Tickle v Giggle
Court	Federal Court of Australia
Full case name	Roxanne Tickle v Giggle for Girls Pty Ltd
Decided	23 August 2024
Citations	[2024] FCA 960; (2024) 333 IR 296
Case history
Appealed to	Federal Court of Australia (Full Court)
Subsequent action	Giggle for Girls Pty Ltd v Roxanne Tickle [2026] FCAFC 64
Court membership
Judge sitting	Robert Bromwich

Tickle v Giggle is an Australian federal legal case regarding the legality of the membership policies used on Giggle, a social media app for women. Giggle excluded trans women in their membership policy, and withdrew membership from Roxanne Tickle, a transgender woman from New South Wales, on that basis. In 2022, Tickle brought the case against Giggle, and in August 2024, the court found that Tickle had been indirectly discriminated against under the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, and ordered Giggle to pay costs of the case and damages. That finding was appealed both by Tickle and by Giggle's CEO, Sall Grover, with hearings on those appeals held in the Federal Court of Australia (NSW Registry) from 4 August to 6 August 2025. The appeal judgment was delivered on 15 May 2026 at 2 pm AEST.^[1] The court upheld the original judgment, dismissing Grover's appeal and allowing Tickle's cross-appeal, with the court finding two instances of direct discrimination against Tickle and awarding damages of $20,000, double the award at first instance.^[2] Grover has said she will appeal to the High Court of Australia.^[3]

In 2020, Sall Grover founded Giggle for Girls, a mobile app designed as a social networking platform for women that excluded trans women.^[4] The name, Giggle, is described as a collective noun for women,^[5] with the app presented as catering to women on the basis of sex assigned at birth, offering a safe online space for them to connect and find support in various areas such as finding roommates, freelancing, emotional support, and activism.^[5][6] Grover has said she was driven to develop a digital platform for women by her desire to guard against the advances of predatory men, a view that was informed by her experience with misogyny and sexual violence.^[7]

The app's membership policies restricted access to adults assigned female at birth.^[7] To verify users' birth sex, it relied on technology developed by Kairos, a company that offers facial recognition software.^[7][8] The software was criticised by Giggle users for failing to identify women of colour as female.^[8]

The app was particularly criticised for excluding transgender women.^[9] In response to criticism, Grover said that the exclusion of trans women was intentional, began self-identifying as a trans-exclusionary radical feminist,^[8] and referred to trans women as "males".^[10]

By 2021, the app reportedly had 20,000 users from 88 countries.^[11][12]

Grover decided to shut down the app in July 2022.^[13] She alleged that "due to me speaking up in defence of my own company and my own sex-based rights, I have received death threats, rape threats, general threats of violence and countless instances of misogynistic abuse."^[14][15]

• January 2022: matter brought to the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) by Roxanne Tickle, a transgender woman from New South Wales who was denied membership of the site.^[16] AHRC initially offered conciliation between the parties, but those efforts were unsuccessful.^[17]
• May 2022: matter filed in the Federal Circuit Court following the complaint.^[12][18]
• July 2022: case was, without explanation, dropped, as Tickle sought to discontinue all of the orders.^[19][6]
• June 2023: application made by Katherine Deves to dismiss the case was rejected.^[20]
• December 2023: case reopened by Tickle.^[19][21] Tickle was granted $50,000 from Grata Fund, a not-for-profit legal fund associated with University of New South Wales, to cover costs associated with the case.^[22]
• April 2024: hearing began before Justice Robert Bromwich with Giggle and Grover represented by Bridie Nolan.^[23] The court was required to examine the application of the Australian government's 2013 amendments to the 1984 Sex Discrimination Act.^[24] The amendments, which relate to gender identity, have not been tested in court prior to this case. The court's decision was expected to determine if the social networking app may be considered as a special measure to advance women's equality under the Sex Discrimination Act, where the exclusion of men is permitted under law.^[25] The hearing concluded after several days of arguments.^[26][27]
  • The Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) participated in the legal case by sending representatives to the court, including Anna Cody, the Sex Discrimination Commissioner.^[28] The commission's role in the case was extended as a 'friend of the court' (amicus curiae) to clarify the provisions in Australia's Sex Discrimination Act.^[28] While the Commission sought earlier conciliation between the parties, it declined to offer submissions to the case.^[17]
  • Reem Alsalem, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women and Girls, was asked to provide input in the form of a position paper to the Australian Human Rights Commission.^[29] Alsalem's paper discussed the definition of "woman" in international human rights treaties, particularly the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).^[30] Alsalem argues that while CEDAW does not explicitly define "woman", it refers to individuals assigned female at birth and that sex and sex-based discrimination in that context is understood as a biological category.^[30]
• August 2024: On 23 August, Bromwich handed down his verdict, finding that Tickle had been indirectly discriminated against under the Sex Discrimination Act. The court ordered Grover to pay A$10,000 to Tickle in damages, plus legal costs.^[31]
  • In discussing his reasoning, Bromwich refuted Grover's arguments that sex was unchangeable, finding "These arguments failed because the view propounded by the respondents conflicted with a long history of cases decided by courts going back over 30 years. Those... cases established that on its ordinary meaning sex is changeable".^[31]
  • Bromwich refuted Alsalem's arguments that sex-based discrimination is a "biological" category, finding instead that "The word sex was, and remains, undefined in the SDA.", "sex is not confined to being a biological concept referring to whether a person at birth had male or female physical traits, nor confined to being a binary concept, limited to the male or female sex, but rather takes a broader ordinary meaning, informed by its use, including in State and Territory legislation.", and "for the purposes of the SDA, the determination of the sex of a person may take into account a range of factors, including biological and physical characteristics, legal recognition and how they present themselves and are recognised socially".^[32]
  • Regarding the treatment of Giggle as a "special measure", Bromwich found that "even if the Giggle App could have been considered a special measure to achieve equality between men and women, that would not have allowed the respondents to discriminate on the basis of gender identity, which is distinct from discrimination against women on the basis of sex under the SDA. The respondents' argument therefore conflicted both with longstanding law as to how sex should be understood in the SDA, and the gender identity provisions of the SDA".
  • Bromwich found that Grover had behaved in an "offensive and belittling way" towards Tickle whilst in court by laughing at a caricature of Tickle.^[32]
  • Bromwich also refuted both the constitutional challenges raised by Grover. Grover contended that section 22 of the Sex Discrimination Act was outside of the scope of Commonwealth authority, and so discrimination based on gender identity was not actionable under the constitution. Bromwich found that "section 22 is supported by the Commonwealth's external affairs power, as an enactment of Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)", specifically as it states "the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status". Bromwich considered "other status" to encompass gender identity.^[33]
  • The second constitutional challenge made by Grover was that there was "inconsistency between the Births, Deaths and Marriages Act 1994 (Qld) and the SDA". Bromwich found that there was no inconsistency, and that the "two statutes can and do operate harmoniously".^[33]
  • Bromwich also stated in his judgement that Grover and her legal team had presented their case in a "disjointed and somewhat incoherent way".^[32]
• October 2024: Grover launched an appeal against the judgement.^[34]
• August 2025: Proceedings began in the Federal Court.
  • 4 August 2025: Proceedings begin. Giggle's legal team is led by Noel Hutley SC, and Tickle's team by Georgina Costello KC. Several parties were granted intervener status in the case including the Sex Discrimination Commissioner Anna Cody, Equality Australia, and Lesbian Action Group.^[35]
• May 2026: On 15 May 2026, Federal Court announced their ruling, upholding the initial judgement, and Grover's appeal was dismissed.^[2]
  • In addition, the court would find two acts of direct discrimination against Tickle in accordance with the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, ordering Grover to pay $20,000 in damages.

Following the appeal decision on 15 May 2026, multiple prominent conservative politicians expressed a strong desire to rewrite the Sex Discrimination Act to make the definition of sex be only based on sex at birth. Opposition Leader Angus Taylor said it would be a "first-term priority" should his party form government. One Nation's Pauline Hanson also vowed to try to remove protections for gender identity from the Sex Discrimination Act.

New South Wales Premier Chris Minns said that biological sex differences should be "reflected in the law". He went on to state that, "if you’re born biologically male and you change your government certificates to be female, it will not mean that you can change from a male prison to a female prison." These comments drew backlash from LGBTQ+ organizations and members of other political parties.^[36] NSW Greens MP Amanda Cohn stated the comment was a "harmful capitulation to right-wing culture wars".

Tasmanian Premier Jeremy Rockliff, Equality Tasmania, and the Australian Human Rights Commission expressed support for the ruling.^[36][37]

• For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers, which considered the meaning of "woman" for the sex-based provisions of the British Equality Act 2010