DOKUMEN123.COM

PMID 26763212. Kelley, J. (1988). "A new large species of Sivapithecus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 17 (3): 305–324. Bibcode:1988JHumE...

the Siwalik Hills, which emcompasses India, Nepal, Pakistan. It is named after the Soan Valley in Pakistan. Soanian sites are found along the Siwalik region...

Siwalik is a highland region between the Mahabharat and Chure mountain ranges in Nepal. The region has huge deposits of calcium carbonate and of important...

extinct species of mustelid that lived in the Pliocene and is known from the Siwaliks of India and Pakistan. It is a poorly known species, originally classified...

occurrence of Anancus sivalensis from the Tatrot Formation (Pliocene) of Upper Siwaliks of Indian subcontinent". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 28 (3) e20250539...

fossils collected from the Miocene-aged Nagri and Chinji Formations of the Siwaliks in India and Pakistan. The genus Vinayakia was erected by British paleontologist...

partial right maxilla collected from the Chinji Formation in the Lower Siwaliks. The species was originally described by Guy Ellcock Pilgrim as Pseudaelurus...

Valley is an oval basin situated between the Mahabharat Range and the Siwalik Hills in Dang Deukhuri District. Historically inhabited by the Tharu people...

Interscience Publishers. Pilgrim, Guy E. (1913). "The correlation of the Siwaliks with mammal horizons of Europe". Records of the Geological Survey of India...

Robert Stoddard. "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks." 2010, pp. 111–112. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/6/...

palaeolithic, mesolithic and neolithic origins have been discovered in the Siwalik hills of Dang district. The earliest inhabitants of modern Nepal and adjoining...

the most important remains coming from the Siwalik Hills. The oldest remains of the species in the Siwaliks are placed at around 2.6 million year ago at...

the middle Siwaliks representing late Miocene. The species was also present at the Tatrot Formation (Tatrot, India) of the Upper Siwaliks from the early...

the Higher- or "Tethys" Himalayas, (2) the Lesser Himalayas, and (3) the Siwaliks. The nappes—large, stacked sheets of rock—found in the Tethys Himalayan...

subcontinent (Siwalik Hills) Pliocene-Early Pleistocene †R. platyrhinus Falconer and Cautley 1847 syn Punjabitherium Khan (1971) Upper Siwaliks, Indian subcontinent...

Gharialis pachyrhynchus, with the latter reportedly from the Laki Hills (Lower Siwaliks) of Sindh as well as Sehwan. The same publication also saw Lydekker write...

is an extinct species of antelope that lived during the Pliocene in the Siwaliks of Pakistan. A. subtorta is considered the oldest known member of the genus...

(Panthera and Neofelis) cats. A 2020 study of newfound material from the Siwaliks region suggested that the species Miopanthera lorteti be reassigned to...

(MFT). The Siwaliks Group consists of upward-coarsening successions of fluvial mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. The Siwaliks Group in Nepal...

on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation facilities are deficient. The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down...

Mahabharats, an outer range of foothills with ~1,000 metre summits is called the Siwaliks or Churiya Hills. Everest Kangchenjunga Lhotse Makalu Cho Oyu Dhaulagiri...

complanatum and Alicornops laogouense were described recently from the Siwaliks of Pakistan. The type species Alicornops simorrense was a relatively small...

†Bohlinini Bohlinia attica (+ B. nikitiae) Qilin sp. (Siwaliks specimen) Qilin tungurensis Honanotherium (Siwaliks) sp. Honanotherium bernori Honanotherium schlosseri...

recovered from the upper and middle Siwaliks geological formations of sandstones and clay at Suketi. The Siwalik ranges are located in the outer Himalayas...

sandstone composition are often used for this type of interpretation. The Siwalik fluvial sequence (~6000 m thick, ~20 to 0.5 Ma) represents a good example...

fossils of Sivatherium giganteum (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of the Indian Subcontinent". Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 18 (2): 85–92...

narrow belt of folded neogene molasse type sediments (siwaliks). Southward, the folded siwaliks sequence is covered by Indo-Gangetic Plain alluvium. An...

Adeeb; Ríos, Maria (2021). "New material of Bramatherium grande from the Siwaliks of Pakistan sheds light on dental intra-clade morphological variability...

Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e2477935. doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2477935. Solounias, N.; Danowitz, M. (2025). "Siwalik Giraffoidea"...

(22 March 1984). "Taphonomy, fauna, environment and ecology of Upper Siwaliks (Plio-Pleistocene) near Chandigarh, India". Nature. 308: 353–355. doi:10...

Anne (February 2016). "The first Indo-French Prehistorical Mission in Siwaliks and the discovery of anthropic activities at 2.6 million years". Comptes...

river originating from the Mahabharat Mountains and flowing through the Siwalik Hills and Terai Plain at Butwal, Nepal before joining the Ganges. The main...

a report on apparent new carnivorans from the Dhok Patha region in the Siwaliks, but as no description was provided this name is a nomen nudum. Results...

M. (2014). "Antelopes (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Bovidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Tatrot, Pakistan, with description of a new species". Paleontological...

around Tulsipur State south of the Siwaliks, now in India. During the unification of Nepal, the part in the Siwaliks and the valleys to the north were...

of Decennatherium Crusafont, 1952 (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) in the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Geobios. 57: 97–110. Bibcode:2019Geobi..57...97R. doi:10...

Vishnufelis sp. were reported, though not described, from the upper Lower Siwaliks in the Ramnagar basin. Pilgrim described it as a primitive feline of medium...

History and Heritage. Oberoi Book Service. Foster, Georgana; Stoddard, Robert (2010). "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks"....

Katra in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Situated in the Siwalik Hills, it is reached via a 3.5 km detour from the main Jammu-Katra highway...

valley ( Udayapur Dun valley), Nepal Intermittently located between the Siwaliks and the Lesser Himalayas or Mahabharat Hills (exclusively in India and...

Kenneth A. R. Kennedy and Russell L. Ciochon, "A canine tooth from the Siwaliks: first recorded discovery of a fossil ape?" Journal of Human Evolution...

dentition of Dorcatherium majus (Tragulidae, Mammalia) in the Lower and Middle Siwaliks (Miocene) of Pakistan" (PDF). Tur. J. Zool. 32: 91–98. Archived from the...

lower jawbone, that was collected from the Chinji Formation in the Lower Siwaliks. The fossil was originally described in 1915 by British paleontologist...

related to modern elephants. Paratetralophodon hasnotensis, found in the Siwalik Hills of northern India, is the only unequivocal species in the genus,...

the tropical climate belt. Seasonal drought further intensifies in the Siwaliks hills consisting of poorly consolidated, coarse, permeable sediments that...

fossil remains of tribe Cervini (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from the Siwaliks of Pakistan" (PDF). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21 (4): 830–5...

†Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis...

southern Asia, where the species Damalops palaeindicus is known from the Siwaliks in the northern part of the Indian Subcontinent. Damalops was a large sized...

Stoddard, Robert (2010). "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks". DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Goldman 1996, p. 406:...

(November 2022). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications"....

approximately 48 km (30 mi) north of the Indo-Nepal border. Below the Siwaliks, the river has built up a megafan some 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) in extent...

upheavals. The Siwaliks were formed at the last and the largest number of fossils of the Tertiary period are found in these ranges. The Siwalik fossils include...

genus of tragulid ruminant which existed in Europe, East Africa, and the Siwaliks during the Miocene and possibly Pliocene. Dorcatherium sp. by Mauricio...

Murine Rodents (Murinae, Rodentia) to Late Miocene Dietary Change in the Siwaliks of Pakistan". PLoS ONE. 8 (10) e76070. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876070K. doi:10...

1975 – Early Pleistocene of China †Sus falconeri – Pleistocene of the Siwalik region, India †Sus houi Qi et al., 1999 – Pleistocene of China †Sus hysudricus...

(March–June 2011). "A new paradoxurine carnivore from the Late Miocene Siwaliks of India and a review of the bunodont viverrids of Africa". Geobios. 44...

described by G.E. Pilgrim in 1932 based on fragmentary fossils from the Siwaliks, and a third species from the same area and of similarly fragmentary nature...

The town is situated on the southern edge of the Dudhwa Range of the Siwaliks, at Nepal's border with Uttar Pradesh 5 km from the village Jarwa on the...

R. & Schleich, H. H. (1993). "Fossil crocodile remains from the Upper Siwaliks of India". Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie...

Kelley, Jay (2002). "Faunal and Environmental Change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan". Paleobiology. 28 (2): 1–71. doi:10...

and Equus at 2.3 Ma. Hippotragus migrated at 2.6 Ma from Africa to the Siwaliks of the Himalayas. Asian bovids moved to Europe and to and from Africa....

Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh started operating in 1903. The Nilgiri Mountain...

an extinct species of large ape that lived in the late Miocene of the Siwalik Hills in northern India. Although frequently assigned to the more well-known...

rhinocerotid that lived in Asia during the Miocene. It is mainly known from the Siwalik Hills in India and Pakistan, though its fossils have been found as far...

Nepal. Sitana sivalensis Schleich, Kästle & Shah, 1998; endemic to Nepal Siwalik sitana Nepal. Sitana spinaecephalus Deepak, Vyas and Giri, 2016 spiny-headed...

Cooper, this species was first discovered at the lower Pliocene / lower Siwaliks beds in India; its chronological and geographic range was later extended...

Stoddard, Robert (2010). "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks". DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Tattvadīpaḥ: Journal...

e-Brochure" (PDF). Southern Travels India. Retrieved 2025-11-24. "Vaishno Devi: The Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwaliks". 2015. Retrieved 2025-11-24....

February 2014). "Antelopes (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Bovidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Tatrot, Pakistan, with description of a new species". Paleontological...

Fibre glass life size model of extinct giant tortoises of Siwalik Hills...

The Soanian culture was a prehistoric technological culture from the Siwalik Hills. It is named after the Soan Valley in Punjab, Pakistan. The Soanian...

intermittent ranges of the Himalayas, the Outer Himalayas (a.k.a. the Siwalik Hills) to the south and the Lesser Himalayas, known locally as the Mussoorie...

in doing so". Sanawar is divided into four houses—Himalaya, Nilagiri, Siwalik and Vindhya. The houses compete with each other at activities such as cricket...

Academy of Sciences 103(46) Tassy, Pascal; Sanders, William J. (2025). "Siwalik Proboscidea". In Badgley, Catherine; Morgan, Michèle E.; Pilbeam, David...

R. (2002). "Pliocene Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of India: Implications for phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate...

but were unsuccessful. They eventually exiled themselves to the Kashmir Siwalik hills. Dilazak was the first Pashtun tribe to migrate to Peshawar Valley...

Dang and Dudhwa Ranges, both sub ranges of the Siwaliks. Valley, following the WNW trend of the Siwalik hills for 100 km. Although the land is fertile...

The ecology of the Himalayas varies with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent...

puertoricensis †Eogavialis †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis †Siquisiquesuchus venezuelensis †Piscogavialis jugaliperforatus...

"observations of oversized, extraordinary bones in the fossilbeds of the Siwalik Hills below the Himalayas" and that ancient Greek artistic depictions of...

Shandong province, China, Jiangsu province in China, Kyūshū in Japan, the Siwaliks in northern Pakistan, and Li Basin in Lamphun Province, Thailand. Li (1974)...

of Tinau River, and at the northern edge of the Terai plain below the Siwalik Hills. Its name, Butwal was derived from Batauli Bazaar, the town's oldest...

his arguments on the Plio-Pleistocene taxon Crocuta sivalensis from the Siwaliks, a view defended by Arambourg, who nonetheless allowed the possibility...

of south Asia and east Africa) †Leptoptilos indicus (Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India) – formerly Cryptociconia indica, may be the same as L. falconeri...

known at the time. He chose this name because a similar tooth found in the Siwalik Hills in India in 1878 had been named Anthropopithecus, and because Dubois...

the paleontologist Abu Bakr based on a partial mandible from the Upper Siwaliks in Pakistan; the locality it was found at is estimated to be from the Late...

Iltutmish re-asserted Delhi's control over Badaun, Awadh, Banaras, and Siwalik in a series of campaigns. For example, Iltutmish captured Banaras after...

African P. macinnesi. The most recent remains are African and those from the Siwaliks area. This animal is thought to have evolved from Gomphotherium, and developed...

_Artiodactyla-Mammalia_from_the_Siwaliks_of_Pakistan"Early Pliocene Cervids (Artiodactyla-Mammalia) from the Siwaliks of Pakistan."] Muhammad Akbar khan...

China. Indeterminate remains of Homotherium have been reported from the Siwalik Hills of the northern Indian subcontinent, of Early - early Middle Pleistocene...

(2003). "A functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the late Miocene Siwalik hominid Indopithecus and the Chinese Pleistocene hominid Gigantopithecus"...

Gobind Singh fought 21 battles against the Mughal Empire and the kings of Siwalik Hills. Battle of Anandpur (1682) Bhim Chand attacks Guru Gobind Singh....

the late Pliocene sediments of the Potwar Plateau in Pakistan and the Siwalik Hills in northwest India. The osteohistology of E. hooijeri from Langebaanweg...

Diatomyid Rodent from an Infrequently Sampled Late Miocene Interval in the Siwaliks of Pakistan, Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 8, Issue 1; 17A:10p, [1][permanent...

relatives. Review of the fossil record of rodent assemblages from the Siwaliks, and of changes of their composition throughout the Neogene, is published...

September 2021). "A new deer species (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the upper Siwaliks (Pakistan)". Quaternary International. 595: 1–11. Bibcode:2021QuInt.595...

explored the region, specifically the Dang Deokhuri District, Dun valley, and Siwalik Hills.[citation needed] Details about the death say that he stabbed Corvinus...

Biotrophic Mycoparasitism on a Callimothalloid Fungus from the Miocene Siwalik of India". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 64 (2) e70083. doi:10.1002/nzb2...

extinct species H. palaeindicus is known from the Early Pliocene of India (Siwalik Hills). The extinct species H. austriacus was widely distributed throughout...

Deukhuri District follows the southern edge of the Dudhwa Range of the Siwaliks. To the northeast lies Kapilvastu District, Nepal. The rest of Balrampur...

Murine Rodents (Murinae, Rodentia) to Late Miocene Dietary Change in the Siwaliks of Pakistan". PLOS ONE. 8 (10) e76070. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876070K. doi:10...

First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India. Diversity, 14(10), 860. Buffetaut, E. (2023). The Missing Late...

Karnataka. It is also grown in the temperate conditions of the Himalayan Siwalik Hills of India and Nepal at elevations of 30 to 1,800 metres (98 to 5,906 ft)...

symmetric anteroconid. Because cf. Progonomys from Tortonian deposits in the Siwalik Hills lacked modified radial enamel in its incisors, it is believed to...

feeder. Paired δ18O and δ13C data from Middle Miocene fossils found in the Siwaliks of Pakistan indicate that B. perimense dwelt in ponds and woodlands, while...

Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its...

on northern side and Uttar Pradesh on eastern side. Land is plain with Siwalik hills on northern side, some high cliffs can also be found on northern...

study of fossil leaves assemblage discovered from the upper part of the Siwalik succession of sediments of Papum Pare district, Arunachal Pradesh, India...

region, in the lower Siwalik Hills that are more an extension of the Terai. The Babai River flows through the southwestern Siwaliks section after draining...

the first discovery of fossil material of Anancus sivalensis from Indian Siwaliks, recovered from the Pliocene Tatrot Formation in Himachal Pradesh. Lambert...

(November 2022). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications"....

industry in its environment in the Siwaliks in Eastern Nepal. 1989. Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Surai Khola Siwaliks m West-Nepal: Preliminary results...

42–53. Colbert, E.H. (1933). "The presence of tubulidentates in the Middle Siwalik Beds of northern India". American Museum Novitates (604): 1–10. Helbing...

HK (1984). "Range of Lissemys punctata punctata from the foot-hills of Siwaliks". Hamadryad 9 (2): 10. Lacepède BGE (1788). Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupe...

Sutlej in its present lower course, only in its upper course near the Siwaliks, and along the dried up channel of the ancient Sutlej. According to Pal...

be represented by the prehistoric great ape Nakalipithecus nakayamai. Siwalik specimens once assigned to the genus Ramapithecus are now considered by...

Khizar (February 2025). "New fossil remains of Bovids from the Middle Siwaliks of Punjab, Pakistan". Historical Biology. 37 (2): 264–281. doi:10.1080/08912963...

Cormohipparion theobaldi from the Neogene of Pakistan, with comments on Siwalik Hipparions. Palaeontology, 22 (2): 439-447 MacFadden, B. J.; Skinner, M...

†Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis...

is a species of agamid lizard endemic to Nepal. Its common name is the Siwalik sitana Das, A.; Bhattarai, S. (2021). "Sitana sivalensis". IUCN Red List...

and Kazakhstan. In Pakistan carnotite occurs in the Upper Miocene middle Siwaliks sandstone (Dhokpathan Formation), in the vicinity of Takhat Nasrati, Karak...

interpretation of stress in extinct mega herbivores (proboscideans) of the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Ecology and Evolution. 12 (11). doi:10.1002/ece3.9432. ISSN 2045-7758...

Geological Survey of India as a graded officer. His initial work was on the Siwalik fossils. He is credited with the setting up of the first soap factory in...

(2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.), "New Data on the Siwalik Murines, Rhizomyines and Ctenodactylines (Rodentia) from the Indian Subcontinent"...

India. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hill stations in India. "Siwalik Range". "5 Best Palaces to Visit in Rajasthan". TravelFiver. Archived from...

overlap with fossil mammals found in the lower Dhok Pathan zone in the Siwaliks and are thus considered to be of similar age. The paleoenvironment of the...

(11 November 2021). "New fossils of Miotragocerus gluten from the Lower Siwaliks, Pakistan". Kuwait Journal of Science. doi:10.48129/kjs.15777.{{cite journal}}:...

Himalaya". ResearchGate. Retrieved 12 July 2021. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Siwalik Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University...

represent among the oldest records of the genus in Euriasia. Remains from the Siwalik Hills in the northern Indian subcontinent dating to the Early Pleistocene...

Michael; De Vos, John (April 2008). "Fossil Folklore from India: The Siwalik Hills and the Mahâbhârata: RESEARCH ARTICLE". Folklore. 119 (1): 71–92...

encounter with Mahmud ensured that Trilochanapala had nowhere but the Siwaliks to retreat into and compelled him to enter into a peace treaty, even offering...

(MFT) at the northeast side. The Sub-Himalayan Sequence, also named the Siwalik Group, is dominated by Paleocene to Pliocene sedimentary layers. Sediments...

Stoddard, Robert (2010). "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks". Geography Faculty Publications. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. "Official...

extant Rourea caudata, it has been recorded from the lower part of the Siwalik sediments (Dafla Formation, middle–upper Miocene) of Pinjoli area in West...

1126/science.1200183. PMID 21436450. S2CID 206531024. Pilgrim, Guy E. (1915). New Siwalik Primates and Their Bearing on the Question of the Evolution of Man and...

"Retialetes emendatus zone" in Assam and the Oligocene-Neogene Dharmsala and Siwalik (Dharmsala and Nurpur areas, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh). The species...

Somerset in 1881. Baker first became acquainted with the fossils from the Siwalik Hills in India, after he received a fossil of an elephant's tooth from...

from the base of the Potwar Plateau sequence extending its range in the Siwaliks to 17.9 Ma. An even younger fossil possibly referable to this species is...

very large partial dorsal spine recovered from the early Pliocene-aged Siwalik Formation of Punjab, India. It was a member of Rita, a genus of catfishes...

Stoddard, Robert (2010). "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks". In Singh, Rana P. B. (ed.). Sacred Geography of Goddesses in South Asia...

Bardiya District. Its northern limits are demarcated by the crest of the Siwalik Hills. The Nepalgunj-Surkhet highway partly forms the southern boundary...

tatrotia, a new species of pond turtle (Testudinoidea) from the Pliocene Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (3): 449–458. Bibcode:2010JSPal...

(September 2021). "A new deer species (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the upper Siwaliks (Pakistan)". Quaternary International. 595: 1–11. Bibcode:2021QuInt.595...

– formerly L. siwalicensis (fossil: Late Miocene? – Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India) Ciconia nana (fossil: Pleistocene of Darling Downs, Queensland...

2012. The island exposes sediments of Late Miocene age, equivalent to the Siwalik Hills. fossils found include the sivatheriine giraffes, Bramatherium and...

Singh and Rajeev Patnaik, both from Panjab University, explored the Lower Siwaliks of Ramnagar in Jammu and Kashmir since 2010. A number of animal fossils...

indicating that it was a grazer. Fossils of B. namadicus are known from the Siwaliks and are found in association with other large herbivores such as Equus...

(9,230 ks) in Kailali District at an elevation of 205 m (673 ft) in the Siwalik Hills. It was declared as a bird sanctuary in March 2022. The lake has...

L. (1982-02-01). "A biostratigraphic zonation of the middle and upper siwaliks of the potwar plateau of Northern Pakistan". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology...

gorge through the Mahabharat Range and flows WNW along the axis of the Siwalik Range between the Dundwa Range along the India border and the Dang subrange...

Rare Carnivorous Mammals from A diverse Fossil Assemblage from the Middle Siwaliks of Haritalyangar area, Himachal Pradesh, North India. Journal of Mammalian...

palaeolithic, mesolithic and neolithic origins have been discovered in the Siwalik hills of Dang district. It is possible that the Dravidian people whose...

Robert Stoddard, “Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwāliks”. Tracy Pintchman (2001), Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities...

Martin, J. E. (2018). "The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 483–497...

right dentary that preserves M1-M3 (GSI 18093) collected from the Middle Siwaliks Nagri formation near Haritalyangar, India. The holotype for S. palaeindicus...

96316°E / 30.23821; 77.96316 (Mohan Pass) The principal pass in the Siwalik Hills, the southernmost and geologically youngest foothills running parallel...

Hills; parallel with that ridge, a line of lower heights belonging to the Siwalik Range traverses the district from south to north, while between the two...

throughout South and Southeast Asia, with the oldest records coming from the Siwalik Hills of the northern Indian subcontinent. The African species Hexaprotodon...

international border follows the southern edge of the Dudhwa Range of the Siwaliks. Most of the district is drained by the Rapti, except the district's western...

1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855. Lydekker, R. (1886). "Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia, and Ophidia". Palaeontologia Indica. 10. Indian...

otoliths otoliths from the upper Pliocene strata of the Mohand section of Siwaliks (Uttar Pradesh, India). Gouiric-Cavalli et al. (2026) report the discovery...

described by G.E. Pilgrim in 1932 based on fragmentary fossils from the Siwaliks. Sansanosmilus rhomboidalis was described further, with new material assigned...

Muzaffarpur and Vaishali districts. From its exit from the outermost Siwaliks foothills to the Ganga, the Gandak has built an immense megafan comprising...

R. and Chavasseau, Olivier. 2018. New proboscidean fossils from Middle Siwaliks of Haritalyangar area, Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeontologia Electronica...

plaster cast of a broken tarsometatarsus bone originally retrieved from Siwalik Hills sediments to modern cormorants. As the fossil itself is apparently...

(1837). "On additional fossil species of the order Quadrumana from the Siwalik Hills". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 6: 354–360. Bell, T....

conquered Multan and Bengal from contesting rulers, and Ranthambhore and Siwalik from their rulers. Razia Sultana: Daughter of Iltutmish; ruled Delhi Sultanate...

perimensis, with fossils known from the Tortonian ~ 8.5 million years ago Siwalik Hills of Pakistan. Anancus entered Europe approximately 7.2 million years...

Archaeology, bio-lithostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy evidences at Masol, Siwaliks, Northwestern India". Malassé, Anne Dambricourt; Cauche, Dominique (September...

Rita grandiscutata is known from the Early Pliocene-aged sediments in the Siwalik Hills of Punjab. "Family RITIDAE Bleeker 1862 (Ritas and Nanobagrids)"...

Himalayan Range) is located north of the lake, which is itself north of the Siwalik Hills. In August 2003, it has been designated as a Ramsar site. The Nepali...

(2014). "In situ dental remains of Deinotherium from Northwest Indian Siwaliks". Himalayan Geology. 35 (1): 75–81. Sanders, William J.; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;...

and A. Srivastava (2016). "Study of uranium mobilization from Himalayan Siwaliks to the Malwa region of Punjab state in India". Journal of Radioanalytical...

PalAsiatica. 40 (4): 317–325. Cote, Susanne; Coombs, Margery c. (2025). "Siwalik Chalicotheriidae". In Badgley, Catherine; Morgan, Michèle E.; Pilbeam,...

R. (2002). "Pliocene Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of India: Implications for phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate...

ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89904463. Tassy, Pascal; Sanders, William J. (2025). "Siwalik Proboscidea". In Badgley, Catherine; Morgan, Michèle E.; Pilbeam, David...

triquetricornis and H. antelopinus) come from the Pinjor formation of the Siwaliks (Plio-Pleistocene, Indian subcontinent), one (H. gracilis) is known from...

the main Ganges Plain inside this district. The permeable geology of the Siwaliks does not support moisture retention or soil development, so they are covered...

curvipalatus were recovered from the early Pleistocene Upper Siwaliks horizon of the Siwalik Hills, India (Colbert 1935; Pilgrim 1932). Fossils of P recki...

5-7 million years ago attributed to Eotragus have been found in middle Siwaliks. Fossils have also been found in the Loh Formation in Mongolia. It may...

Mountains of western Iran. Although records of Croctua are known from the Siwalik Hills of the northern Indian subcontinent dating to the Early Pleistocene...

construction material. Geologically, the Khutti cuts the frontal range of Siwalik Hills claystone-sandstone and alluvial deposits. The surface rupturing...

substrate-related artifacts. New skink (the first fossil record of the group in Siwaliks) and agamid (including cf. Uromastyx sp.) fossil material is described...

Reserve, which includes Dudhwa National Park Dundwa Range, a subrange of the Siwaliks separating Deukhuri Valley of western Nepal from Balrampur and Shravasti...

unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the Kashmir Siwalik Hills. In 997 CE, the Turkic ruler Mahmud of Ghazni, took over the Ghaznavid...

Indonesia Sangiran Pleistocene Asia Indonesia Hominin Shivalik Fossil Park Siwaliks formations Pleistocene Asia India Sao Khua Formation Early Cretaceous Asia...

in the valley of the prehistoric Drishadvati River that originated in Siwalik Hills. Chautang is a tributary of Sarsuti river which in turn is a tributary...

refers to the Madhesh Province in the Nepal Terai located south of the Siwalik Hills. Since the late 18th century, the Shah rulers of Nepal promoted conversion...

each term, the boys go on a one-week "midterm", an expedition through the Siwalik Hills or Himalayas. Senior boys make treks of up to five days, unaccompanied...

enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (Supplement...

Lév. (Asterinaceae; Asterinales) associated with Calophyllum L. from the Siwalik of Eastern Himalaya and its implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology...

pp.449-463. Bakr, Abu (July 1969). "A new genus of large cat from Upper Siwaliks". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 1 (2): 135–140. Farlow, James O.; M. K....

implications of additional Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) specimens from the Siwaliks". Historical Biology. 33 (9): 1767–1780. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1737683...

First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India". Diversity. 14 (10): 860. doi:10.3390/d14100860. Jain, Sonal;...

(December 2012). "Giraffokeryx (Artiodactyla: Mammalia) remains from the lower Siwaliks of Pakistan" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 44 (6): 1623–1631. 824419715...

years ago. The oldest remains of the genus in Asia are known from the Siwalik Hills in the Indian subcontinent, dating to the late Pliocene, around 3...

Flynn, L.J.; Morgan, M.E. (2005). "New lower primates from the Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan". In Lieberman, D.E.; Smith, R.J.; Kelley, J (eds.). Interpreting...

digits and at the end of a number. "Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region". Archived from the original on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16...

(March–June 2011). "A new paradoxurine carnivore from the Late Miocene Siwaliks of India and a review of the bunodont viverrids of Africa". Geobios. 44...

Printing. p. 85. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Siwalik Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University...

Nepal, Bhutan, China, India, Pakistan Mahabharat Range or Lesser Himalaya Siwalik Range or Churia Hills, Subhimalaya Hindu Kush, Afghanistan, Pakistan Japanese...

classification, there are seven forest types: Bhabar – Dun Sal Forest Dry Siwalik Sal Forest West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest Khair – Sissoo Forest...

in Sivacobus, are valid. Most records of this genus are known from the Siwalik Pinjor Formation dated from 2.7 to 0.6 Ma. In 2015 a new species named...

M. (2014). "Antelopes (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Bovidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Tatrot, Pakistan, with description of a new species". Paleontological...

and Cautley, Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, Being the Fossil Zoology of the Siwalik Highlands in the North of India, 1849, London. Kennedy, Kenneth A.R. (2000)...

northern India". Colvin became interested in the fossils found in the Siwalik Hills and gave several large donations to the Asiatic Society of Bengal's...

Himalaya in the north, above 5000 m with tundra and an arctic climate to the Siwalik region in the south, 500–1000 m with a sub-tropical climatic zone. The...

Division, Bangladesh Mohan Majra, a village in Punjab, India Mohan Pass, Siwalik Hills in Sikkim Mohan Nagar metro station, Delhi Metro Mohan Estate metro...

an average elevation of 1045 metres (3428 feet). Arki is located in the Siwalik range of Himalaya mountains. Due to its high altitude, Arki enjoys pleasant...

Ramnagar in Udhampur district in Jammu and Kashmir specifically the lower Siwalik deposits. The jawbone indicates that Ramadapis resembled a modern day ring-tailed...

Also in 1929, American paleontologist W. D. Matthews made a review of Siwalik mammals in which he considered Cynailurus pleistoceanicus a junior synonym...

42% covers with plain fertile land and 43% of Mahabharat Range. Rest in Siwalik range rich in forest resource. Before its own identity as an independent...

†Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis †Xaymacachampsa kugleri †Maroccosuchus zennaroi †Kentisuchus astrei...

Stoddard, Robert (2010). "Vaishno Devi, the Most Famous Goddess Shrine in the Siwaliks". Geography Faculty Publications. University of Nebraska-Lincoln....

Annonaceae) and Berberis siwalica (Family: Berberidaceae), from Middle Siwalik Sarkaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India" (PDF). Geophytology. 52: 57–66. Niccolini...

Subcontinent. The fifth chapter is about the prehistoric God-Apes of the Siwalik hills. Other chapters describe the fossil hominids of the Pleistocene....

et al. (2021). "Stable isotope analysis of middle Miocene mammals from the Siwalik sub-Group of Pakistan" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3). doi:10...

(MBT) and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). This earthquake occurred in the Siwalik sedimentary region and involved oblique faulting with a combination of...

Investigations of Newly Discovered Mammalian Fauna from Late Pliocene of the Siwalik Sub-group of Pakistan". In Çiner, A.; Naitza, S.; Radwan, A.E.; Hamimi...

highest earthfill dam in India on the Beas River in the wetland zone of the Siwalik Hills. Named in the honour of Maharana Pratap (1540–1597), the reservoir...

Yoshida, Kohki (1 January 2011). "Lithostratigraphy and structures of the Siwaliks rocks in the southern part of Dang and its surrounding area, Southwestern...

partly along Doon Valley between the Lesser Himalaya in the north and the Siwalik Hills in the south; it has a sub-Himalayan belt structure. The upper tertiary...

(January 2025). "Siwalik Creodonts and Carnivorans". At the Foot of the Himalayas: Paleontology and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Siwalik Record. ISBN 978-1421450278...

genus. Elephas hysudricus – described from fossil remains found in the Siwalik Hills of the northern Indian subcontinent by Falconer and Cautley, 1845...

2015). "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India". PeerJ. 3 e1135. doi:10.7717/peerj.1135. PMC 4540016. PMID 26290791...

Behrensmeyer A.K; Shah S.M (22–29 December 1977), "New hominoid primates from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and their bearing on hominoid evolution", Nature, 270 (5639):...

Bardiya District. Its northern limits are demarcated by the crest of the Siwalik Hills. The Nepalgunj-Surkhet highway partly forms the southern boundary...

highest earthfill dam in India on the Beas River in the wetland zone of the Siwalik Hills.[citation needed] Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi...

encamped for five months and managed to drive Sikandar Suri deeper into the Siwalik hills. However, the Mughals now had to face a far greater threat from Hemu...

"Bramatherium (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Giraffidae) from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot, Pakistan: biostratigraphy and palaeoecology". Turkish Journal...

Siwalik coal found in the Sub-Himalayas Cretaceous-Eocene coal and Gondwana coal found in the Lesser Himalayas The coal in the Sub-Himalaya (Siwalik/Churia)...

(2026). "Hyaenodonta from the Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Siwaliks of Pakistan with a brief account of Indian subcontinent hyaenodonts". PalZ...

Paleolithic, mesolithic and Neolithic origins have been discovered in the Siwalik hills of Dang district. The earliest inhabitants of modern Nepal and adjoining...

enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (Supplement...

Sandip; Khan, Mahasin Ali (1 February 2024). "Triplinerved cinnamon from the Siwalik (middle Miocene) of eastern Himalaya: Systematics, epifoliar fossil fungi...

105949. Nanda, A.C.; Sehgal, Ramesh Kumar; Chauhan, Parth R. (2018). "Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia". Journal of...

Malassé, Anne (2016-02-01). "The first Indo-French Prehistorical Mission in Siwaliks and the discovery of anthropic activities at 2.6 million years". Comptes...

First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India. Diversity, 14(10), 860. Boug, A. & Islam, M.Z. (2018) "Dating...

interpreted as indicative of the presence of mixed woodland habitats in the Siwaliks during the Miocene. Laskos & Kostopoulos (2024) review the fossil material...

2008. Gautam, P., Fujiwara, Y. (2000) Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal. Geophysical...

Agnotherium has been reported, corresponds to the European MN9. A molar from the Siwaliks of Pakistan has also been assigned to Agnotherium. Discovered at the locality...

district is in the mountainous Mahabharat Range and the rest is in the Siwalik Hills. Elevations range from 305 to 2575 m above sea level and about 40%...

surangei, Tetrameloxylon prenudiflora, fossil Rhamnaceae from the Lower Siwaliks and fossil Moraceae. He died from pneumonia at Lucknow. He published The...

Philippines 680 Mount Guiwan 1,915 Sikhote-Alin Russia 900 Tordoki Yani 2,090 Siwalik Range (Churia Hills, Sub-himalaya, Outer Himalaya) India, Nepal, Bhutan...

summer high altitudes). In Delhi-surroundings (e.g., Doab, Gurgaon hills, Siwalik Hills, Jamuna/Ganges banks, Thar Desert, river banks), they reclaimed uncultivated...

Giraffidae that lived from Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene and is known from Siwalik Hills of Puadh and Kashmir region. The body mass of an average adult is...

Redonda Round Island South Orkney Islands Spratly Islands Stirling Island Siwalik (outermost Himalayan foothills) and surrounding alluvial skirt Bhabar in...

series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab 1912 Collected papers 1913 New Siwalik primates and their bearing on the question of the evolution of man and...

his research on fossils found in India, particularly those found in the Siwalik Hills, which he conducted in collaboration with Hugh Falconer. In 1846...

(January 2025). "Siwalik Creodonts and Carnivorans". At the Foot of the Himalayas: Paleontology and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Siwalik Record. ISBN 978-1421450278...

Flynn, L.J.; Morgan, M.E. (2005). "New lower primates from the Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan". In Leiberman, D.E.; Smith, R.J.; Kelley, J (eds.). Interpreting...

Valley, one of Nepal's Inner Terai valleys between the Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges, both considered foothills of the Himalayas. Chitwan is one of the...

(2026). "Hyaenodonta from the Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Siwaliks of Pakistan with a brief account of Indian subcontinent hyaenodonts". PalZ...

paleontologist Hugh Falconer in 1859. Falconer found fossils of the species in the Siwalik Hills of India along with the remains of many other animals like turtles...

1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01013.x. S2CID 83268098. Colbert, Edwin H. (1935). "Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History". Transactions of the...

(2016-04-02). "Progiraffa (Artiodactyla: Ruminantia: Giraffidae) from the Lower Siwalik Subgroup (Miocene) of Pakistan". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of...

and the Mughal Empire to be used to create medicines. Timber – Since the Siwalik Hills are rich in timber, Kumaon had a prosperous timber industry. Timber...

puertoricensis †Eogavialis †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis †Siquisiquesuchus venezuelensis †Piscogavialis jugaliperforatus...

schaubi and Bramatherium sp. from the Vallesian and Turolian faunas of the Siwaliks, Pikermi, Samos and Maragheh, and re-classify "Giraffa" priscilla as Vishnutherium...

E.; Uno, Kevin T.; Fleagle, John G. (April 2014). "Diet and Habitat of Siwalik Primates Indopithecus, Sivaladapis and Theropithecus". Annales Zoologici...

Veera Raghavendra Prasad (2016). "Rodent-based age appraisal of the Lower Siwalik Subgroup of Kalaunta, Ramnagar, Jammu, India". Alcheringa: An Australasian...

bordering Dang district, up to 1,080 metres (3,540 ft) on the crest of the Siwaliks. Except for a few hectares exceeding 1,000 metres elevation, Bangesal falls...

Directory Treatment, Plazi Org "Gelechiid Diversity (Lepidoptera) from Siwalik Hills of North-Western Himalaya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF)...

November 2022). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications"....

fossil leaf species, Mappia siwalika and Leea himachalensis from Middle Siwalik sediments of Himachal Pradesh, India and their biogeographical significance"...

Siwalik Group in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Musser, Guy G. (1987). "The occurrence of Hadromys (Rodentia: Muridae) in Early Pleistocene Siwalik Strata...

(Vallesian age). All of the known material was found in the Lower–Middle Siwaliks near Punjab, Pakistan. In 2024, Ríos et al. described Bramiscus micros...

3406/linly.2006.13628. Flynn, Jacobs, Kimura, Taylor & Tomida (March 2020). "SIWALIK FOSSIL SORICIDAE: A CALIBRATION POINT FOR THE MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF SUNCUS"...

Firminger (1973). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts. Calcutta: Govt Printer India. "Nechisar National...

Evaluation of Gola River annual discharge: An Experience of Spring Fed Siwalik Mountain River Strike for mining on Gola river brings life to halt Remote...

Sikander saw success as Bahlol Khan was compelled to retreat towards the Siwalik foothills. But when Muhammad Shah left Delhi to invade Jasrat's domains...

Madhesh refers to the region in the Nepal Terai located south of the Siwalik Hills. Madhesh has also been defined as the cultural and linguistic space...

(January 2025). "Siwalik Creodonts and Carnivorans". At the Foot of the Himalayas: Paleontology and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Siwalik Record. ISBN 978-1421450278...

to west. Jhelum District Bentonite It is presently being extracted from Siwalik rocks found near Villages of Jalalpur Sharif and Dina in Jhelum District...

ascends from an elevation of 656 m (2,152 ft) to 2,076 m (6,811 ft) in the Siwalik Hills of the Himalayas. Until the railway's construction, the only access...

tatrotia, a new species of pond turtle (Testudinoidea) from the Pliocene Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (3): 449–458. Bibcode:2010JSPal...

foliicolous microthyriaceous fungus associated with Quercus L. from the Siwalik (Miocene) of the Western Himalaya". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 63 (2–3):...

attraction. The lake lies in the Rangun watershed. The watershed lies in the Siwaliks along the Mahakali River basin. Recently in 2019, a hindu temple of the...

†Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis...

enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (Supplement...

settled by about 10,000 residents. Geologically, the hill lies in the Siwalik region. The stability of the hill has been questioned by several researchers...

"New Fossil Remains of Artiodactyla from Dhok Pathan Formation, Middle Siwaliks of Punjab, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 52 (5): 1955–1967. doi:10...

Tahirkheli, R.A.K., & Shah, S.M.F., 1982. Introduction to special volume on Siwaliks. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 37:1–11 Johnson...

paleoecology in Arizona and paleoecological research in the Miocene Pakistan Siwalik sequence. Behrensmeyer is also compiling a taphonomic reference collection...

"Cervus" punjabiensis Brown, 1926 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of Chandigarh, India". Quaternary International. 550: 147–158. doi:10.1016/j...

Sitana ponticeriana Schleich's fan-throated lizard, Sitana schleichi Siwalik sitana, Sitana sivalensis Spiny-headed fan-throated lizard, Sitana spinaecephalus...

2..260V. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.44. Lydekker, R. (1886). "Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia, and Ophidia". Palaeontologia Indica. Series 10...

(2026). "Hyaenodonta from the Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Siwaliks of Pakistan with a brief account of Indian subcontinent hyaenodonts". PalZ...

certain extinct Asian buffaloes, of which the remains have been found in the Siwalik Hills of northern India. The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica source states...

foraged in forested/wooded environments. H. bugtiensis was found in the Siwalik Hills, from 19 to 11.4 Ma. Within the Bugti Hills of Pakistan, Hyainailouros...

and Cautley, Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, Being the Fossil Zoology of the Siwalik Highlands in the North of India, 1849, London. Two PDF-files with information...

tropical, generally experiences extreme rainfall being on windward side of Siwaliks. According to common Hindu belief there are six seasons experienced in...

Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, northern dry mixed deciduous forests, dry Siwalik sal (Shorea robusta) forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, subtropical...

Mughal army advanced, Sikandar retreated to the fortress of Mankot in the Siwaliks, where he withstood the siege for six months. On July 24, 1557, he surrendered...

Variegated mountain lizard (Japalura variegata) Dark sitana (Sitana fusca) Siwalik sitana (Sitana sivalensis) Family: Scincidae Bronze grass skink (Eutropis...

†Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis...

and vast Hindu population eventually exiled themselves to the Kashmir Siwalik Hills. Peshawar was a northwestern regional center of the Pashtun Lodi...

April 2025). "New Fossils of Propotamochoerus hysudricus from the Middle Siwalik, Pakistan". Historical Biology: 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2490071...

radio station, Radio Mayadevi 106.1 MHz, and Radio Banganga 90.6 MHz. The Siwalik Hills are particularly prone to landslides due to specific geological factors...

†Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis...

Pseudogavialis Gen. et comb. nov Valid Courville et al. Oligocene–Miocene Lower Siwalik Pakistan A member of Gavialoidea. The type species is "Gharialis" curvirostris...

Nanda (2002). "Skull characteristics of two proboscideans from the Upper Siwalik Subgroup of Nepal". Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen:...

enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (Supplement...

of a thick alluvial mantle of drift origin overlying in most part, the siwalik and older tertiary rocks. The soil is mainly little young loam rejuvenated...

around the area prior to their journeys to the southern slopes of the Siwaliks and to the margs, alpine pastures of the central Himalayas. The shrine...

Cryptociconia indica Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. Valid Colin J. O. Harrison Pliocene Siwalik Series India A Ciconiidae, this is the type species of the new genus. Dendrocopos...

Fairfield Osborn, and a foremost authority on the Dinosauria. For his thesis, Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History, Colbert was awarded...

Regions, clockwise from northeast, are as follows. Areas of Haryana lying in Siwalik Hills range, i.e. northern parts of Panchkula and Yamunanagar district...

until the death of his father in 1881. His main work in India was on the Siwalik palaeofauna; it was published in Palaeontologia Indica. He was responsible...

Dynasty during the reunification of Nepal. Tulsipur lands south of the Siwalik Hills were not taken. Since Dang was somewhat higher, cooler, better-drained...

MHWDP covers 222,951 ha in the watersheds of Mid-Himalayan region in the Siwalik Hills between 600 and 1800 metres above mean sea level. It encompasses...

Mascle G., Huyghe P., Chalaron E., Vidal G., Delcaillau B. (1999). "The Siwaliks of western Nepal: I. Geometry and kinematics". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences...

ISBN 9783110810035. Retrieved 24 March 2013. Parth R. Chauhan. "An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian"...

Technology, Kanpur. Tandon is known for his geological studies of the Siwalik rocks and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies...

Siswan and Budki nadis join Sutlej from the east. Both the streams leave Siwalik flowing towards southwest but ... Mineral Information Bureau, Geological...

deserve mention. Professor Chopra discovered pre-hominid fossils from the Siwalik hills, which documented the important stages of human evolution and also...

among the Hindu Gujar. Some of the clan names of the Gujar inhabiting the Siwaliks and the lower Himalayas are Kushan, Khatana, Chechi, Chauhan, Theckari...

Novitates (798). Matthew, William Diller (1929). "Critical Observations Upon Siwalik Mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: 516–524....

Srivastava; R. C. Mehrotra; C. Srikarni (2018). "Fossil wood flora from the Siwalik Group of Arunachal Pradesh, India and its climatic and phytogeographic...

(2026). "Hyaenodonta from the Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Siwaliks of Pakistan with a brief account of Indian subcontinent hyaenodonts". PalZ...

Elsevier Science Direct. Azzaroli, A. 1954. "Critical observations upon Siwalik deer". The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 165: 75-83, London...

Megalochelys. †Manouria punjabiensis (Lydekker, 1889) – a fossil tortoise from Siwaliks, India †Manouria oyamai Takahashi, Otsuka & Hirayama, 2003 – a fossil tortoise...

species, descended from taxa possibly referrable to Panolia sp. from the Siwaliks. Estimated body mass of around 400 kilograms (880 lb). Named in 1882 from...

†Gryposuchus colombianus †Rhamphosuchus crassidens †Myanmar gavialid †Gavialis lewisi †Gavialis bengawanicus Gavialis gangeticus, gharial †Siwalik Gavialis...

Canarium Linn. (Burseraceae) and Lagerstroemia Linn. (Lythraceae) from Middle Siwalik sediments of Himachal Pradesh, India: phytogeographic and palaeoclimatic...

and 1856–57). He worked on the geology of the Lower Himalayas and the Siwalik Beds. Along with his brother Joseph G. Medlicott, he was able to determine...

Late Miocene Murine Rodents from the Upper Part of the Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, with a new fossil calibration point for the Tribe Apodemurini...

"Cervus" punjabiensis Brown, 1926 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of Chandigarh, India". Quaternary International. 550: 147–158. Bibcode:2020QuInt...

individual of B. acutifrons were found in middle Pleistocene-aged strata of Siwalik Hills of Kashmir, in either modern Pakistan or India, in the 19th century...

Himalayan Art, wall-painting and sculpture in Ladakh, Lahaul and Spiti, the Siwalik Ranges, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan, New York, Macmillan, 1971. Art and the...

Shivalik may refer to: Siwalik Hills, a series of ranges of outer foothills of Himalaya crossing Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan Shivalik class frigate...

M. A. (2021). "A new deer species (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the upper Siwaliks (Pakistan)". Quaternary International. 595: 1–11. Bibcode:2021QuInt.595...

forest. The northernmost part of the district extends into the Churiya or Siwalik Hills. Bardiya National Park covers 968 km2 (374 sq mi) occupies most of...

(January 2025). "Siwalik Creodonts and Carnivorans". At the Foot of the Himalayas: Paleontology and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Siwalik Record. ISBN 978-1421450278...

(January 2025). "Siwalik Creodonts and Carnivorans". At the Foot of the Himalayas: Paleontology and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Siwalik Record. ISBN 978-1421450278...

border follows the southern edge of the Dudhwa Range—a subrange of the Siwaliks, here there is no Nepalese Outer Terai extending onto the main Indo-Gangetic...

The Dangri or Tangri is a stream that rises in the Morni Hills of the Siwalik Hills of south-eastern Himachal Pradesh, and flows for 70 km in Haryana...

falconeri, named in the same publication based on remains found in the Siwalik hills of the Indian Subcontinent. The taxonomy of Leptobos is contentious...

million people. Geographically, the area is defined by Outer Himalays (Siwalik Mountains) to the north, the sprawling Indo-Gangetic plain in the middle...

Sikander saw success as Bahlol Khan was compelled to retreat towards the Siwalik foothills. But when Muhammad Shah left Delhi to invade Jasrat's domains...

Arjun Singh Rathore; M. L. Nagori (2017). "Freshwater ostracods from the Siwalik (Churia) Group of Nepal" (PDF). Journal of the Palaeontological Society...

the foreland basin assessed by apatite fission-track thermochronology of Siwalik sediments, Nepal". Basin Research. 18 (4): 413–434. Bibcode:2006BasR.....

through the agency of a single river called Indo- Brahma (Pascoe, 1919), or Siwalik (Pilgrim, 1919) and finally drained into the Arabian Sea. Ahmad (1971)...

specimen of Hypselornis (no. 39733) was found in the late Pliocene aged Siwalik Hills of northern India, and was collected by Proby Cautley who presented...

Indomalayan Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest Margalla hills Siwalik hills, West Himalaya (Islamabad Capital Territory) Indomalayan Tropical...

(November 2022). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications"....

southwestern Bhutan. It also lives in the moist deciduous forest of the Siwalik Hills to oak forest ranging from altitudes of 150 to 1,600 m (490 to 5...

Jeremy E. (2018). "The Taxonomic Content of the Genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 483–497...

rocks of the Oligo-Miocene age. Along the foothills of the Himalayas the Siwalik molasse is composed of sandstones, conglomerates and shales with thicknesses...

understanding the age and origin of the ranges. He studied the fossils of the Siwaliks, examining the collections at the British Museum along with A T Hopwood...

of Decennatherium Crusafont, 1952 (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) in the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Geobios. 57: 97–110. Bibcode:2019Geobi..57...97R. doi:10...

species M. Sivalensis in 1836 based on the proportions of a tooth from the Siwalik Hills. Several genera were erected for European "Mastodon" species, but...

upper Terai region of the Indo-Gangetic plains, almost on the foot of the Siwalik hills. It is generally flat in the south, while the northern part is rolling...

Glacial Maximum. New fossil material of Miocene suids is described from the Siwaliks of Pakistan by Raza et al. (2022), providing new information on the diversification...

Akhtar (2014). "Antelopes (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Bovidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Tatrot, Pakistan, with description of a new species". Paleontological...

implications of this finding for the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of the Siwaliks during the Miocene. A study on the diversification of feeding and locomotory...

enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (Supplement...

number: 1, pages: 279-288 E. H. Lindsay. 1987. Cricetid Rodents of Lower Siwalik deposits, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan and Miocene mammal dispersal events...

Buffetaut (2022), who interprets the type material as likely coming from the Siwaliks of present-day India, considers S. asiaticus to be about as tall as a living...

(by highway) north of this junction. The two highways join to cross the Siwalik Range to Hetauda in Chitwan Valley. The 109 km Dhalkebar-Pathlaiya section...

1969, p. 1226. Patnaik, Rajeev (2003-08-15). "Reconstruction of Upper Siwalik palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology using microfossil palaeocommunities"...

(2023-11-02). "New Carnivoran (Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications"....

ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5249130. PMID 28107398. Basu, Prabir Kumar (1 January 2004). "Siwalik mammals of the Jammu Sub-Himalaya, India: an appraisal of their diversity...

"Fossil Asterinaceae in the phyllosphere of the eastern Himalayan Neogene Siwalik forest and their palaeoecological significance". Botanical Journal of the...

Martin (2019). "The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 483–497...

tatrotia, a new species of pond turtle (Testudinoidea) from the Pliocene Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (3): 449–458. Bibcode:2010JSPal...

Himalayan Art: Wall-painting and Sculpture in Ladakh, Lahaul and Spiti, the Siwalik Ranges, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. Macmillan. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-333-12066-8...

fission-track ages of late Neogene and Quaternary volcanic sediments, Siwalik Group, Northern Pakistan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology...

Laomaki, have been discovered. Specimens have also been found in the Lower Siwalik deposits near the town of Ramnagar in Jammu and Kashmir, with a mean age...

Mahasin Ali Khan; Subir Bera (2016). "Occurrence of Persea Mill. from the Siwalik forest of Darjeeling, eastern Himalaya: Paleoclimatic and paleogeographic...

tributary of the East Rapti River, the Karra originates in the north-eastern Siwalik hills. It has numerous tributary rivulets. It flows from east to west direction...

mountain ranges; the mahabharat ranges of hills on the north and the churiya siwalik hills on the south. The main point of attraction is the Chitwan National...

Louis L. Jacobs; Yuri Kimura; Louis H. Taylor; Yukimitsu Tomida (2020). "Siwalik fossil Soricidae: a calibration point for the molecular phylogeny of Suncus"...

"Fossil Leaves Belonging to Family Annonaceae from Sub-Himalayan Zone (Siwalik) of Himachal Pradesh, India and their Climatic and Phytogeographical Implication"...

Louis L. Jacobs; Yuri Kimura; Louis H. Taylor; Yukimitsu Tomida (2020). "Siwalik fossil Soricidae: a calibration point for the molecular phylogeny of Suncus"...

Kannaujia; Sanjeev Kumar; Sanjai Kumar Singh (2017). "Middle Miocene flora from Siwalik foreland basin of Uttarakhand, India and its phytogeographic and palaeoclimatic...

Bera (2019). "Occurrence of Phoma Sacc. in the phyllosphere of Neogene Siwalik forest of Arunachal sub-Himalaya and its palaeoecological implications"...

Thamserku east of Arun Janak Himal Kangchenjunga Jannu Mahabharat Range Siwaliks Dundwa Range Provinces of Nepal Administrative divisions of Nepal Provinces...

Bhowmik; Sanjeev Kumar; Sanjai Kumar Singh (2019). "Miocene flora from the Siwalik of Arjun Khola area, Nepal and its palaeoclimatic and phytogeographic implications"...

Pokhara uenoi J. Martens 1987 Arachnida Opiliones Assamiidae Propygoplus siwalik J. Martens 1977 Arachnida Opiliones Sclerosomatidae Pseudastrobunus perpusillus...

O. Harrison Cyril A. Walker Late Miocene Upper Dokh Pathan Formation, Siwalik Series Pakistan A Ciconiidae. Falco chowi Valid Sp. nov. Hou Lianhai Pleistocene...

Mahesh; Pandey, Shivendra Mohan (2008). "Plant diversity and climate during Siwalik (Miocene-Pliocene) in the Himalayan foot hills of western Nepal". Palaeontogr...

materials of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea) from Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Pakistan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 56 (4): 295–305. doi:10.19615/j.cnki...

Nanothamnus sericeus Asteraceae R KA, MH Catamixis baccharoides Asteraceae V (Siwalik & Tehri, Garhwal) Centratherum courtallense Asteraceae I KL, TN Centratherum...

Quaternary sediments. The South Himalayan molasse is represented by the Siwalik Belt, with four kilometers of siltstone, sandstone and conglomerates in...

S2CID 261008390. Kundu, S.; Khan, M. A. (2023). "Black mildew disease on the Siwalik (Miocene) monocot leaves of Western Himalaya, India caused by Meliolinites"...

various professional organizations. He has served as the chairman of the Siwalik Research Group and as the convener of the Convention of Indian Association...

unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the Kashmir Siwalik Hills. In 977, Sabuktagin founded the dynasty of the Ghaznavids. In 986...

Kennedy, Kenneth A. R.; Ciochon, Russell L. (1999). "A canine tooth from the Siwaliks: first recorded discovery of a fossil ape?". Hum. Evol. 14 (3): 231–53...

Kelly & Walsh Limited, Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama. Jacobs, L.L. 1980. Siwalik fossil tree shrews. Comparative biology and evolutionary relationships...

the Dhok Pathan type locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation, the Middle Siwaliks, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series. 10: 1–87...

"Fossil Asterinaceae in the phyllosphere of the eastern Himalayan Neogene Siwalik forest and their palaeoecological significance". Botanical Journal of the...

Late Miocene Murine Rodents from the Upper Part of the Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, with a new fossil calibration point for the Tribe Apodemurini...

Roewer, 1923 Propygoplus maculatus — (Roewer, 1912) — Nepal Propygoplus siwalik — Martens, 1977 Propygoplus rugosa — (Roewer, 1940) — Sikkim Propygoplus...

Research Special Papers. 5: 11–17. Colin J. O. Harrison (1979). "The Pliocene Siwalik Cormorant". Tertiary Research. 2 (2): 57–58. Bown, T. M. (1979). "New omomyid...

its life cycle stages associated with an angiosperm fossil leaf from the Siwalik (Mio-Pliocene) of Bhutan sub-Himalaya". Fungal Biology. 126 (9): 576–586...

Walter G. Joyce (2020). "A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan". European Journal of Taxonomy (652): 1–67. doi:10...

and drainage development: the Janauri and Chandigarh anticlines in the Siwalik foothills, northwest India. Geomorphology, 76(3), 241–256. Strahler, A...

climate with savanna-like regions. A related species is known from the Siwalik fossils from northern Pakistan. These findings indicate that Hadromys humei...

"Democricetodon fejfari sp. nov. and replacement of Cricetidae by Muridae in Siwalik deposits of Pakistan". Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 445–453. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0022...

Kannaujia; Alok; Sanjai Kumar Singh (2015). "Plant megaflora from the Siwalik (Upper Miocene) of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India and its palaeoclimatic...

Martin Pickford (2011). "A new paradoxurine carnivore from the Late Miocene Siwaliks of India and a review of the bunodont viverrids of Africa". Geobios. 44...

; Khan, M. A. (2024). "The First Fossil Record of Coryphoid Palm from Siwalik Strata (Middle Miocene) of Darjeeling Foothills of Eastern Himalaya". Paleontological...

presaracae), where found on fossil angiosperm leaf remains recovered from the Siwalik sediments (mid-Miocene to early Pleistocene) of Arunachal Pradesh in the...

Systematic, Biostratigraphic, and Paleobiogeographic Reevaluation of the Siwalik Hipparionine Horse Assemblage from the Potwar Plateau, Northern Pakistan"...

Mahasin Ali Khan; Subir Bera (2014). "New lauraceous species from the Siwalik forest of Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya, and their palaeoclimatic...

00679.x. Mook, C. C. (1932). "A new species of fossil gavial from the Siwalik Beds" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (514): 1–5. Martin, J. E.; Buffetaut...

Hamilton, Indian Forest Service, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Hoshiarpur Siwaliks, Punjab. John Pirn Watson Johnston, Indian Police, Special Assistant to...

Mio-Pliocene, based on data from molecular proxies from paleosol samples of the Siwalik Group (Pakistan), is published by Karp, Behrensmeyer & Freeman (2018)....