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Research

According to the Global Drug Survey of 2017, the world’s largest global survey on public drug use, data was collected from over 115,000 participants from countries and nationality across the world. According to the survey, magic mushrooms were ranked the lowest for seeking emergency medical treatment.[1]

Legal status

Psilocin is also illegal in India. However, enforcement of this prohibition is complicated by the fact that while the compound itself is banned, mushrooms containing the substance are not.[2]

On August 22, 2017, California mayor Kevin P. Saunders, signed the California Psilocybin Legalization initiative. This initiative is a request to amend the California Health and Safety Codes 11390 and 11391. This initiative decriminalizes the posession, sale, use, transport, and cultivation of psilocybin.[3]

In the early 1960s, Harvard University became a testing ground for psilocybin, through the efforts of Timothy Leary and his associates Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (who later changed his name to Ram Dass). Leary and Alpert's Psilocybin Project and its consequences became known as the "Harvard drug scandal."[4] Due to the media exposure and national controversy, Leary and Alpert became counterculture icons and catalysts for the prohibition of psilocybin.[4] Leary obtained synthesized psilocybin from Hofmann through Sandoz pharmaceutical. Some studies, such as the Concord Prison Experiment, suggested promising results using psilocybin in clinical psychiatry.[5][6] According to a 2008 review of safety guidelines in human hallucinogenic research, however, Leary and Alpert's well-publicized termination from Harvard and later advocacy of hallucinogen use "further undermined an objective scientific approach to studying these compounds".[7] In response to concerns about the increase in unauthorized use of psychedelic drugs by the general public, psilocybin and other hallucinogenic drugs suffered negative press and faced increasingly restrictive laws. In the United States, laws were passed in 1966 that prohibited the production, trade, or ingestion of hallucinogenic drugs; Sandoz stopped producing LSD and psilocybin the same year.[8] Further backlash against LSD usage swept psilocybin along with it into the Schedule I category of illicit drugs in 1970. Subsequent restrictions on the use of these drugs in human research made funding for such projects difficult to obtain, and scientists who worked with psychedelic drugs faced being "professionally marginalized".[9]

  1. ^ Winstock, Barratt, Ferris, Maier (2017). "Global Drug Survey Global Overview and Highlights". https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Kodai's 'magic shrooms' give you a high - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  3. ^ Office of the Attorney General. "California Psilocybin Legalization Initiative" (PDF). Office of the Attorney General. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  4. ^ a b Wark, Galliher, Colin, John (May 2010). "Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin" (PDF). International Journal of Drug Policy. 21 (3): 234–239. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.08.004. PMID 19744846 – via Elsevier.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Leary T, Litwin GH, Metzner R (1963). "Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 137 (6): 561–73. doi:10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007. PMID 14087676. 
  6. ^ Leary T, Metzner R, Presnell M, Weil G, Schwitzgebel R, Kinne S (1965). "A new behavior change program using psilocybin". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice. 2 (2): 61–72. doi:10.1037/h0088612. 
  7. ^ Johnson MW, Richards WA, Griffiths RR (2008). "Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety" (PDF). Journal of Psychopharmacology. 22 (6): 603–20. doi:10.1177/0269881108093587. PMC 3056407 Freely accessible. PMID 18593734. 
  8. ^ Matsushima Y, Eguchi F, Kikukawa T, Matsuda T (2009). "Historical overview of psychoactive mushrooms" (PDF). Inflammation and Regeneration. 29 (1): 47–58. doi:10.2492/inflammregen.29.47. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. 
  9. ^ Griffiths RR, Grob CS (2010). "Hallucinogens as medicine" (PDF). Scientific American. 303 (6): 77–9. Bibcode:2010SciAm.303f..76G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1210-76. 

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