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General Information

Appearance and Leaves

The sword bean is climbing, herbaceous vine that can reach lengths of up to 10 meters under optimal conditions.[1]

Inflorescence and Flowers

The inflorescence is a raceme bearing 10 to 20 flowers, which are either white or light purple. Each flower measures approximately 3 cm in length.[1]

Fruits and Seeds

The fruits are long, straight, slightly compressed pods, measuring 20-40 (up to 60) cm with a rough surface. Each pod contains 8 to 16 seeds, which are oblong-ellipsoid, variable in color, ranging from red and red-brown to white or black. The hilum is dark brown and extends the full length of the seed.[1]

Nutritional Composition and Toxicity

Nutritional Composition

Dried sword beans are a highly nutritious wild legume, notable for their high protein content on a dry weight basis. Each 100g of seed flour provides 59g of carbohydrates, 24.5g of protein, and 2.6g of fat, along with 7.4g of fiber, while retaining 10.7g of moisture. This nutrient profile delivers an energy value of 1,453 kJ per 100g.[2]

Mineral Content

The beans are also rich in minerals, containing 109.3 mg of sodium, 1639.5 mg of potassium, 510.1 mg of calcium, 480.9 mg of magnesium, and 601.2 mg of phosphorus. Additionally, trace minerals are present, including 10.9 mg of iron, 0.8 mg of copper, 6.6 mg of zinc, and 2.2 mg of manganese.[3]

Table [2]

Component Fresh Sword Bean Pods (per 100 g) Dry Seeds (per 100 g)
Water 83.6 g 10.7 g
Energy 247 kJ (59 kcal) 1,453 kJ (347 kcal)
Protein 4.6 g 24.5 g
Fat 0.4 g 2.6 g
Carbohydrate 10.7 g 59 g
Dietary Fiber 2.6 g 7.4 g
Calcium 33 mg 158 mg
Phosphorus 66 mg 298 mg
Iron 1.2 mg 7.0 mg
Vitamin A 40 IU -
Thiamin 0.2 mg 0.8 mg
Riboflavin 0.1 mg 1.8 mg
Niacin 2 mg -
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 32 mg 1 mg

Toxicity

Despite nutritional potential in terms of protein content sward beans are not used as food. This is partly due to the presence of harmful factors such as haemagglutinis (concanavalin A), protease inhibitors, hydrocyanic acid, tannins, phytates and canavanine. Canavanine is contained in the seeds of the plants (the content is between 10 % and 13 %).[4] It interferes with protein synthesis and has a nutrition-inhibiting effect on animals and humans [3]. Soaking overnight and boiling in excess water followed by decanting resulted in the greatest reduction in canavanine content (approx. 50 %), followed by boiling and decanting in excess water (34 %).[4]

  1. ^ a b c "NParks | Canavalia gladiata". www.nparks.gov.sg. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  2. ^ a b Lim, T. K. (2012), "Canavalia gladiata", Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 569–576, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_71, ISBN 978-94-007-1763-3, retrieved 2024-11-06{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  3. ^ a b Rosenthal (1977). "The biological effects and mode of action of L-canavanine, a structural analogue of L-arginine". The Quarterly Review of Biology: 155–178.
  4. ^ a b Ekanayake, S.; Skog, K.; Asp, N. -G. (2007-05-01). "Canavanine content in sword beans (Canavalia gladiata): Analysis and effect of processing". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45 (5): 797–803. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.030. ISSN 0278-6915.

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