North-West Frontier Province
Former Province of British India (1901–1947) and Pakistan (1947–1955; 1970–2010)
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ; Pashto : شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت , Urdu : شمال مغربی سرحدی صوبہ ) was a province of British India from 1901 to 1947, of the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955, and of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan from 1970 to 2010. It was established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the British Punjab , during the British Raj .[3] Following the referendum in 1947 to join either Pakistan or India , the province voted hugely in favour of joining Pakistan and it acceded accordingly on 14 August 1947. It was dissolved to form a unified province of West Pakistan in 1955 upon promulgation of One Unit Scheme and was reestablished in 1970 . It was known by this name until 19 April 2010, when it was dissolved and redesignated as the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa following the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan , by President Asif Ali Zardari .
The province covered an area of 70,709 km2 (27,301 sq mi), including much of the current Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but excluding the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the former princely states of Amb , Chitral , Dir , Phulra and Swat . Its capital was the city of Peshawar , and the province was composed of six divisions (Bannu , Dera Ismail Khan , Hazara , Kohat , Mardan , and Peshawar Division ; Malakand was later added as the seventh division). Until 1947, the province was bordered by five princely states to the north, the minor states of the Gilgit Agency to the northeast, the province of Punjab to the east and the province of Balochistan to the south. The Kingdom of Afghanistan lay to the northwest, with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas forming a buffer zone between the two.
History
The northwestern frontier areas were annexed by the East India Company after the Second Sikh War (1848–49). The territories thenceforth formed a part of Punjab until the province, then known as North West Frontier Province, was created in 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province.[4]
This region, along with the 'Frontier Tribal Areas', acted as a buffer zone with Afghanistan.
The Punjab in 1880 (included areas of the later North-West Frontier Province)
Map of the North-West Frontier Province and
Kashmir from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)
Map of the North-West Frontier Province and neighbouring regions (National Geographic, 1946)
Inside Pakistan
Before the Partition of India , the 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum was held in July 1947 to decide the future of NWFP, in which the people of the province decided in favor of joining Pakistan. Chief Minister Dr Khan Sahib , along with his brother Bacha Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars , boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.[5] [6]
As a separate province, the NWFP lasted until 1955 when it was merged into the new province of West Pakistan , under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali . It was recreated after the dissolution of the One Unit system and lasted under its old nomenclature until April 2010, when it was renamed the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
Government
The offices of Governor and Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province lasted until 14 October 1955.
Demographics
Population history Year 1855 1,144,047 — 1868 1,713,596 +49.8% 1881 1,955,515 +14.1% 1891 2,281,708 +16.7% 1901 2,050,724 −10.1% 1911 2,196,933 +7.1% 1921 2,251,340 +2.5% 1931 2,425,076 +7.7% 1941 3,038,067 +25.3% Source: Census of India
[8] : 11–13 [9] : 1–2 [10] : 7 [11] : 30 [12] : 345–346 [13] [14]
Population
Historical population, language, and religious counts in North-West Frontier Province were enumerated in all districts (Hazara , Mardan , Peshawar , Kohat , Bannu , and Dera Ismail Khan ), detailed in the population, language, and religious tables above and below. Separate population counts were taken in the Agencies and Tribal Areas , as detailed on the respective article page.
At independence, there was a clear Muslim Pashtun , Hindkowan , and Punjabi majority in the North-West Frontier Province, although there were also significant Hindu and Sikh Pashtun , Hindkowan , and Punjabi minorities scattered across the province.
Population of North–West Frontier Province by District (1868–1941)
Census Year
Peshawar District
Dera Ismail Khan District
Hazara District
Bannu District
Kohat District
Mardan District
North-West Frontier Province
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
1868[8]
523,152
30.53%
394,889
23.04%
365,320
21.32%
284,816
16.62%
145,419
8.49%
—
—
1,713,596
100%
1881[8]
592,674
30.31%
441,649
22.58%
407,075
20.82%
332,577
17.01%
181,540
9.28%
—
—
1,955,515
100%
1891[9]
703,768
30.84%
486,201
21.31%
516,288
22.63%
372,276
16.32%
203,175
8.9%
—
—
2,281,708
100%
1901[10]
788,707
38.46%
252,379
12.31%
560,288
27.32%
231,485
11.29%
217,865
10.62%
—
—
2,050,724
100%
1911[11]
865,009
39.37%
256,120
11.66%
603,028
27.45%
250,086
11.38%
222,690
10.14%
—
—
2,196,933
100%
1921[12]
907,367
40.3%
260,767
11.58%
622,349
27.64%
246,734
10.96%
214,123
9.51%
—
—
2,251,340
100%
1931[13]
974,321
40.18%
274,064
11.3%
670,117
27.63%
270,301
11.15%
236,273
9.74%
—
—
2,425,076
100%
1941[14]
851,833
28.04%
298,131
9.81%
796,230
26.21%
295,930
9.74%
289,404
9.53%
506,539
16.67%
3,038,067
100%
Language
The languages of the North-West Frontier Province included Pashto, Hindko, Kohistani and others, although most of the population spoke either Pashto or Lahnda/Western Punjabi (primarily Hindko and Saraiki ). Prior to the arrival of the British, the official language , for governmental uses and such, was Persian .
Language in North–West Frontier Province (1931)
Mother Tongue
1931[13] : 357–359
Population
Percentage
Pashto
1,279,471
52.76%
Western Punjabi (Lahnda) [a]
1,034,874
42.67%
Standard Punjabi
68,031
2.81%
Hindustani
19,221
0.79%
English
7,852
0.32%
Persian
6,030
0.25%
Nepali
5,140
0.21%
Kashmiri
1,796
0.07%
Gujari
596
0.02%
Kohistani
377
0.02%
Turkish
62
0.003%
Arabic
24
0.001%
Welsh
19
0.001%
Portuguese
14
0.001%
French
9
0.0004%
Chinese
5
0.0002%
German
3
0.0001%
Greek
2
0.0001%
Scotch
1
0%
Irish
1
0%
Spanish
1
0%
Dutch
1
0%
Japanese
1
0%
Other Indo-Aryan orDravidian languages
1,545
0.06%
Total
2,425,076
100%
Districts
Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)[13] : 357–359
District
Pashto
Western Punjabi (Lahnda) [a]
Standard Punjabi
Hindustani
English
Others
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar District
781,773
80.24%
127,189
13.05%
40,805
4.19%
11,798
1.21%
5,864
0.6%
6,892
0.71%
974,321
100%
Hazara District
29,375
4.38%
625,268
93.31%
5,436
0.81%
4,113
0.61%
257
0.04%
5,668
0.85%
670,117
100%
Dera Ismail Khan District
53,643
19.57%
213,115
77.76%
4,446
1.62%
419
0.15%
336
0.12%
2,105
0.77%
274,064
100%
Bannu District
228,381
84.49%
33,547
12.41%
6,267
2.32%
1,181
0.44%
556
0.21%
369
0.14%
270,301
100%
Kohat District
186,299
78.85%
35,755
15.13%
11,077
4.69%
1,710
0.72%
839
0.36%
593
0.25%
236,273
100%
Total
1,279,471
52.76%
1,034,874
42.67%
68,031
2.81%
19,221
0.79%
7,852
0.32%
15,627
0.64%
2,425,076
100%
Religion
Religious counts below is for the entirety of NWFP (Hazara , Mardan , Peshawar , Kohat , Bannu , and Dera Ismail Khan ). The Agencies and Tribal Areas constituted a separate administrative division where religious composition was not enumerated, except at small Trans-Frontier Posts in the region.
Religion in North–West Frontier Province (1881–1941)
Religious group
1881[8] : 17–18
1891[9] : 14–15
1901[10] : 34–36
1911[11] : 307–308
1921[12] : 345–346
1931[13] : 373–375
1941[14] : 22
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Islam
1,787,341
91.4%
2,088,015
91.51%
1,890,479
92.19%
2,039,994
92.86%
2,062,786
91.62%
2,227,303
91.84%
2,788,797
91.8%
Hinduism
154,081
7.88%
166,984
7.32%
129,306
6.31%
119,942
5.46%
149,881
6.66%
142,977
5.9%
180,321
5.94%
Sikhism
9,205
0.47%
21,110
0.93%
25,733
1.25%
30,345
1.38%
28,040
1.25%
42,510
1.75%
57,939
1.91%
Christianity
4,725
0.24%
5,437
0.24%
5,119
0.25%
6,585
0.3%
10,610
0.47%
12,213
0.5%
10,889
0.36%
Jainism
106
0.01%
108
0.005%
37
0.002%
4
0.0002%
3
0.0001%
0
0%
1
0%
Zoroastrianism
52
0.003%
48
0.002%
46
0.002%
49
0.002%
20
0.001%
60
0.002%
24
0.001%
Buddhism
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
2
0.0001%
25
0.001%
Judaism
—
—
4
0.0002%
4
0.0002%
14
0.001%
0
0%
11
0.0005%
71
0.002%
Others
5
0.0003%
2
0.0001%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Total Population
1,955,515
100%
2,281,708
100%
2,050,724
100%
2,196,933
100%
2,251,340
100%
2,425,076
100%
3,038,067
100%
Adherents of Islam who were indigenous to frontier regions that continued to have relatively large Hindu populations, and who were also relatively recent converts , were influenced by some traditions of Hinduism; in contrast, Muslims in frontier regions that had been further influenced by orthodox Islam and converted at a much earlier date were noted in their relatively different cultural habits.
"The high road, along which the Mohammedan conquerors and rulers of India passed and repassed lay through the north (the Khyber , Kurram and other routes); and it is probable that Islam never took so firm a hold of the inhabitants of the southern district as of the people to the north of them. In this connection it is interesting to notice that the Mussalman of the Derajat is less strict in his observance of the duties of his religion, such as fasts, prayers and the like, than his northern neighbours. Through Hazara lay the road by which the Emperors of Delhi went to and fro between the capital and their summer retreat in Kashmir , and it was natural that Islam should thoroughly permeate the district. Similarly Kohat , from its situation with regard to the Kurram Valley , which at no very distant period was, nominally at least, a portion of the Afghan kingdom , has been more influenced in the past by its Mohammedan neighbours to the west than have the districts to the south of it. There is no need to consider here the probable date at which the bulk of the Pathans living in the Province, or rather their ancestors, were converted to Islam . It is enough to notice that they had long been Mohammadan when they settled in their present homes, and that their fanaticism and intolerance, especially in the districts where they are strongest, rendered the Province no very inviting place of residence for settlers of a different creed. If no fanaticism in its inhabitants acted as a bar to the settlement of Hindus in Hazara , the absence of any large trade centres was at least equally efficacious. The only other district in which there is a non-Pathan element in the population in any way commensurate to that of Hazara is Dera Ismail Khan . The population here is mainly composed of tribes of Indian origin. Its conversion to Islam is of much later data; fanaticism does not exist, and no particular dislike to the Hindu seems to have existed." [11] : 64–65
Similarly, adherents of Hinduism who belonged to the various castes and tribes who were indigenous to the frontier regions had considerable Islamic influence, owing to their status as a religious minority in the region for centuries, and thus formed religious syncretism that incorporated aspects from both faiths into their cultures and traditions.
"Hinduism , as it exists in the North-West Frontier Province, is but a pale reflection of the system which flourishes in the United Provinces and other areas to the east. Even of the Derajat , where, as we have seen, the Hindu population is proportionately most numerous, the writer of the Dera Ismail Khan Gazetteer notes, "the Hindus of this district are less particular in the matter of caste prejudices and observances than down country Hindus. Most of them will drink water that has been carried in Mussaks (skins for carrying water) or out of lotas detached from a working well . They habitually ride on donkeys and do a multitude of other things which an orthodox Hindu would shrink from. All idolatrous observances are kept very much in the background. Except a few small images (thakurs) kept in their mandirs they have no idols at all. Nor is it their habit to take their gods about in procession . No one, in fact, sees anything of their worship . They burn their dead , and throw the ashes into the Indus . They always keep a few of the bones, and take them, when the opportunity offers, to the Ganges ... There are a good many dharamsalas , mandirs , and dawaras at Dera Ismail Khan and in the cis-Indus tehsils ." [11] : 93
Lastly, decadal census reports throughout the colonial era frequently detailed the difficulty of differentiating adherents of Hinduism with adherents of Sikhism , owing to the traditional ability of the former in assimilating and integrating followers of varied thought into Hinduism.
"The Sikh religion was born out of Hinduism , and fears have been expressed of its being reabsorbed into it. Truly wonderful is the strength and vitality of Hinduism. It is like the boa constrictor of the Indian forests; when a petty enemy appears to worry it, it winds round its opponent, crushes it in its folds, and finally causes it to disappear in its capacious interior. In this way, many centuries ago, Hinduism on its own ground disposed of Buddhism which was largely a Hindu reformation in this way in a prehistoric period it absorbed the religion of the Scythian invaders of Northern India ; in this way it has converted educated Islam in India into a semi-paganism ; and in this way it is disposing of the reformed and once hopeful religion of Baba Nanak . Hinduism has embraced Sikhism in its folds; the still comparatively young religion is making a vigorous struggle for life, but its ultimate destruction is, it is apprehended, inevitable without State support. Notwithstanding the Sikh Guru's powerful denunciation of Brahmans , secular Sikhs now rarely do anything without their assistance. Brahmans help them to be born, help them to wed , help them to die and help their souls after death to obtain a state of bliss. And Brahmans, with all the deftness of Roman Catholic missionaries in Protestant countries have partially succeeded in persuading the Sikhs to restore to their niches the images of Devi , the Queen of Heaven, and the Saints and gods of the ancient faith." [11] : 62
—
Excerpt from the Census of India (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD)
Districts
Religion in North–West Frontier Province (1941)[14] : 22
With rapid population growth occurring across all districts in the province, Mardan District was added to the North–West Frontier Province in 1941.
Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1941)[14] : 22–23
District
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others[c]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar District
769,589
90.35%
51,212
6.01%
24,030
2.82%
6,890
0.81%
112[d]
0.01%
851,833
100%
Hazara District
756,004
94.95%
30,267
3.8%
9,220
1.16%
737
0.09%
2[e]
0.0003%
796,230
100%
Mardan District
483,575
95.47%
10,677
2.11%
11,838
2.34%
449
0.09%
0
0%
506,539
100%
Dera Ismail Khan District
255,757
85.79%
39,167
13.14%
2,390
0.8%
810
0.27%
7[f]
0.002%
298,131
100%
Bannu District
257,648
87.06%
31,471
10.63%
6,112
2.07%
699
0.24%
0
0%
295,930
100%
Kohat District
266,224
91.99%
17,527
6.06%
4,349
1.5%
1,304
0.45%
0
0%
289,404
100%
Total
2,788,797
91.8%
180,321
5.94%
57,939
1.91%
10,889
0.36%
121[b]
0.004%
3,038,067
100%
Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)[13] : 373–375
District
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others[c]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar District
898,683
92.24%
42,321
4.34%
24,271
2.49%
8,974
0.92%
72[g]
0.01%
974,321
100%
Hazara District
636,794
95.03%
25,260
3.77%
7,630
1.14%
432
0.06%
1[h]
0.0001%
670,117
100%
Dera Ismail Khan District
235,707
86%
35,822
13.07%
1,878
0.69%
657
0.24%
0
0%
274,064
100%
Bannu District
237,674
87.93%
26,181
9.69%
5,482
2.03%
964
0.36%
0
0%
270,301
100%
Kohat District
218,445
92.45%
13,393
5.67%
3,249
1.38%
1,186
0.5%
0
0%
236,273
100%
Total
2,227,303
91.84%
142,977
5.9%
42,510
1.75%
12,213
0.5%
73[i]
0.003%
2,425,076
100%
Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1921)[12] : 344–346
District
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others[c]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar District
836,222
92.16%
48,144
5.31%
15,326
1.69%
7,652
0.84%
23[j]
0.003%
907,367
100%
Hazara District
591,058
94.97%
26,038
4.18%
4,850
0.78%
403
0.06%
0
0%
622,349
100%
Dera Ismail Khan District
218,315
83.72%
39,311
15.08%
1,904
0.73%
1,237
0.47%
0
0%
260,767
100%
Bannu District
219,695
89.04%
23,509
9.53%
3,286
1.33%
244
0.1%
0
0%
246,734
100%
Kohat District
197,496
92.23%
12,879
6.01%
2,674
1.25%
1,074
0.5%
0
0%
214,123
100%
Total
2,062,786
91.62%
149,881
6.66%
28,040
1.25%
10,610
0.47%
23[j]
0.001%
2,251,340
100%
Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1881)[8] : 17–18
District
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others[c]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar District
546,117
92.14%
39,321
6.63%
3,103
0.52%
4,088
0.69%
45[k]
0.01%
592,674
100%
Dera Ismail Khan District
385,244
87.23%
54,446
12.33%
1,691
0.38%
253
0.06%
15[l]
0%
441,649
100%
Hazara District
385,759
94.76%
19,843
4.87%
1,381
0.34%
90
0.02%
2
0%
407,075
100%
Bannu District
301,002
90.51%
30,643
9.21%
790
0.24%
82
0.02%
60[m]
0.02%
332,577
100%
Kohat District
169,219
93.21%
9,828
5.41%
2,240
1.23%
212
0.12%
41[n]
0.02%
181,540
100%
Total
1,787,341
91.4%
154,081
7.88%
9,205
0.47%
4,725
0.24%
163[o]
0.01%
1,955,515
100%
Tehsils
Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1941)[14] : 30
Tehsil
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity [p]
Others[q]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar Tehsil
335,871
86.27%
33,551
8.62%
15,454
3.97%
2,618[p]
0.67%
1,835[q]
0.47%
389,329
100%
Abbottabad Tehsil
284,228
92.13%
17,558
5.69%
6,035
1.96%
278[p]
0.09%
419[q]
0.14%
308,518
100%
Mardan Tehsil
281,161
93.91%
8,709
2.91%
9,091
3.04%
360[p]
0.12%
63[q]
0.02%
299,384
100%
Charsadda Tehsil
239,634
98.11%
2,533
1.04%
1,940
0.79%
127[p]
0.05%
12[q]
0.005%
244,246
100%
Mansehra Tehsil
237,306
97.58%
4,910
2.02%
965
0.4%
22[p]
0.01%
0
0%
243,203
100%
Nowshera Tehsil
194,084
88.92%
15,128
6.93%
6,636
3.04%
652[p]
0.3%
1,758[q]
0.81%
218,258
100%
Swabi Tehsil
202,414
97.71%
1,968
0.95%
2,747
1.33%
16[p]
0.01%
10[q]
0.005%
207,155
100%
Haripur Tehsil
178,545
95.04%
7,278
3.87%
2,011
1.07%
14[p]
0.01%
6[q]
0.003%
187,854
100%
Bannu Tehsil
157,097
83.74%
24,517
13.07%
5,285
2.82%
467[p]
0.25%
232[q]
0.12%
187,598
100%
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil
155,100
82.68%
30,065
16.03%
1,740
0.93%
195[p]
0.1%
485[q]
0.26%
187,585
100%
Kohat Tehsil
100,868
88.01%
9,156
7.99%
3,613
3.15%
596[p]
0.52%
383[q]
0.33%
114,616
100%
Teri Tehsil
110,146
97.73%
2,462
2.18%
86
0.08%
0
0%
15[q]
0.01%
112,709
100%
Marwat Tehsil
100,551
92.82%
6,954
6.42%
817
0.75%
0
0%
0
0%
108,332
100%
Hangu Tehsil
55,210
88.94%
5,909
9.52%
650
1.05%
0
0%
310[q]
0.5%
62,079
100%
Tank Tehsil
49,847
89.55%
5,279
9.48%
401
0.72%
81[p]
0.15%
56[q]
0.1%
55,664
100%
Kulachi Tehsil
50,810
92.58%
3,823
6.97%
249
0.45%
0
0%
0
0%
54,882
100%
Amb Tehsil
47,288
98.69%
433
0.9%
195
0.41%
0
0%
0
0%
47,916
100%
Phulra Tehsil
8,637
98.83%
88
1.01%
14
0.16%
0
0%
0
0%
8,739
100%
Total
2,788,797
91.8%
180,321
5.94%
57,929
1.91%
5,426[p]
0.18%
5,583[q]
0.18%
3,038,067
100%
Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1931)[13] : 393–396
Tehsil
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar Tehsil
240,642
86.27%
23,538
8.44%
9,736
3.49%
4,991
1.79%
40[r]
0.01%
278,947
100%
Abbottabad Tehsil
235,454
92.78%
13,378
5.27%
4,599
1.81%
347
0.14%
1[s]
0%
253,779
100%
Mansehra Tehsil
203,374
97.47%
4,308
2.06%
966
0.46%
12
0.01%
0
0%
208,660
100%
Mardan Tehsil
187,180
94.27%
5,941
2.99%
5,174
2.61%
266
0.13%
0
0%
198,561
100%
Charsadda Tehsil
173,970
97.81%
2,145
1.21%
1,653
0.93%
92
0.05%
0
0%
177,860
100%
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil
143,559
83.94%
25,982
15.19%
894
0.52%
584
0.34%
0
0%
171,019
100%
Haripur Tehsil
160,630
94.64%
7,016
4.13%
2,019
1.19%
70
0.04%
0
0%
169,735
100%
Bannu Tehsil
138,152
85.34%
17,789
10.99%
4,979
3.08%
962
0.59%
0
0%
161,882
100%
Nowshera Tehsil
142,962
89.05%
9,271
5.77%
4,678
2.91%
3,599
2.24%
32[t]
0.02%
160,542
100%
Swabi Tehsil
153,929
97.17%
1,426
0.9%
3,030
1.91%
26
0.02%
0
0%
158,411
100%
Marwat Tehsil
99,522
91.79%
8,392
7.74%
503
0.46%
2
0%
0
0%
108,419
100%
Teri Tehsil
100,179
97.25%
2,788
2.71%
27
0.03%
17
0.02%
0
0%
103,011
100%
Kohat Tehsil
77,408
87.65%
7,615
8.62%
2,184
2.47%
1,103
1.25%
0
0%
88,310
100%
Kulachi Tehsil
46,709
90.08%
4,731
9.12%
410
0.79%
1
0%
0
0%
51,851
100%
Tank Tehsil
45,439
88.76%
5,109
9.98%
574
1.12%
72
0.14%
0
0%
51,194
100%
Hangu Tehsil
40,858
90.89%
2,990
6.65%
1,038
2.31%
66
0.15%
0
0%
44,952
100%
Amb Tehsil
30,742
98.22%
509
1.63%
45
0.14%
3
0.01%
0
0%
31,299
100%
Phulra Tehsil
6,594
99.25%
49
0.74%
1
0.02%
0
0%
0
0%
6,644
100%
Total
2,227,303
91.84%
142,977
5.9%
42,510
1.75%
12,213
0.5%
73[i]
0%
2,425,076
100%
Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1921)[12] : 510–516
Tehsil
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar Tehsil
225,897
85.82%
25,414
9.65%
8,223
3.12%
3,671
1.39%
23[j]
0.01%
263,228
100%
Abbottabad Tehsil
214,720
92.54%
13,580
5.85%
3,344
1.44%
390
0.17%
0
0%
232,034
100%
Mansehra Tehsil
195,812
97.48%
4,592
2.29%
468
0.23%
7
0.003%
0
0%
200,879
100%
Mardan Tehsil
161,726
94.22%
6,846
3.99%
2,874
1.67%
196
0.11%
0
0%
171,642
100%
Charsadda Tehsil
161,406
98.16%
2,183
1.33%
787
0.48%
62
0.04%
0
0%
164,438
100%
Haripur Tehsil
153,645
94.85%
7,362
4.54%
968
0.6%
6
0.004%
0
0%
161,981
100%
Swabi Tehsil
155,116
97.41%
3,063
1.92%
1,062
0.67%
1
0.001%
0
0%
159,242
100%
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil
129,919
83.27%
24,685
15.82%
884
0.57%
529
0.34%
0
0%
156,017
100%
Nowshera Tehsil
132,077
88.75%
10,638
7.15%
2,380
1.6%
3,722
2.5%
0
0%
148,817
100%
Bannu Tehsil
123,384
86.56%
16,130
11.32%
2,777
1.95%
244
0.17%
0
0%
142,535
100%
Marwat Tehsil
96,311
92.43%
7,379
7.08%
509
0.49%
0
0%
0
0%
104,199
100%
Teri Tehsil
89,924
97.49%
2,239
2.43%
45
0.05%
29
0.03%
0
0%
92,237
100%
Kohat Tehsil
67,535
87.51%
6,415
8.31%
2,195
2.84%
1,026
1.33%
0
0%
77,171
100%
Tank Tehsil
47,895
80.31%
10,224
17.14%
811
1.36%
707
1.19%
0
0%
59,637
100%
Kulachi Tehsil
40,501
89.78%
4,402
9.76%
209
0.46%
1
0.002%
0
0%
45,113
100%
Hangu Tehsil
40,037
89.54%
4,225
9.45%
434
0.97%
19
0.04%
0
0%
44,715
100%
Amb Tehsil
21,244
97.66%
440
2.02%
70
0.32%
0
0%
0
0%
21,754
100%
Phulra Tehsil
5,637
98.88%
64
1.12%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
5,701
100%
Total
2,062,786
91.62%
149,881
6.66%
28,040
1.25%
10,610
0.47%
23[j]
0%
2,251,340
100%
Cities
Religion in Urban North–West Frontier Province (1941)[14] : 19
Others (1.9%)
Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1941)[14] : 19
City /Urban Area
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity [p]
Others[q]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar [u]
122,972
70.91%
31,630
18.24%
14,245
8.21%
2,586[p]
1.49%
1,987[q]
1.15%
173,420
100%
Dera Ismail Khan [u]
26,424
51.5%
22,815
44.47%
1,412
2.75%
195[p]
0.38%
460[q]
0.9%
51,306
100%
Kohat [u]
32,111
71.39%
8,250
18.34%
3,562
7.92%
445[p]
0.99%
609[q]
1.35%
44,977
100%
Nowshera [v]
28,132
63.9%
9,831
22.33%
4,253
9.66%
412[p]
0.94%
1,394[q]
3.17%
44,022
100%
Mardan [u]
30,301
71.31%
5,851
13.77%
6,014
14.15%
282[p]
0.66%
46[q]
0.11%
42,494
100%
Bannu [u]
10,696
27.78%
22,175
57.59%
4,894
12.71%
467[p]
1.21%
232[q]
0.6%
38,504
100%
Abbottabad [u]
12,192
44.46%
11,886
43.34%
2,680
9.77%
298[p]
1.09%
368[q]
1.34%
27,424
100%
Charsadda
15,747
93.48%
745
4.42%
294
1.75%
54[p]
0.32%
5[q]
0.03%
16,845
100%
Parang
13,494
99.99%
2
0.01%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
13,496
100%
Tangi
12,456
96.51%
444
3.44%
2
0.02%
4[p]
0.03%
0
0%
12,906
100%
Mansehra
8,141
79.68%
1,699
16.63%
375
3.67%
2[p]
0.02%
0
0%
10,217
100%
Lakki [w]
5,883
58.01%
3,710
36.58%
548
5.4%
0
0%
0
0%
10,141
100%
Utmanzai
9,768
96.44%
182
1.8%
171
1.69%
8[p]
0.08%
0
0%
10,129
100%
Haripur
5,174
55.5%
3,113
33.39%
1,035
11.1%
0
0%
0
0%
9,322
100%
Tank [w]
5,531
60.85%
3,296
36.26%
181
1.99%
66[p]
0.73%
15[q]
0.17%
9,089
100%
Risalpur
3,506
38.93%
3,937
43.71%
1,024
11.37%
333[p]
3.7%
207[q]
2.3%
9,007
100%
Kulachi [w]
6,610
74.77%
2,092
23.67%
138
1.56%
0
0%
0
0%
8,840
100%
Baffa [w]
7,166
89.71%
735
9.2%
81
1.01%
6[p]
0.08%
0
0%
7,988
100%
Nawan Shehr [w]
5,075
79.12%
1,030
16.06%
309
4.82%
0
0%
0
0%
6,414
100%
Kot Najibullah
4,228
79.55%
929
17.48%
156
2.94%
2[p]
0.04%
0
0%
5,315
100%
Cherat
270
80.12%
30
8.9%
25
7.42%
0
0%
12[q]
3.56%
337
100%
Total Urban Population
365,877
66.26%
134,382
24.34%
41,399
7.5%
5,160[p]
0.93%
5,335[q]
0.97%
552,193
100%
Religion in Urban North–West Frontier Province (1931)[13] : 257–259
Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1931)[13] : 257–259
City /Urban Area
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar [u]
86,369
70.87%
21,973
18.03%
8,630
7.08%
4,854
3.98%
40[r]
0.03%
121,866
100%
Dera Ismail Khan [u]
22,321
55.34%
16,761
41.56%
708
1.76%
541
1.34%
0
0%
40,331
100%
Kohat [u]
24,388
71%
6,709
19.53%
2,152
6.26%
1,101
3.21%
0
0%
34,350
100%
Bannu [u]
10,607
34.73%
15,036
49.24%
3,947
12.92%
949
3.11%
0
0%
30,539
100%
Nowshera [v]
19,662
67.88%
4,675
16.14%
3,042
10.5%
1,560
5.39%
27[x]
0.09%
28,966
100%
Mardan [u]
19,579
74.5%
3,605
13.72%
2,927
11.14%
168
0.64%
0
0%
26,279
100%
Abbottabad [u]
7,026
43.46%
7,753
47.96%
1,039
6.43%
346
2.14%
1[s]
0.01%
16,165
100%
Charsadda
10,703
92.77%
519
4.5%
287
2.49%
28
0.24%
0
0%
11,537
100%
Parang
10,211
99.84%
16
0.16%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
10,227
100%
Tangi
8,320
95.75%
362
4.17%
7
0.08%
0
0%
0
0%
8,689
100%
Kulachi [w]
6,115
72.58%
2,182
25.9%
128
1.52%
0
0%
0
0%
8,425
100%
Risalpur
3,170
39.55%
2,900
36.18%
314
3.92%
1,629
20.32%
3[y]
0.04%
8,016
100%
Lakki [w]
4,630
60.11%
2,805
36.41%
268
3.48%
0
0%
0
0%
7,703
100%
Haripur
4,253
55.57%
2,693
35.19%
696
9.09%
11
0.14%
0
0%
7,653
100%
Baffa [w]
6,409
88.31%
762
10.5%
86
1.19%
0
0%
0
0%
7,257
100%
Tank [w]
3,929
61.19%
2,244
34.95%
240
3.74%
8
0.12%
0
0%
6,421
100%
Mansehra
4,217
72.96%
1,091
18.88%
469
8.11%
3
0.05%
0
0%
5,780
100%
Nawan Shehr [w]
3,884
75.71%
883
17.21%
363
7.08%
0
0%
0
0%
5,130
100%
Cherat
396
46.98%
158
18.74%
74
8.78%
213
25.27%
2[z]
0.24%
843
100%
Total Urban Population
256,189
66.34%
93,127
24.12%
25,377
6.57%
11,411
2.95%
73[i]
0.02%
386,177
100%
Religion in Urban North–West Frontier Province (1921)[12] : 340–342
Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1921)[12] : 340–342
City /Urban Area
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Others[c]
Total
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Peshawar [u]
73,882
70.73%
20,981
20.09%
6,152
5.89%
3,414
3.27%
23[j]
0.02%
104,452
100%
Dera Ismail Khan [u]
21,056
53.52%
17,077
43.41%
724
1.84%
484
1.23%
0
0%
39,341
100%
Kohat [u]
18,898
67.85%
5,796
20.81%
2,139
7.68%
1,020
3.66%
0
0%
27,853
100%
Nowshera [v]
18,335
66.09%
6,192
22.32%
1,319
4.75%
1,896
6.83%
0
0%
27,742
100%
Bannu [u]
6,376
28.64%
13,222
59.4%
2,421
10.88%
242
1.09%
0
0%
22,261
100%
Abbottabad [u]
5,007
36.76%
7,346
53.94%
879
6.45%
388
2.85%
0
0%
13,620
100%
Mardan [v]
5,890
53.89%
3,220
29.46%
1,679
15.36%
141
1.29%
0
0%
10,930
100%
Tank [v]
6,043
55.72%
4,197
38.7%
344
3.17%
262
2.42%
0
0%
10,846
100%
Charsadda
9,710
94.9%
484
4.73%
30
0.29%
8
0.08%
0
0%
10,232
100%
Parang
9,869
99.83%
16
0.16%
1
0.01%
0
0%
0
0%
9,886
100%
Tangi
9,528
96.8%
314
3.19%
1
0.01%
0
0%
0
0%
9,843
100%
Risalpur
2,721
32.02%
3,369
39.64%
601
7.07%
1,808
21.27%
0
0%
8,499
100%
Kulachi
5,649
71.55%
2,162
27.38%
84
1.06%
0
0%
0
0%
7,895
100%
Baffa
6,703
88.16%
861
11.32%
39
0.51%
0
0%
0
0%
7,603
100%
Lakki
4,463
59.7%
2,543
34.02%
470
6.29%
0
0%
0
0%
7,476
100%
Jamrud
1,507
24.59%
3,114
50.82%
1,254
20.46%
253
4.13%
0
0%
6,128
100%
Haripur
2,907
49.36%
2,636
44.76%
346
5.88%
0
0%
0
0%
5,889
100%
Nawan Shehr
3,794
74.51%
1,052
20.66%
246
4.83%
0
0%
0
0%
5,092
100%
Cherat
173
66.28%
80
30.65%
8
3.07%
0
0%
0
0%
261
100%
Total Urban Population
212,511
63.28%
94,662
28.19%
18,737
5.58%
9,916
2.95%
23[j]
0.01%
335,849
100%
Castes and tribes
Castes and Tribes of North-West Frontier Province (1931–1941)
Caste orTribe
1931[13] : 377–383
1941[14] : 26 [aa]
Pop.
%
Pop.
%
Pathan
905,122
37.32%
795,400
26.18%
Awan
280,995
11.59%
178,896
5.89%
Gujar
121,170
5%
114,746
3.78%
Tanoli
86,003
3.55%
113,850
3.75%
Sayyid
81,972
3.38%
71,271
2.35%
Jat
73,919
3.05%
43,041
1.42%
Arora
60,283
2.49%
17,817
0.59%
Swathi
46,556
1.92%
37,245
1.23%
Tarkhan
45,088
1.86%
—
—
Julaha
40,055
1.65%
—
—
Dhund
39,322
1.62%
—
—
Baluch
37,145
1.53%
—
—
Khatri
33,804
1.39%
13,946
0.46%
Lohar
28,968
1.19%
—
—
Baghban
28,422
1.17%
—
—
Qureshi
27,211
1.12%
—
—
Karlal
27,185
1.12%
—
—
Mochi
26,628
1.1%
—
—
Kumhar
23,109
0.95%
—
—
Kashmiri
21,704
0.89%
—
—
Nai
17,178
0.71%
—
—
Brahman
16,379
0.68%
13,478
0.44%
Mughal
16,047
0.66%
—
—
Rajput
14,681
0.61%
—
—
Sheikh
13,046
0.54%
—
—
Dhobi
11,699
0.48%
—
—
Qassab
11,534
0.48%
—
—
Mirasi
10,869
0.45%
—
—
Sarara
9,984
0.41%
—
—
Sonar
9,532
0.39%
—
—
Chuhra
8,444
0.35%
3,838
0.13%
Paracha &Banjara
8,259
0.34%
—
—
Teli
7,174
0.3%
—
—
Gakhar
7,098
0.29%
—
—
Maliar
6,622
0.27%
—
—
Mallah
6,578
0.27%
—
—
Bhatia
6,522
0.27%
—
—
Arain
6,480
0.27%
—
—
Mashwani
6,084
0.25%
—
—
Rangrez
5,703
0.24%
—
—
Turk
5,277
0.22%
—
—
Bhatiara
4,998
0.21%
—
—
Khoja
4,986
0.21%
—
—
Gurkha
4,565
0.19%
—
—
Machhi
4,130
0.17%
—
—
Chamar
2,901
0.12%
12,990
0.43%
Penjara
2,573
0.11%
—
—
Darzi
2,177
0.09%
—
—
Jhinwar
1,108
0.05%
—
—
Others or Not Stated
157,787
6.51%
1,621,549
53.37%
Total
2,425,076
100%
3,038,067
100%
See also
Notes
^ a b Includes Hindko , Peshawari , Derawali , and Tanoli .
^ a b Included 71 Jews , 25 Buddhists , 24 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), and 1 Jain .
^ a b c d e Including Jainism , Buddhism , Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Tribals , others, or not stated
^ Including 70 Jews , 24 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), and 18 Buddhists
^ Including 2 Buddhists
^ Including 5 Buddhists , 1 Jain , and 1 Jew .
^ Including 59 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), 11 Jews , and 2 Buddhists
^ Including 1 Parsi (Zoroastrian )
^ a b c d Included 60 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), 11 Jews , and 2 Buddhists .
^ a b c d e f g Included 20 Parsis (Zoroastrians ) and 3 Jains .
^ Included 39 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), 3 Jains , and 3 Others.
^ Included 13 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), and 2 Jains .
^ Included 60 Jains .
^ Included 41 Jains .
^ Included 106 Jains , 52 Parsis (Zoroastrians ) and 3 Others.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Tehsil and city religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labeled as "Indian Christians" on census . Does not include Anglo-Indian Christians or British Christians , who were classified under "Other" category.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Including Anglo-Indian Christians , British Christians , Jainism , Buddhism , Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Tribals , others, or not stated
^ a b Including 27 Parsis (Zoroastrians ), 11 Jews , and 2 Buddhists .
^ a b Including 1 Parsi (Zoroastrian )
^ Including 32 Parsis (Zoroastrians ).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Includes total Municipality and Cantonment population.
^ a b c d e Includes total Cantonment and Notified area population.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Includes total Notified area population.
^ Including 27 Parsis (Zoroastrians )
^ Including 3 Parsis (Zoroastrians ).
^ Including 2 Parsis (Zoroastrians ).
^ During the 1941 census, many traditional census datasets including caste/tribe enumeration were not extensive due to World War II.
References
^ Area with Native States in 1901. Province area excluding Native States was 34 169 km2 (13 193 sq mi).
^ Shāh, Sayyid Vaqār ʻAlī (2007). North-West Frontier Province: History and Politics . National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 15. ISBN 978-969-415-084-0 .
^ "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | province, Pakistan" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 9 July 2020 .
^ Meyer, Karl E. (5 August 2008). The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery in the Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken . ISBN 9780786724819 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 .
^ "Was Jinnah democratic? – II" . Daily Times . 25 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2019 .
^ a b Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Provinces" . Retrieved 3 October 2007 .
^ a b c d e "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II" . 1881. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057657 . Retrieved 16 June 2024 .
^ a b c "The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory" . 1891. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318669 . Retrieved 22 June 2024 .
^ a b c "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province" . 1901. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 .
^ a b c d e f "Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables" . 1911. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394102 . Retrieved 23 September 2021 .
^ a b c d e f g "Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables" . 1921. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430163 . Retrieved 2 February 2023 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j Mallam, G. L.; Dundas, A. D. F. (1933). "Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables" . Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793233 . Retrieved 7 February 2023 .
^ a b c d e f g h i "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province" . 1941. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215543 . Retrieved 23 September 2021 .
References
The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), a highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
External links
Italics = areas outside present-day India and Pakistan
Presidencies Provinces