beret serves as the principal headdress and is worn with most categories of uniform.

The beret was first introduced in Malaya in 1939 upon the arrival of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars regiment in Singapore, which was then part of the Straits Settlements. Contemporary reports and photographs published in The Straits Times that year show the regiment marching in black berets, marking the first recorded use of the headdress in the region.

The Armoured Car Company of the Federated Malay States Volunteer Force, established in 1939 and the predecessor of the Malaysian Royal Armoured Corps, subsequently adopted the black beret in the 1940s. Other units began to follow suit, notably the Royal Ranger Regiment with its rifle green beret in 1963 and Gerak Khas (the Malaysian Army Special Forces) with the Sherwood green beret in 1965. The latter unit was officially authorised to wear its beret in 1970.

After Gerak Khas received official authorisation, the Army command decided to fully adopt the beret as the main headdress for all Army personnel, and more variations have been introduced since then.

Currently, the berets utilised by the Malaysian Army are as follows:

Beret	Corps/Regiments/formations
Black beret	Royal Armoured Corps
Rifle-green beret	Infantry Corps (Royal Malay Regiment, Royal Ranger Regiment and Border Regiment) and the Royal Intelligence Corps
Chilli-red beret	Royal Military Police Corps
Army-blue beret	Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, General Service Corps, Military Chaplain Corps, Royal Army Engineers Regiment, Royal Artillery Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, Royal Medical Corps, Royal Ordnance Corps, Royal Signal Regiment and Territorial Army
Blue-grey beret	Malaysian Army Aviation
Sherwood-green beret	For army personnel attached to the 21st Special Service Group or those who have passed the Malaysian Special Forces selection
Maroon beret	For army personnel who have passed the Rapid Deployment Force pipeline (Malaysian Army's special operations infantry)
Light-blue	For army personnel attached to the United Nations peacekeeping force role

• Malaysian Armed Forces
  • Royal Malaysian Navy
  • Royal Malaysian Air Force
• Malaysia Coast Guard
• Royal Malaysia Police
• Royal Johor Military Force
• Joint Forces Command

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