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Lily Kreutzer
Lily Kreutzer in 1937
NicknameValkyrie Of Magdeburg
Born(1919-03-10)10 March 1919
Magdeburg, Germany
Died2 May 1958(1958-05-02) (aged 39)
Karaganda Labor Camp, Soviet Union
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Branch
 Luftwaffe
Rank
Major (major)
UnitLeipzig Airshow Squadron, JGG 400,
CommandsJGG 400.
Conflicts
World War II
  • Fall of France
  • Operation Sealion
  • Barbarossa
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Lily Kreutzer (10 March 1919 – 2 May 1958) was a Luftwaffe flying ace during World War II. She was credited with 57 Air victories and a total of 107 confirmed kills[1], most of them on the Eastern front.

Lily Kreutzer was born on 10 March 1919 in Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt and joined the Hitler Jugends in 1936. She was selected to represent her local chapter at the Nuremberg Rally[2], initially serving as a Glider Pilot, before she transferred to the Augsburg Messershmitt R&D facility as a Test Pilot[3]. She claimed her first aerial victory on the evening of October 3rd 1939. By the end of the French campaign, she had accumulated 6 aerial victories and 15 kills (most of them during the battle of Dunkerque) for which she was awarded the rank of Oberleutnant. She received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on May 4th 1942, for 45 aerial victories. She was promoted to Major, the first woman to achieve that rank since the unification of Germany and tasked with leading JaggerGrüppen 400 (JGG 400) in July 1942. She was shot down during Operation Uranus, captured and sentenced to 25 years of corrective labor in a Gulag. She was found dead on the morning of 2 May 1958.

Controversies and positions

BF-109 'Pegasus', The Ace's plane

The line between fact and fiction when it comes to propagandized figures like Lily Kreutzer is often blurry, leaving many points of contention in the historiography of Germany's first women ace.

Her reputation as a commander willing to endanger civilians to ensure victory for her side (notably during the Evacuation of Dunkerque and following the First Battle of Birmingham) squares difficultly against her reported soft treatement of POWs.

Similarly, it remains unclear how much influence the Ace really had over the combat operations of the Reich, notably considering the major influence and leading strategic role she is reported to have had during the Invasion of Britain, contrasted with the minor influence and relatively little impact she has had during the Battle of Stalingrad.

Many have poised that her relationship with Agatha Von Bauer, Luftwaffe chronicler and author of Luftritters, one of the most complete ressource on German aces from 1938 to 1945, went beyond that of mentorship and into a form of intimate companionship. Similar insinuations have been made regarding her relationship with Wingmate and confidant Hans Vogel, who took command of the JGG 400 both following her dramatic injury during the 'Battle of Britain' and her capture in November 1942.

Finally, Lily's dedication to Fascism was put in question by a few historians who brought to light the Ace's documented worries over the fate of Ida Bestelmeyer, who vanished after the Kristallnacht, opposed to her numerous appearances at the Nuremberg Rallies and her spirited defense of the Reich during her Trial in April 1943.

It is believed that the name of the Venus Probe ' Valkyrie I', launched on March 10th 2029 was coined in reference to Lily Kreutzer, but NASA refutes and denies claims of any links between the ace and the spacecraft.




Night fighter career

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[4] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[5]

Nightly briefing at the group headquarters

By the summer of 1940, the first night fighters were transferred to Leeuwarden in the Netherlands. Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was one of the pilots included in this small detachment. As early as 20 October 1940, he had taken over command of an independent night fighter commando at Schiphol and later at Bergen. On his first encounter with the Royal Air Force (RAF) bomber, in the night of 16 to 17 November 1940, he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber from No. 115 Squadron RAF shot down at 02:05 hours.[6] His second victory was claimed on the night of 15 January 1941, when he shot down an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley N1521 of the Linton-on-Ouse based No. 58 Squadron RAF over the northern Netherlands, near the Dutch coast in the Zwanenwater at a nature reserve at Callantsoog.[7] He was wounded in action on 13 March 1941, while flying Bf 110 D-2 (Werknummer 3376 – factory number) of the 4./NJG 1 with his radio operator Josef Renette when he made an emergency landing at Bergen after their aircraft was hit by the defence fire, wounding them both.[8] Shortly after midnight on 10 April 1941, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld claimed a No. 12 Squadron RAF Wellington over the IJsselmeer, raising NJG 1's victory score to 100. This achievement was celebrated at the Amstel Hotel in Amsterdam with General Kammhuber, Wolfgang Falck, Werner Streib, Helmut Lent and others attending.[9] On 30 June 1941 while flying Bf 110 C-4 (Werknummer 3273) on a practice intercept mission over North Holland, he collided with Bf 110 C-7 (Werknummer 2075) piloted by Leutnant Rudolf Schoenert of the 4./NJG 1 and crashed near Bergen aan Zee.[10] On 19 June 1941 he earned his first of four references in the daily Wehrmachtbericht, a daily bulletin from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces).[11] By end July 1941, his number of aerial victory claims stood at eleven.[12] Promoted to Oberleutnant he became Staffelkapitän of the 5th Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing) on 1 November 1941.[13] By the end of 1941, he had claimed a total of 15 aerial victories.[14]

He was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 25 January 1942 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 16 April 1942 after he had shot down 4 RAF bombers in the night of 26 to 27 March 1942, his score standing at 21 aerial victories.[15] Promoted to Hauptmann, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was made Gruppenkommandeur of the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) on 15 October 1942,[16] where he claimed two further aerial victories.[17] He was transferred again, taking command of the III. Gruppe (3rd group) of NJG 1 on 11 June 1943.[13] One month later he claimed his 45th aerial victory for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 2 August 1943.[15] The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland on 10/11 August. Five other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Heinrich Ehrler, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Manfred Meurer, Hauptmann Werner Schröer, Oberleutnant Theodor Weissenberger were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.[18]

Wing commander and death

German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn - Egmont Prinz zur Lippe Weissenfeld

After a one-month hospital stay, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was promoted to Major and made Geschwaderkommodore of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5—5th Night Fighter Wing) on 20 February 1944.[19] He and his crew, Oberfeldwebel Josef Renette and Unteroffizier Kurt Röber, were killed in a flying accident on 12 March 1944 on a routine flight from Parchim to Athies-sous-Laon. Above Belgium, they seem to have encountered a bad weather zone with low clouds and a dense snowstorm and it was assumed that the aircraft hit the high Ardennes ground after being forced to fly lower because of ice forming on the wings.[20] The exact circumstances of this flight may never be known, the Bf 110 G-4 C9+CD (Werknummer 720 010—factory number) crashed into the Ardennes mountains near St. Hubert where the completely burned-out wreck was found the following day.[21] The funeral service was held in the city church of Linz on 15 March 1944.[22] Prinz Egmont zur Lippe-Weißenfeld and Prinz Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein are buried side by side at Ysselsteyn in the Netherlands.[23]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to Obermaier, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was credited with 51 nocturnal aerial victories.[21] Foreman, Mathews and Parry, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, list 50 nocturnal victory claims, numerically ranging from 1 to 50. His 49th claim is numerically labeled as his 59th victory.[24] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld with 47 claims, plus four further unconfirmed claims.[25]

Chronicle of aerial victories[26]
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 and in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims.
Claim Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 4. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –
1 17 November 1940 02:05 Wellington[27] 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Medemblik
2 15 January 1941 22:46 Whitley[28] 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Petten Whitley N1521/No. 58 Squadron RAF[29]
3 10 April 1941 00:59 Wellington[30] south of Den Helder Wellington W5375/No. 12 Squadron RAF[31]
4 9 May 1941 02:48 Wellington[32] Anna Paulowna Wellington R1226/No. 214 Squadron RAF[33]
5 11 May 1941 00:20 Stirling[32] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Medemblik Stirling N3654/No. 15 Squadron RAF[34]
6 13 June 1941 01:10 Whitley[35] 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Medemblik
7 19 June 1941 00:53 Wellington[36] west of Enkhuizen
8 23 June 1941 00:15 Wellington[36] Insinghuizen Wellington T2990/No. 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron RAF[37]
9 14 July 1941 00:28 Wellington[38] south Medemblik Wellington R1502/No. 115 Squadron RAF[39]
10 25 July 1941 02:23 Wellington[12] 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Medemblik
11 26 July 1941 03:20 Whitley[12] 11 km (6.8 mi) west of De Kooy
– 5. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 –
12 8 November 1941 00:41 Whitley[40] east of Medemblik
13 8 November 1941 01:20 Wellington[40] west of Alkmaar
14 8 November 1941 23:03 Whitley[40] 18 km (11 mi) north of Alkmaar
15 27 December 1941 23:03 Whitley[14] 1.5 km (0.93 mi) southwest of Petten
16 24 February 1942 21:45 Hampden[41] north of Terschelling Hampden AT194/No. 144 Squadron RAF[42]
17 24 February 1942 22:02 Hampden[41] north of Terschelling
18 26 March 1942 22:27 Wellington[43] near De Kooy
19 26 March 1942 22:40 Manchester[43]
20 26 March 1942 22:55 Wellington[43] north of IJmuiden
21 26 March 1942 23:16 Wellington[43] near Edam
22 4 June 1942 00:50 Wellington[44] southeast of Vlieland
23 7 June 1942 01:47 Stirling[45] west of Terschelling
24 12 June 1942 03:08 Lancaster[46] north of Ameland
25 21 June 1942 01:43 Halifax[47] 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Groningen
26 21 June 1942 01:45 Wellington[47] 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Groningen
27 21 June 1942 01:56 Wellington[47] north of Ameland
28 26 June 1942 01:05 Wellington[48] Terschelling Wellington T2723/No. 20 Operational Training Unit RAF[49][50]
29 26 June 1942 01:52 Wellington[48] 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Vlieland Hudson AM794/No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF[51]
30 30 June 1942 03:08 Wellington[52] south of Ameland
31 3 July 1942 00:54 Hampden[52] south of Koudum Hampden AT248/No. 420 Squadron RCAF[53]
32 3 July 1942 01:09 Wellington[52] north of Urk
33 3 July 1942 03:05 Stirling[52]
34 20 July 1942 02:52 Halifax[54] north of Terschelling
35?[Note 1] 28 August 1942 01:50 Wellington[55] PQ 446, over sea
36 5 September 1942 03:39 Halifax[56] 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Leeuwarden[26] Halifax W1220/No. 103 Squadron RAF[57]
37 23 September 1942 23:36 Wellington[58] 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Vlieland
– Stab I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 –
38 17 January 1943 22:13 Halifax[59] 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Leer
—?[Note 2] 21/22 January 1943
—
 Halifax north-northwest of Emden
39 14 May 1943 01:11 Halifax[60] 10 km (6.2 mi) north-northwest of Hengelo Lancaster ED543/No. 467 Squadron RAAF[61]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –
40 13 June 1943 01:22 Lancaster[62] 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Burgsteinfurt Halifax JB790/No. 408 (Goose) Squadron RCAF[63]
41 13 June 1943 01:34 Lancaster[62] 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Nienberg Halifax DK177/No. 76 Squadron RAF[64]
42 23 June 1943 02:47 Stirling[65] 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Markelo Stirling EF399/No. 75 Squadron RNZAF[66]
43?[Note 1] 23 June 1943 02:55 Stirling[65]
44 30 July 1943 01:40 Lancaster[67] Hägbluer Holz
45?[Note 1] 3 August 1943 02:26 Halifax[68] 20 km (12 mi) south of Stade
46 6 September 1943 00:36 Stirling[69] 7 km (4.3 mi) southeast of Hassloch Stirling EH931/No. 620 Squadron RAF[70]
47 29 September 1943 21:44 Halifax[71] 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Hengelo
48 29 September 1943 21:55 Halifax[71] 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Legden
49 16 December 1943 18:50 Lancaster[72] north of Ahlhorn Lancaster EE188/No. 9 Squadron RAF[73]
50 16 December 1943 19:00 Lancaster[72] northwest of Nordhorn Lancaster JB543/No. 7 Squadron RAF[74]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ a b c According to Mathews and Foreman, this claim was unconfirmed.[26]
  2. ^ This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Foreman, Parry and Mathews.[59]

References

Citations

  1. ^ LuftRitters: A Luftwaffe's aces 'Who's who'
  2. ^ Historical footage.
  3. ^ Augsburg historical records
  4. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
  5. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
  6. ^ Knott 2008, p. 149.
  7. ^ Knott 2008, pp. 149, 152.
  8. ^ Knott 2008, p. 163.
  9. ^ Knott 2008, p. 152.
  10. ^ Knott 2008, pp. 155, 163.
  11. ^ Bowman 2016, p. 44.
  12. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 26.
  13. ^ a b Knott 2008, p. 177.
  14. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 33.
  15. ^ a b Knott 2008, p. 179.
  16. ^ Knott 2008, p. 168.
  17. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 65, 80.
  18. ^ Hinchliffe 2003, p. 204.
  19. ^ Aders 1978, p. 229.
  20. ^ Knott 2008, p. 195.
  21. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 57.
  22. ^ Knott 2008, p. 201.
  23. ^ Knott 2008, p. 206.
  24. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 12–132.
  25. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 762–763.
  26. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 763.
  27. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 12.
  28. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 16.
  29. ^ Bowman 2016, p. 43.
  30. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 18.
  31. ^ Bowman 2016, p. 32.
  32. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 20.
  33. ^ Wellington R1226.
  34. ^ Stirling N3654.
  35. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 21.
  36. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 22.
  37. ^ Wellington T2990.
  38. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 25.
  39. ^ Wellington R1502.
  40. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 32.
  41. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 34.
  42. ^ Hampden AT194.
  43. ^ a b c d Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 36.
  44. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 43.
  45. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 44.
  46. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 45.
  47. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 46.
  48. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 47.
  49. ^ Bowman 2012, p. 252.
  50. ^ Bowman 2016, p. 86.
  51. ^ Hudson AM794.
  52. ^ a b c d Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 49.
  53. ^ Hampden AT248.
  54. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 50.
  55. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 56.
  56. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 57.
  57. ^ Halifax W1220.
  58. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 60.
  59. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 65.
  60. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 80.
  61. ^ Lancaster ED543.
  62. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 85.
  63. ^ Halifax JB790.
  64. ^ Halifax DK177.
  65. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 89.
  66. ^ Stirling EF399.
  67. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 99.
  68. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 100.
  69. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 111.
  70. ^ Stirling EH931.
  71. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 118.
  72. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 132.
  73. ^ Lancaster EE188.
  74. ^ Lancaster JB543.
  75. ^ a b Knott 2008, p. 200.
  76. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 31.
  77. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 281.
  78. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 510.
  79. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 293.
  80. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 70.

Bibliography

  • Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN 978-0-354-01247-8.
  • Bowman, Martin (2012). Bomber Command: Reflections of War — Live to Die Another Day June 1942 – Summer 1943. Bransley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-84884-493-3.
  • Bowman, Martin (2016). Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-4738-4984-6.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
  • Hinchliffe, Peter (1998). Luftkrieg bei Nacht 1939–1945 [Air War at Night 1939–1945] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01861-7.
  • Hinchliffe, Peter (2003). "The Lent Papers" Helmut Lent. Bristol, UK: Cerberus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84145-105-3.
  • Knott, Claire Rose (2008). Princes of Darkness – The lives of Luftwaffe night fighter aces Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein and Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weissenfeld. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-903223-95-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939–1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939–1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941–1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941–1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-696-5.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Accident description for Halifax DK177 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Halifax JB790 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Halifax W1220 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 25 February 2023.
  • Accident description for Hampden AT194 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Hampden AT248 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Hudson AM794 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Stirling EF399 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Stirling EH931 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Stirling N3654 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 25 February 2023.
  • Accident description for Lancaster ED543 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Lancaster EE188 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Lancaster JB543 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Wellington R1226 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Wellington R1502 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.
  • Accident description for Wellington T2990 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 April 2020.

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