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Magnesium, ₁₂Mg
Magnesium
Pronunciation	/mæɡˈniːziəm/ ⓘ (mag-NEE-zee-əm)
Appearance	shiny grey solid
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Mg)
	[24.304, 24.307]; 24.305±0.002 (abridged);
Magnesium in the periodic table
Atomic number (Z)	12
Group	group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
Period	period 3
Block	s-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	923 K (650 °C, 1202 °F)
Boiling point	1363 K (1091 °C, 1994 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	1.737 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	1.584 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	8.48 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	128 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.869 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity	1023.205 J/(kg·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +2; 0, +1
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.31
Ionization energies	1st: 737.7 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1450.7 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 7732.7 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 160 pm
Covalent radius	141±7 pm
Van der Waals radius	173 pm
	Spectral lines of magnesium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 320.91 pm; c = 521.03 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	25.91×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	156 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	43.9 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+13.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	45 GPa
Shear modulus	17 GPa
Bulk modulus	35.4 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4940 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Poisson ratio	0.290
Mohs hardness	1–2.5
Brinell hardness	44–260 MPa
CAS Number	7439-95-4
History
Naming	after Magnesia, Greece
Discovery	Joseph Black (1755)
First isolation	Humphry Davy (1808)
Isotopes of magnesium v; e;
	Category: Magnesium; view; talk; edit; \| references

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Magnesium". CIAAW. 2011.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Rumble, p. 4.61
^ Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na₂Mg₂²⁺ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..717R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w. PMID 33911274. S2CID 233447380
^ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.. See also Low valent magnesium compounds.
^ Rumble, p. 12.137
^ Rumble, p. 12.28
^ Rumble, p. 4.70
^ Gschneider, K. A. (1964). Physical Properties and Interrelationships of Metallic and Semimetallic Elements. Solid State Physics. Vol. 16. p. 308. doi:10.1016/S0081-1947(08)60518-4. OCLC 646775097.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rumble, p. 4.19
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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[CIAAWmagnesium-1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Magnesium". CIAAW. 2011.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[4] Rumble, p. 4.61

[5] Mg(0) has been synthesized in a compound containing a Na₂Mg₂²⁺ cluster coordinated to a bulky organic ligand; see Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein, J.; Langer, J.; Elsen, H.; Li, W.; Harder, S. (2021). "Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes". Nature. 592 (7856): 717–721. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..717R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w. PMID 33911274. S2CID 233447380

[6] Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H. & Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620.. See also Low valent magnesium compounds.

[8] Rumble, p. 12.137

[9] Rumble, p. 12.28

[10] Rumble, p. 4.70

[11] Gschneider, K. A. (1964). Physical Properties and Interrelationships of Metallic and Semimetallic Elements. Solid State Physics. Vol. 16. p. 308. doi:10.1016/S0081-1947(08)60518-4. OCLC 646775097.

[r1-12] Rumble, p. 4.19

[NUBASE2020-13] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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