Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

 

List of weather records

In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.[1] Comparison shows seasonal variability for record increases.

The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[2]

Temperature

Increasingly, record temperatures have been warm record temperatures.[3]
2023 saw the highest global average surface temperature in recorded history.[4]

Measuring conditions

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) to 2.00 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground,[5] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade").[6] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[6] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.[7] In 2011, a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[8] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[9]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[6]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[10][11]

Hottest

Highest temperatures ever recorded

Main articles: Highest temperature recorded on Earth and Heat wave
A world map showing areas with Köppen B classification (dry climates). The temperatures of the hot variants (BWh, BSh) of these climates have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,[12] but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[13] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[14] This is lower than a 1931 measurement of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia, but the WMS rejects this measurement as due to an inexperienced operator misreading the instrument.[15] Temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) is also matched by a 1942 record from Tirat Zvi, Israel.[16] 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.[17] The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), measured in ʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[15] There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[18] thus not being recognised as world records.[19]

Highest global average temperature

The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highest global average temperature was recorded at 17.16 °C (62.89 °F).[20] The previous record was 17.09 °C (62.76 °F) set the day before on 21 July 2024.[20] The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally.[21] September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September.[22] The Copernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.[23]

Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
Africa
 Algeria 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) Ouargla, Ouargla Province 5 July 2018[24]
 Botswana 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Maun 7 January 2016[25][26]
 Burkina Faso 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Dori 1984[27]
 Chad 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Faya-Largeau 25 May 2023[28]
 Comoros 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) Hahaya International Airport 12 March 2024[29]
 Egypt 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) Aswan 4 July 1918[30][better source needed]
 Eswatini (Swaziland) 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Lavumisa ?[31]
 Ethiopia 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Dallol, Afar 1966[32]
 Gambia 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) Jenoi 2001[33]
 Ghana 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) Navrongo 1 May 2024[29]
 Guinea 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Koundara, Boké Region 29 March 2017[34]
 Madagascar 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Ejeda, Atsimo-Andrefana ?[35]
 Mali 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) Kayes 3 April 2024[29]
 Morocco 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Agadir (Inezgane Airport) 11 August 2023[36]
 Niger 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) Diffa 7 September 1978[37]
 Nigeria 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) Yola 13 April 2004[citation needed]
 Republic of the Congo 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) Impfondo 13 March 2024[29]
 Réunion 36.9 °C (98.4 °F) Le Port 6 March 2004[38]
 South Africa (then the  Union of South Africa) 50.0 °C (122.0 °F) Dunbrody, Eastern Cape 3 November 1918[39][note 1]
 Sudan 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) Dongola 25 June 2010[28]
 Togo 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Mango 31 March 2024[29]
 Tunisia 50.3 °C (122.5 °F) Kairouan 11 August 2021[41][note 2]
 Zambia 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Mfuwe, Eastern Province 13 October 2010[28]
Antarctica
 Antarctica 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) Signy Research Station, Signy Island 30 January 1982[43]
Asia
 Abkhazia 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) Sukhumi ?
 Afghanistan (then,  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan) 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) Farah August 2009[44]
 Bangladesh 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) Rajshahi 18 May 1972[45]
 Bhutan 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Phuentsholing 27 August 1997[46]
 Cambodia 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) Preah Vihear and Svay Leu District 27 April 2024[29]
 China 52.2 °C (126.0 °F) Sanbu Township, Turpan, Xinjiang 16 July 2023[47]
 Hong Kong 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Sheung Shui 24 July 2022[48]
 India 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) Phalodi, Rajasthan 19 May 2016[49][50]
 Indonesia 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan 16 August 1997[51][52]
 Iran 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) Ahvaz Airport (OIAW) 29 June 2017[53]
 Iraq 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) Basra 22 July 2016[54][55]
 West Bank 51.2 °C (124.2 °F) Qalya 22 June 1942[56]
 Japan 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) Kumagaya, Saitama
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 		23 July 2018[57][58]
17 August 2020[58]
 Jordan 50.0 °C (122.0 °F) Jordan University Agriculture Research Center 6 September 2002[59]
 Kazakhstan 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) Turkistan 2010[60]
 Kuwait 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) Mitribah, Al Jahra Governorate 21 July 2016[61][note 3]
 Kyrgyzstan 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Jangy-Jer July 1944[62]
 Laos 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) Tha Ngon 1 May 2024[29]
 Lebanon

44.3 °C (111.7 °F)

Houche Al Oumara September 2020[63]
 Macau 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Coloane 22 August 2017[34]
 Malaysia 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Chuping 9 April 1998[64]
 Maldives 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) Hanimaadhoo 24 March 2024[29]
 Mongolia 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province 24 July 1999[65]
 Myanmar 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Myinmu 14 May 2010[66][67]
   Nepal 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Ataria 16 June 1995[68]
 North Korea 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Hoeryong 30 July 1977
 Oman 51.6 °C (124.9 °F) Joba 16 June 2021[69]
 Pakistan 53.7 °C (128.7 °F) Mohenjo-daro
Turbat 		26 May 2010[70]
28 May 2017[61]
 Philippines (first recorded under the United States Insular Government) 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley 12 April 1912
11 May 1969[71]
 Qatar 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Doha 14 July 2010[28]
 Saudi Arabia 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Jeddah 22 June 2010[72][28]
 Singapore 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) Tengah
Ang Mo Kio 		17 April 1983[73]
13 May 2023[74]
 South Korea 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) Hongcheon, Gangwon Province 1 August 2018[75]
 Sri Lanka 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) Trincomalee 13 May 1890 [76]
11 April 2019[77]
 Syria 49.4 °C (120.9 °F) Al-Hasakah 30 July 2000 [78][79]
 Taiwan 41.6 °C (106.9 °F) Fuyuan 21 August 2022[80]
 Tajikistan 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Panji Poyon ?[81]
 Thailand 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Tak 15 April 2023[82]
 Turkey 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) Sarıcakaya, Eskişehir Province 15 August 2023[83]
 Turkmenistan (then the  Turkmen SSR,  Soviet Union) 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert 28 July 1983[84][85]
 United Arab Emirates 52.1 °C (125.8 °F) Sweihan, Al Ain July 2002[86][87]
 Uzbekistan (then the  Uzbek SSR,  Soviet Union) 50 °C (122 °F) Termez July 1944
 Vietnam 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) Tương Dương District,
Nghệ An Province 		7 May 2023[88]
Europe
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 34.0 °C (93.2 °F) RAF Akrotiri,
Dhekelia 		?[89][90]
 Albania 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Kuçovë 25 July 2023[91]
 Andorra 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) Borda Vidal 28 June 2019[92]
 Armenia 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) Meghri
Yerevan 		1 August 2011[93][94]
12 July 2018[95]
 Austria 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 8 August 2013[96]
 Azerbaijan 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Julfa and Ordubad 1 July 2018
 Belarus 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) Gomel 7 August 2010[28]
 Belgium 41.8 °C (107.2 °F) Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[note 4] 25 July 2019[97]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
(then  Austria–Hungary-occupied Bosnia Vilayet,  Ottoman Empire) 		46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Mostar 31 July 1901[98][99]
 Bulgaria 45.2 °C (113.4 °F) Sadovo, Plovdiv Province 5 August 1916[100]
 Croatia (then the  SR Croatia,  SFR Yugoslavia) 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) Ploče 5 August 1981[101]
 Cyprus 46.8 °C (116.2 °F) Agios Vasileios July 2024
 Czech Republic 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) Dobřichovice, Prague-West District 20 August 2012[102]
 Denmark 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) Holstebro, Midtjylland 10 August 1975[103]
 Estonia 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Võru 11 August 1992[104]
 Finland 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) Joensuu Airport, Liperi 29 July 2010[105][28]
 France 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Vérargues, Hérault 28 June 2019[99]
 Germany 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) Lingen, Lower Saxony[note 4] 25 July 2019[106]
 Greece 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Elefsina, Attica 10 July 1977[107]
 Hungary 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) Kiskunhalas 20 July 2007[108]
 Iceland (then the  Kingdom of Iceland) 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur 22 June 1939[109][110]
 Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom) 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny 26 June 1887[111]
 Isle of Man 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) Isle of Man Airport 12 July 1983
 Italy 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) Floridia, Sicily 11 August 2021[112]
 Latvia 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Ventspils 4 August 2014[113][114]
 Liechtenstein 37.4 °C (99.3 °F) Ruggell 13 August 2003[115][116]
 Lithuania 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) Zarasai, Utena County 30 July 1994[117]
 Luxembourg 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Steinsel, Luxembourg and Remich, Remich[note 4] 25 July 2019[118][119]
 Malta 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Malta International Airport 9 August 1999[120][121]
 Moldova 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Fălești 7 August 2012[122]
 Monaco 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) Monaco 20 July 2022[80]
 Montenegro 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Podgorica
Danilovgrad 		16 August 2007
8 August 2012[123]
 Netherlands 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Gilze en Rijen, North Brabant[note 4][note 5] 25 July 2019[125]
 North Macedonia 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija 24 July 2007[126]
 Norway 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Nesbyen, Buskerud 20 June 1970[127]
 Poland 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Prószków[note 6] 29 July 1921[129]
 Portugal 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Amareleja, Beja 1 August 2003[130]
 Romania 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Ion Sion, Brăila County 10 August 1951[131]
 Russia 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Utta, Kalmykia 12 July 2010[132]
 San Marino 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Serravalle 3 August 2017
9 August 2017[34]
 Serbia 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje 24 July 2007[133]
 Slovakia 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Hurbanovo 20 July 2007[134]
 Slovenia 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Cerklje ob Krki 8 August 2013[135]
 Spain 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) La Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio) 14 August 2021[136]
 Svalbard 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) Longyearbyen 25 July 2020
 Sweden 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Ultuna, Uppsala County
Målilla, Kalmar County 		9 July 1933
29 June 1947[137]
  Switzerland 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Grono, Moesa District 11 August 2003[138]
 Ukraine 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Luhansk 12 August 2010[139][28]
 United Kingdom 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Coningsby, Lincolnshire 19 July 2022[140]
 Vatican City 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Vatican City 28 June 2022[80]
North America
 Anguilla 34.2 °C (93.6 °F) The Valley 12 September 2015[141]
 Antigua and Barbuda 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's 12 August 1995[142][143]
 Barbados 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Saint James, Barbados September 2023[144]
 Belize 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Barton Creek 10 April 2024[29]
 British Virgin Islands 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport 22 July 2016[145]
 Canada 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) Lytton, British Columbia 29 June 2021[146][147][148][149][150]
 Cayman Islands 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman 21 August 2016[145]
 Costa Rica 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Cerro Huacalito, Guanacaste Province 23 March 2024[29]
 Cuba 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) Veguitas (Granma Province) 12 April 2020[151]
 Dominica 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) Canefield Airport 27 August 2023[152]
 Dominican Republic 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) Mao 31 August 1954[153]
 Greenland 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) Ivittuut 23 June 1915[154][155][156]
 Guatemala 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Estanzuela, Zacapa 12 May 1998[157][158]
 Martinique 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) Saint-Pierre 6 October 2010[159]
 Mexico 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Mexicali area 28 July 1995[160][161]
 Nicaragua 38.4 °C (101.1 °F) Managua May 2024
 Panama 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) San Francisco 20 March 1998[162]
 Puerto Rico 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Mona Island 2 July 1996[163]
 United States 56.7 °C (134.0 °F) Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California 10 July 1913[13][164][14]
 United States Virgin Islands 37.2 °C (99 °F) Saint Thomas
Cruz Bay 		4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[163]
31 July 1988[163]
Oceania
 Australia 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, South Australia
Onslow, Western Australia 		2 January 1960[165][166][167]
12 January 2022[168][169][170]
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) Cocos (Keeling) Islands December 2024
 Marshall Islands 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Utirik Atoll 24 August 2016[145]
 New Zealand 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Rangiora, Canterbury 7 February 1973[171]
 Palau 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Roman Tmetuchl International Airport 2 June 2024[29]
 Samoa 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) Asau 24 December 1968[172]
 Solomon Islands 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) Honiara, Guadalcanal Province 1 February 2010[28]
 Tonga 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Niuafoou 1 February 2016[145]
 Vanuatu 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) Lamap Malekula 8 February 2016[145]
 Wallis and Futuna 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) Futuna Airport 10 January 2016[145]
South America
 Argentina 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Rivadavia, Salta Province[note 7] 11 December 1905[173][174][175]
 Bolivia 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) Villamontes, Tarija Department 29 October 2010[28][note 8]
 Brazil 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Araçuaí, Minas Gerais 19 November 2023[176]
 Chile 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Quillón, Biobio Region[note 9] 26 January 2017[177][178]
 Colombia 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca 29 December 2015[179]
 French Guiana 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) Grand-Santi 2024
 Guyana 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Ebini 26 September 2023[180]
 Paraguay 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Las Palmas 10 December 2022[80]
 Peru 41.6 °C (106.9 °F) Iñapari 7 October 2023[181]
 Uruguay 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Paysandú, Paysandú Department
Florida, Florida Department 		20 January 1943[182][183]
14 January 2022[184]
 Venezuela 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón 29 April 2015[141]

Other high-temperature records

Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date Record Info
 Australia 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Marble Bar, Western Australia 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924 (160 days) Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F)[185] -
 Iran 70.7 °C (159.3 °F) Lut Desert 2005 Highest natural ground surface temperature 70.7 °C (159.3 °F)[186][187] -
 USA ( California) 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Death Valley 9 July 1917 to 17 August 1917 (40 days) Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F)[188] -
  • Highest temperature during rain: 48.3 °C (119.0 °F) in Imperial, California, 24 July 2018[189]
  • Highest overnight low temperature: 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) at the Khasab weather station (WMO Index = 41241) in Oman on 17 June 2017.[190][note 10]
  • Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qurayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.[192]
  • Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.[193][194]
  • Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle: 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) in Verkhoyansk, Russia on 20 June 2020.[195][196][197][198]
  • Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north: 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) at Lytton, British Columbia, Canada on 29 June 2021.[148][149][150]

Humidity

  • Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.[199]
  • Highest heat index: In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was 81.1 °C (178.0 °F).[199]
  • Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on 21 July 2012.[200]

Coldest

Lowest temperatures recorded

Main articles: Lowest temperature recorded on Earth and Cold wave

The lowest temperature recorded is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), in Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983.

Table of values
Country/Region Temperature Town/Location Date
Africa
 Algeria −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) Mécheria 28 January 2005[201]
 Burkina Faso 5.0 °C (41.0 °F) Markoye January 1975[27]
 Egypt −18.0 °C (−0.4 °F) Gabal Katrina at elevation of 2,629 m
While −6 °C in Saint Katherine City at 1,586 m.
Sinai Peninsula is geologically part of the African Plate,
but geographically it is considered to be in Asia. 		?[202][203]
 Botswana −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) Tsabong ?[204]
 Eswatini (Swaziland) −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) Big Bend ?[31]
 Gambia 4.0 °C (39.2 °F) Jenoi 2003[33]
 Ghana 11.0 °C (51.8 °F) Kumasi, Tafo ?[205]
 Guinea 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) Bareing 2 January 1982[206]
 Lesotho −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) ?[207]
 Madagascar −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Antsirabe, Vakinankaratra ?[35]
 Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco) −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) Ifrane 11 February 1935[208]
 Niger −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) Bilma 13 January 1995[37]
 Réunion −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) Gite de Bellecome 10 September 1975[38]
 South Africa −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape 23 August 2013[209]
 Spain ( Canarias) −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) Teide, Tenerife 29 January 2018[210]
 Sudan −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Zalingei December 1961
January 1962[211]
Antarctica
 Antarctica −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station 21 July 1983[212][213][note 11]
Asia
 Afghanistan −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) Shahrak January 1964[44]
 Armenia (then the  Armenian SSR,  Soviet Union) −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) Paghakn and Ashocq 1961[93]
 Azerbaijan −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[214]
 Bangladesh (then the Bengal Presidency of British India) 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) Dinajpur 3 February 1905[215]
 China −53.0 °C (−63.4 °F) Mohe City, Heilongjiang 22 January 2023[216][217][218]
 Cambodia 7.0 °C (44.6 °F) Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri and Preah Vihear 29 January 2007[219]
 Hong Kong −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Tai Mo Shan 24 January 2016
 India −57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) Siachen Glacier, Karakoram 14 January 2020[220]
 Indonesia −9.0 °C (15.8 °F) Dieng Plateau 24 June 2019[221]
 Iran −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Saqqez 1972[222]
 Israel (Syrian territory occupied by Israel) −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) Merom Golan 10 January 2015[223]
 Japan −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 25 January 1902[58]
 Jordan −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Shoubak 15 December 2013[59]
 Kazakhstan −57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) Atbasar ?[60]
 Kuwait −4.8 °C (23.4 °F) Salmy 3 January 2009[224][225]
 Kyrgyzstan −53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) Fergana Valley ?[226]
 Lebanon

−23.1 °C (−9.6 °F)

Yammoune January 20, 1964[227]
 Malaysia 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) Cameron Highlands 1 February 1978[64]
 Maldives 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport 11 April 1978[228]
 Mongolia −55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) Züüngovi, Uvs Province 31 December 1976[65][229]
 Myanmar −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) Hakha 30 December 1990[230][28]
   Nepal −45.0 °C (−49.0 °F) Sagarmatha ?[68]
 North Korea (then Japanese Korea) −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) Chunggangjin 12 January 1933[231]
 Oman −9.7 °C (14.5 °F) Jabel Shams January 2015[232]
 Pakistan|  Pakistan/ India (undemarcated Kashmir area in disputed territory of Kashmir) −24.0 °C (−11.2 °F) Skardu 7 January 1995[233]
 Philippines 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) Baguio 18 January 1961[71][234] [note 12]
 Qatar 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) Abu Samra 5 February 2017[34]
 Russia (first in the  Russian Empire, then in the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union) −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic 		15 January 1885
5, 7 February 1892
6 February 1933[236]
 Saudi Arabia −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) Turaif ?[237]
 Singapore 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) Paya Lebar 14 February 1989[73]
 South Korea −32.6 °C (−26.7 °F) Yangpyeong 5 January 1981[238]
 Sri Lanka −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) Nuwara Eliya 14 January 1929[239]
 Syria −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Idlib January 1951[240]
 Taiwan −18.4 °C (−1.1 °F) Yushan 31 January 1970[241][242]
 Thailand −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) Sakon Nakhon 2 January 1974[243]
 Turkey −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) Çaldıran, Van Province 9 January 1990[83]
 Turkmenistan −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Daşoguz Region ?[84]
 United Arab Emirates −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) Jebel Jais, Fujairah 3 February 2017[34]
 Vietnam (then DR Vietnam) −6.1 °C (21.0 °F) Sa Pa 4 January 1974[244]
Europe
 Albania −29.0 °C (−20.2 °F) Shtylle 9 January 2017[245]
 Austria −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Grünloch doline 19 February 1932[246]
 Belarus (then the  Byelorussian SSR,  Soviet Union) −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Slavnom, Vitebsk Region 17 January 1940[247]
 Belgium −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort 20 January 1940[248]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the  SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,  SFR Yugoslavia) −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) Igman in Sarajevo Canton 24 January 1963[249]
 Bulgaria −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) Tran 25 January 1947[100]
 Croatia −34.6 °C (−30.3 °F) Gračac 13 January 2003[250][note 13]
 Cyprus −12.8 °C (9.0 °F) Trikoukia, Prodromos 30 January 1964[251]
 Czech Republic (then part of  Czechoslovakia) −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Litvínovice 11 February 1929[102]
 Denmark −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region 8 January 1982[103]
 Estonia −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) Jõgeva, Jõgeva County 17 January 1940[104]
 Finland −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland 28 January 1999[105][252]
 France −41.2 °C (−42.2 °F) Mouthe, Doubs 17 January 1985[253]
 Germany −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria 24 December 2001[254]
 Greece −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) Ptolemaida 27 January 1963[255]
 Hungary −35.0 °C (−31.0 °F) Görömbölytapolca 16 February 1940[108]
 Iceland (then Danish Iceland) −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) Grímsstaðir 21 January 1918[109]
 Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom) −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) Markree Castle, County Sligo 16 January 1881[111]
 Italy −50.6 °C (−59.1 °F) Busa Riviera, Pale di San Martino 7 January 2022[256]
 Latvia −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) Daugavpils 8 February 1956[113]
 Lithuania −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) Utena, Utena County 1 February 1956[117]
 Luxembourg −20.2 °C (−4.4 °F) 2 February 1956[257]
 Malta 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) Malta International Airport 29 January 1981[120][121]
 Moldova −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Brătușeni, Edineț District 20 January 1963[122]
 Monaco −5.2 °C (22.6 °F) Monaco 10 February 1986[258]
 Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands) −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) Winterswijk, Gelderland 27 January 1942[259]
 North Macedonia (then the  SR Macedonia,  SFR Yugoslavia) −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) Berovo, Berovo Municipality 27 January 1954[260]
 Norway (then part of  Sweden–Norway) −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) Karasjok, Finnmark 1 January 1886[127]
 Poland (then Nazi-occupied Poland) −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship 11 January 1940[129]
 Portugal −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro 		16 January 1945 and
5 February 1954[261]
 Romania −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) Bod, Brașov County 25 January 1942[262]
 Serbia −39.8 °C (−39.6 °F) Karajukića Bunari, Zlatibor District 26 January 2006[263]
 Slovakia (then  Czechoslovakia) −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Vígľaš-Pstruša 11 February 1929[134]
 Slovenia (then  SR Slovenia,  SFR Yugoslavia) −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) Babno Polje 15 February 1956
16 February 1956
13 January 1968[note 14][264]
 Spain −32.0 °C (−25.6 °F) Estany Gento (Province of Lleida)[note 15] 2 February 1956[265]
 Sweden −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Vuoggatjålme, Lappland 2 February 1966[137]
  Switzerland −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) La Brévine 12 January 1987[138]
 Ukraine (then the  Ukrainian SSR,  Soviet Union) −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) Luhansk 8 January 1935[139][266]
 United Kingdom −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland 		11 February 1895
10 January 1982
30 December 1995[267]
North America
 Antigua and Barbuda 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua 31 December 1974 and
28 January 1976[142][143]
 Canada −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon 3 February 1947[212][268]
 Cayman Islands 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman ?[269]
 Cuba 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) Bainoa, Mayabeque Province 18 February 1996[270]
 Dominican Republic −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province 17 January 1983[271]
 Greenland −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F) Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet 22 December 1991[195]
 Guatemala −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department ?[157]
 Martinique 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) Le Lamentin 25 December 1964[159]
 Mexico −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) Madera, Chihuahua 27 December 1997[272]
 Panama 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province 20 February 1995[162]
 Puerto Rico 4.4 °C (40 °F) Aibonito
San Sebastián 		9 March 1911
24 January 1966[163]
 US Virgin Islands 10.6 °C (51 °F) Anna's Hope, Saint Croix 31 January 1954[163]
 United States
( Alaska) 		−62.2 °C (−80 °F) Prospect Creek, Alaska 23 January 1971[273]
 United States
(contiguous) 		−56.7 °C (−70 °F) Rogers Pass, Montana 20 January 1954[274]
South America
 Argentina −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Chubut Province 1 June 1907[275][note 16]
 Brazil −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) Caçador, Santa Catarina 11 June 1952[276][277]
 Chile −28.5 °C (−19.3 °F) Balmaceda, Aysen Region 16 June 1958[278]
 Colombia −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Páramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander 11 December 1974[279]
 Curaçao 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) Willemstad 12 December 2017[280]
 French Guiana 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) Maripasoula 23 January 1964[281]
 Paraguay −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 13 July 2000[282]
 Peru −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) Mazo Cruz, Puno Region 30 June 1966[283]
 Uruguay −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Melo, Cerro Largo Department 14 June 1967[182][183]
Oceania
 Australia −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Charlotte Pass, New South Wales 29 June 1994[284][285]
 United States
( Hawaii) 		−11.1 °C (12.0 °F) Mauna Kea, Hawaii 17 May 1979[286]
 Nauru 20.0 °C (68.0 °F) Yaren District ?[citation needed]
 New Zealand −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) Ranfurly, Central Otago 18 July 1903[287]
 Samoa 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Afiamalu 29 September 1971[172]
 Solomon Islands 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) Tigoa, Rennell June 2016[288]

Other low-temperature records

  • Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F); Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[289]
  • Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F); Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.[195]
  • Coldest average monthly temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −54.1 °C (−65.4 °F); Oymyakon, Russia for the month of January 1931. [290]
  • Coldest temperature in the tropics: −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F); Mazocruz, Peru on 30 June 1966. [283]

Record extreme temperature differences

  • Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[212]
  • Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F); Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.[291]
  • Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[212]
  • Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020; Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia[292][293][294][198]

Precipitation

Rain

Snow

  • Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[303]
  • Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California, in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[304][305]
  • Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[304]
  • Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[212]
  • Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[306]
  • Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city of Tampico, Mexico, in February 1895 during the Great Freeze.[307][308]

Wind speeds

Tornadoes

Main article: Tornado records
The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside of Bangladesh.

Deadliest in history

Outbreaks

  • Largest: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours on April 27, 2011, with a total of 367 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.[317]
  • Most severe: The 1974 Super Outbreak produced 7 F5, 23 F4, 34 F3, and 34 F2 tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974. It received a score on expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score of 578, surpassing the 2011 outbreak's score of 378.[318]

Tropical cyclones

Main article: List of tropical cyclone records

Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

Most precipitation

Main article: List of the wettest tropical cyclones
  • Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.

Other severe weather

A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumference
Satellite loop of the record-breaking supercell near Chicago producing intense lightning on June 13, 2022.

Hail

Main article: List of costly or deadly hailstorms

Lightning

  • Longest lightning bolt: 768 km (477 mi) on 29 April 2020 in the southern United States.[325]
  • Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 in Uruguay and northern Argentina.[325]

Ultraviolet index

  • Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.[326]

Thunderstorm cloud height

  • Tallest non-tropical thunderstorm The official confirmed tallest thunderstorm was a supercell that occurred on May 24, 2016 near Nueva Rosita, in rural areas of the Mexican state of Coahuila, in the Big Bend area of the Rio Grande basin. This storm had a cloud top height of 68,000 ft (21 km; 12.9 mi). Lightning from this storm was detected as far as 50–60 mi (80–97 km) away from the center of the storm.[327] A supercell thunderstorm that struck Chicago, Illinois and surrounding areas on June 13, 2022 may have surpassed its height, being at least over 60,000 ft (18 km; 11 mi) and potentially reaching as high as 65,000–70,000 ft (20–21 km; 12.3–13.3 mi) above the ground.[328]

Other categories

See also: List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
  • Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[329] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.
The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenkiyskiy, Russia (66°53′N 93°28′E / 66.883°N 93.467°E / 66.883; 93.467, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[330]
The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[329][330]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A reading of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) in Vioolsdrif on 28 November 2019 was declared invalid by the South African Weather Service.[40]
  2. ^ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[42] This value was surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria.[24]
  3. ^ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.[61]
  4. ^ a b c d Part of the July 2019 European heat wave
  5. ^ A disputed record temperature of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) was measured on 24 July 2019 in Deelen, Gelderland.[124]
  6. ^ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[128]
  7. ^ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[42] Another record, of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), registered in Villa de María del Río Seco, Córdoba Province, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious.
  8. ^ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
  9. ^ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
  10. ^ The former world record was 43.3 °C (110 °F) set on 5 July 1918, in Death Valley, California.[191]
  11. ^ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
  12. ^ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures Mount Pulag which is 2,926 meters above sea level plunges to as low as −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) although it was not verifiable.[235]
  13. ^ A reading of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) in Čakovec on 3 February 1929 and −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) in Gospić were not measured under standard conditions and are not considered to be official record lows in Croatia.[250]
  14. ^ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
  15. ^ The records of −34.1 °C (−29.4 °F) of Clot del Tuc de la Llança, Catalonia, and −35.4 °C (−31.7 °F) of Vega de Liordes, León, both registered in January 2021, are not recognized by AEMET.
  16. ^ the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina's national meteorological organization, reports a record low of −39 °C (−38 °F) in a high mountain valley of Río de los Patos, but this is not recognized by the World Meteorological Organization.[42]

References

  1. ^ "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)
  2. ^ "World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  3. ^ "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. (Change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October. Use "Timeseries of ratio... data across all months.)
  4. ^ "The 2023 Annual Climate Summary / Global Climate Highlights 2023". Copernicus Programme. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024.
  5. ^ "WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation". Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2011 (7): 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 (inactive 2 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  7. ^ Kubecka, Paul (2001). "A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature". Weather. 56 (7): 218–221. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..218K. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x. S2CID 120698040.
  8. ^ Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
  9. ^ Garratt, J. R. (1992). "Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 31 (9): 1096–1105. Bibcode:1992JApMe..31.1096G. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2 (inactive 2 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  10. ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
  11. ^ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90 °C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
  12. ^ "World: Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record". 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  14. ^ a b Burt, Christopher C. (22 July 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  15. ^ a b Fadli, Khalid; Cerveny, Randall; Burt, Christopher; Eden, Philip; Parker, David; Brunet, Manola; Peterson, Thomas (2013). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 (inactive 2 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  16. ^ "Climate Extremes in Israel". Israel Meteorological Service. 21 June 1942. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Temperature reaches 130 °F (54.4 °C) at California's Death Valley". 10 July 2021.
  18. ^ Weather Extremes Archived 25 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Weather Underground – Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  19. ^ Burt, Christopher C (2004). Extreme Weather. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1. Retrieved 21 June 2007. heat burst 158.
  20. ^ a b Copernicus (25 July 2024). "New record daily global average temperature reached in July 2024". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  21. ^ McGuinness, Jackie; Rohloff, Katherine (14 August 2023). "NASA Clocks July 2023 as Hottest Month on Record Ever Since 1880". NASA. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  22. ^ Copernicus (5 October 2023). "Copernicus: September 2023 – unprecedented temperature anomalies; 2023 on track to be the warmest year on record". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  23. ^ Jacobo, Julia; Peck, Daniel (24 July 2024). "Earth sets daily global temperature record for 2nd day in a row: Copernicus". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  24. ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (13 July 2018). "Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  25. ^ "Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records". Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  26. ^ "Weather Data: Botswana, Maun, 2016, January". Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  27. ^ a b "Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso)" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "May 2023 was the world's third-warmest May on record". 14 June 2023.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Watts, Jonathan (14 August 2024). "Unprecedented number of heat records broken around world this year". The Guardian. theguardian.com. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  30. ^ "Météo climat stats | Station Asswan / Données Météorologiques Gratuites" [Weather climate stats] (in French).
  31. ^ a b "Groundwater Resources of Swaziland" (PDF). Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy. December 1992. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  32. ^ D.E., Pedgley (September 1967). "Air Temperature at Dallol, Ethiopia". Met Office. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  33. ^ a b "Third National Communication of the Gambia under the UNFCCC" (PDF). Ministry of Climate Change environment and Natural Resources. 2020. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  34. ^ a b c d e Masters, Jeff (18 January 2018). "NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  35. ^ a b "Madagascar Initial National Communication" (PDF) (in French). Le Ministre de l'Environnement, des Eaux et des Forets. 2019. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  36. ^ https://twitter.com/BNONews/status/1690094767655231488 [bare URL]
  37. ^ a b "Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques" (PDF). Republique de Niger. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Climat de la Réunion" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  39. ^ "What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA?". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  40. ^ "VIOOLSDRIF TEMPERATURE ON 28 NOVEMBER 2019" (PDF). South African Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  41. ^ Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli; Randall S. Cerveny; Christopher C. Burt; Philip Eden; David Parker; Manola Brunet; Thomas C. Peterson; Gianpaolo Mordacchini; Vinicio Pelino; Pierre Bessemoulin; José Luis Stella; Fatima Driouech; M.M Abdel wahab; Matthew B. Pace (2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 (inactive 2 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  42. ^ a b c Burt, Christopher C. (19 August 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  43. ^ "WMO Region VII (Antarctic: all land/ice south of 60°S): Highest Temperature". Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  44. ^ a b Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4387-7835-8.
  45. ^ "Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2-degree Celsius in last 14 years". Asian Tribune. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  46. ^ Passang Norbu (14 June 2013). "The heat has got into the Himalayas". Kuensel. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  47. ^ "China logs 52.2 Celsius as extreme weather rewrites records". Reuters. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  48. ^ "Daily Extract of Meteorological Observations , July 2022 - Sheung Shui". 1 August 2022.
  49. ^ "Temperature over Delhi" (PDF). 29 May 2024.
  50. ^ "Mungeshpur's 52.9°C reading was off by 3°C due to sensor error: IMD". The Times of India. 1 June 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  51. ^ "Historis Kejadian Iklim Ekstrim" (in Indonesian). Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia (BMKG). 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  52. ^ Putri, Gloria Setyvani (24 October 2019). "Cuaca Panas Masih 9 Hari, Ini Daftar Hari Terpanas di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  53. ^ "Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". independent. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  54. ^ Samenow, Jason (22 July 2016). "Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  55. ^ Tapper, James (23 July 2016). "Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  56. ^ Christopher, Burt. "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth". Weather Underground. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  57. ^ "Japan heatwave: Temperature hits new historic record 41.1C, says Japanese weather agency". The Independent. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  58. ^ a b c "National Rankings". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  59. ^ a b القيم المتطرفة (in Arabic). Jordanian Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  60. ^ a b "Climate and weather of Kazakhstan". Advantour.
  61. ^ a b c "WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  62. ^ "National Report". cbd.minjust.gov.kg. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  63. ^ "Climate details in Lebanon".
  64. ^ a b "General Climate Information". Malaysia Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  65. ^ a b "Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia. September 2009. pp. 36–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  66. ^ Myint, Yee (2 May 2016). "Heat takes its toll". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  67. ^ Soe, Kyaw (25 February 2016). "Warnings of strong El Niño through June". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  68. ^ a b "Climatic Extremities in Nepal". Compendium of Environmental Statistics Nepal 2015. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  69. ^ "The highest temperatures recorded", Oman Meteorology, retrieved 17 June 2021
  70. ^ Vidal, John; Walsh, Declan (1 June 2010). "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  71. ^ a b "Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Government of the Philippines. 29 December 2014. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  72. ^ "saudigazette". Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.
  73. ^ a b "Historical Extremes". Meteorological Service Singapore. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  74. ^ "Temperature soars to 37 °C in Singapore, equals record for daily high set in 1983". CNA. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  75. ^ "한반도 폭염 신기원...서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도". news1. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  76. ^ "Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" (PDF). 29 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  77. ^ "SL experiencing highest temperatures in 140 years: Prof. Jayaratne - Breaking News | Daily Mirror". www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  78. ^ "Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs. April 2010. pp. 18–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  79. ^ "Ventusky - Weather Forecast Maps". www.ventusky.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  80. ^ a b c d Masters, Jeff (12 January 2023). "2022: Earth's 5th- or 6th-warmest year on record » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  81. ^ "Tajikistan Climate and Weather - Average Temperatures and Precipitation". www.advantour.com.
  82. ^ "Historic Asia heat breaks hundreds of records, with extremes in Thailand and China". The Washington Post. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  83. ^ a b "Ülkemizi etkisi altına alan sıcak hava dalgasının etkisiyle, bugün Türkiye'de sıcaklık rekoru kırıldı".
  84. ^ a b "Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2015. pp. 12–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  85. ^ "Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan". Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2000. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  86. ^ Ponce de Leon, Janice (11 August 2016). "Debunking weather myths in the UAE". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  87. ^ Croucher, Martin (12 July 2013). "UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level". The National. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  88. ^ Nguyen Hoai (2023). "Nghe An recorded 44.2 degrees Celsius, the highest in Vietnamese history". Tien Phong News. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  89. ^ "Dhekelia, GB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data".
  90. ^ "Akrotiri, GB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data".
  91. ^ "Albania hits all-time high as heat blasts southern Europe and fires rage". Washington Post.
  92. ^ "French Station Breaks All-Time Heat Record by Astounding Margin". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  93. ^ a b "Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection. 2015. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  94. ^ "Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius". Hetq Online. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  95. ^ Jessica Blunden; Derek Arndt (2019). "State of the Climate in 2018". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 100 (9): Si-S306. doi:10.1175/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 (inactive 2 December 2024). hdl:11603/24308. S2CID 202481135. Retrieved 4 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  96. ^ "Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5 °C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg". ZAMG. 9 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  97. ^ "Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk" (in Dutch). VRTNWS. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  98. ^ "Federal Hydrometeorological Institute". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  99. ^ a b "C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin" (in French). Météo France. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  100. ^ a b "Bulgaria Second National Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  101. ^ "Croatia Sixth National Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  102. ^ a b "Česká republika – Česká nej". atlasceska.cz. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  103. ^ a b "Vejrekstremer i Danmark" (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  104. ^ a b "Weather records". Estonian Weather Services. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  105. ^ a b "Lämpötilaennätyksiä" (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  106. ^ "DWD-Stationen Duisburg-Baerl und Tönisvorst jetzt Spitzenreiter mit 41,2 Grad Celsius". www.dwd.de (in German). 17 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organisation. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  108. ^ a b "Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service". Met.hu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  109. ^ a b Einarsson, Markús. Climate of Iceland Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  110. ^ Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Iceland Review 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  111. ^ a b "Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online". Met.ie. 2 January 1979. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  112. ^ "WMO is monitoring potential new temperature records". public.wmo.int. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  113. ^ a b LVGMC Twitter account Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. (in Latvian)
  114. ^ "papildināts (17:24) - Gaisa temperatūra Latvijā pirmo reizi pārsniegusi +37 grādus". Diena.lv. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014. (in Latvian)
  115. ^ "Wild Weather Around the World | Weather Extremes". Weather Underground. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  116. ^ "Germany Breaks its All-Time Heat Record | Category 6". Weather Underground. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  117. ^ a b "(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje)" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  118. ^ "40,8 °C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg" (in German). AgriMeteo. 25 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  119. ^ "40,8 °C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg" (in German). Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und ländliche Entwicklung. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  120. ^ a b "The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange" (PDF). Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs. May 2010. pp. 40–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  121. ^ a b Galdies, Charles (2011). "The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010" (PDF). National Statistics Office. pp. 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  122. ^ a b "Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova" (in Romanian). Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  123. ^ Masters, Jeff. "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  124. ^ "Het was dus wel 42,9 graden, waar kwam die mysterieuze hitte in Deelen vandaan?" (in Dutch). Algemeen Dagblad. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  125. ^ "'Heel, heel, heel uitzonderlijk': 40+ gemeten in vijf provincies". nos.nl. 25 July 2019.
  126. ^ "Second National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning. December 2008. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  127. ^ a b "Klima". met.no. Archived from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  128. ^ "Polskie Rekordy". MeteoModel.pl. 31 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  129. ^ a b "Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce". Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl (in Polish). Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  130. ^ Extremes Archived 21 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA
  131. ^ THERMAL EXTREMES Archived 9 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie
  132. ^ "Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум". Pogoda.ru.net. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  133. ^ "TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia". Hidmet.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  134. ^ a b "Historical Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic". Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  135. ^ "V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija" (in Slovenian). 24ur.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  136. ^ "14 de agosto de 2021,se batió el récord de temperatura más alta registrada en España" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  137. ^ a b "Svenska temperaturrekord". Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  138. ^ a b "Records Suisse". MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  139. ^ a b Кліматичні рекорди (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  140. ^ Andersson, Jasmine; Faulkner, Doug (19 July 2022). "UK heatwave sees temperatures above 40C for first time". BBC. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  141. ^ a b Masters, Jeff (27 January 2016). "Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  142. ^ a b "Our Climate". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  143. ^ a b "Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  144. ^ https://x.com/extremetemps/status/1725561066136953133?lang=en
  145. ^ a b c d e f Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (18 January 2017). "Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  146. ^ @ECCCWeatherBC (29 June 2021). "At 4:20pm, Lytton Climate Station reported 49.5 °C, once again, breaking the daily and all-time temperature records for the 3rd straight day. Final numbers and all other temperature records will be posted later this afternoon. #BCStorm" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  147. ^ Zeidler, Maryse (27 June 2021). "B.C. heat wave shatters Canadian record for highest temperature ever recorded". CBC News. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  148. ^ a b Samenow, Jason (30 June 2021). "'Hard to comprehend': Experts react to record 121 degrees in Canada". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  149. ^ a b Hopper, Tristin (2 July 2021). "Literally hotter than the Sahara: How Western Canada became one of the hottest corners of the globe". National Post. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  150. ^ a b "State of the Global Climate 2021 WMO Provisional report". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  151. ^ "State of the Global Climate 2020". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  152. ^ "August 2023 was Earth's hottest August on record". yaleclimateconnections.org. 14 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  153. ^ Mejía, Mariela (7 January 2011). "Frío extremo, calor agobiante" (in Spanish). Diario Libre. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  154. ^ "Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday". The Washington Post. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  155. ^ "Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut". Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  156. ^ "More record lows since 1937 than record highs". Iceagenow.info. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  157. ^ a b "Datos metorologicos de los departamentos" (in Spanish). INSIVUMEH. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  158. ^ "Sube la temperatura media" (in Spanish). 21 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  159. ^ a b "Le climat en Martinique" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  160. ^ Christopher Burt. "Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  161. ^ García Cueto, O.R.; Santillán Soto, N.; Quintero Núñez, M.; Ojeda Benítez, S.; Velázquez Limón, N. (October 2013). "Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions". Atmósfera. 26 (4): 509–520. Bibcode:2013Atmo...26..509G. doi:10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0.
  162. ^ a b "Extreme Temperatures". Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  163. ^ a b c d e "All Time Extremes for PR and VI". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  164. ^ World: Highest Temperature Archived 4 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  165. ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. Archived 25 May 2012 at archive.today National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 13 August 2023
  166. ^ "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  167. ^ "50.5 °C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature". Bureau of Meteorology. 20 February 1998. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  168. ^ "Australia matches its hottest day on record as Western Australia town goes above 50C". The Guardian. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  169. ^ Birch, Laura (13 January 2022). "Onslow in the Pilbara reaches 50.7C, equalling Australia's hottest day on record". ABC News. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  170. ^ "Australia equals hottest day on record at 50.7C". BBC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  171. ^ "Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007". Teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  172. ^ a b "Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project" (PDF). World Bank. 2 December 2011. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  173. ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. Archived 25 May 2012 at archive.today National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  174. ^ "Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  175. ^ The record of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) in Villa de María, Córdoba Province, Argentina, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious"Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  176. ^ "Calor de 44,8 °C: Araçuaí (MG) tem o dia mais quente no histórico de medições do Brasil, diz Inmet". G1. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  177. ^ "En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile" (in Spanish). Biobiochile.cl. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  178. ^ "Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra". The Clinic. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  179. ^ "Informe Técnico Diario N°364". IDEAM. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  180. ^ Masters, Jeff (13 October 2023). "September 2023 was Earth's most extreme month for heat ever recorded » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  181. ^ Masters, Jeff (15 November 2023). "Last month was by far the world's hottest October on record » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  182. ^ a b "Clima del Uruguay" (in Spanish). Red Académica Uruguaya. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  183. ^ a b "Boletín meteorológico" [Meteorologic records of Uruguay] (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  184. ^ diaria, la (14 January 2022). "Ola de calor: Florida registró un récord histórico de temperatura". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  185. ^ "Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924". Australian Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  186. ^ Mildrexler, D.; M. Zhao; S. W. Running (October 2006). "Where Are the Hottest Spots on Earth?". EOS. 87 (43): 461, 467. doi:10.1002/eost.v87.43.
  187. ^ Mildrexler, D.; M. Zhao; S. W. Running (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 92 (7): 850–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 (inactive 2 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  188. ^ "Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. July 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  189. ^ "The world's hottest rain fell in California, setting new world record". Newsweek. 5 August 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  190. ^ Masters, Jeff (21 June 2017). "A World Record Low Humidity? 116 °F With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  191. ^ "July Daily Normals And Records" (PDF). The Death Valley Climate Book. National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  192. ^ Burt, Christopher (13 July 2018). "Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  193. ^ Ian, Livingston. "Death Valley Sets New Global Record for Hottest Single Month". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  194. ^ Fritz, Angela (7 August 2017). "Death Valley just experienced the hottest month ever recorded on Earth". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  195. ^ a b c "WMO verifies -69.6 °C Greenland temperature as Northern hemisphere record". World Meteorological Organization. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  196. ^ Sinclare, Terry (22 June 2020). "A small town in Siberia has likely broken the Arctic high temperature record". Webcenter11. Gray Television, Inc. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  197. ^ "Arctic Temperatures Hit Record High in Russia Amid Heat Wave". The Moscow Times. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  198. ^ a b "Greatest temperature range on Earth". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  199. ^ a b "Iranian city soars to record 129 degrees: Near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  200. ^ "Iran city hits suffocating heat index of 165 degrees, near world record". Klean Industries. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  201. ^ "Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement. 2010. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  202. ^ "St. Katrine Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  203. ^ "Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  204. ^ "Botswana's Climate". Meteorological Services Botswana. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  205. ^ "Climatology". Ghana Meteorological Services Department. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  206. ^ "Quelques Records en Guinée" (in French). Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  207. ^ "Lesotho – National report on climate change" (PDF). Ministry of Natural Resources. April 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  208. ^ "WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  209. ^ "New minimum temperature record for South Africa". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  210. ^ "Canarias a 15 grados bajo cero: las insólitas cifras del histórico temporal". El Español (in Spanish). 31 January 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  211. ^ "Sudan". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  212. ^ a b c d e f g h Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. ISBN 978-0-7876-1034-0.
  213. ^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (105). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  214. ^ Mahmudov, Rza. "Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic". Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  215. ^ "Dinajpur district map". Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  216. ^ "Climate". en.chinaculture.org. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  217. ^ "China just saw its coldest temperature on record: Minus-53 degrees". The Washington Post. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  218. ^ "China's northernmost city just saw its coldest day ever". CNN Travel. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  219. ^ Sisovann, Pin; Kinetz, Erika (29 January 2007). "Cambodia Sees Record Low Temperatures Reach Record Lows History". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  220. ^ "Minus 57 Degree Celsius In Siachen, Troops Face Avalanches".
  221. ^ Zain, Fadlan Mukhtar (24 June 2019). Belarminus, Robertus (ed.). "Pagi Ini Suhu Dieng Mencapai Minus 9 Derajat Celsius, Embun Es Muncul sejak Malam" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  222. ^ "رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر". danakhabar.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  223. ^ Judah Ari Gross, "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm" Archived 30 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.
  224. ^ "Climate History". Kuwait Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  225. ^ "Weather Data: Kuwait, Salmy, 2009, January". geographic.org. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  226. ^ "Country profile". mineconom.gov.kg. Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  227. ^ "Lowest Temperature Ever Record in Lebanon". 18 February 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  228. ^ "Climate of Maldives". Maldives Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  229. ^ "Mongolia Third National Communication" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  230. ^ Cho, Myo. "High of 40C, low of 13C in Yangon for 2003". Government of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  231. ^ 선종일 (1 August 1942). "Korean Climate". User.chollian.net. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  232. ^ "Snow blankets Jabel Shams in Oman". Oman Daily Observer. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  233. ^ Hamayoon Janjua (30 January 2019). "Pakistan Climate". crayon.pk. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  234. ^ Luces, Kim (31 January 2014). "'Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January". GMA News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015. However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.
  235. ^ Dumlao, Artemio (29 December 2013). "Mt. Pulag freezes below zero". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  236. ^ "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  237. ^ "Second National Communication" (PDF). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  238. ^ "Climate of Korea". Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  239. ^ "Station Nuwara Eliya" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  240. ^ "أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !". طقس سوريا – طقس العرب. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  241. ^ "世界最低溫是幾度？ 臺灣最低溫是幾度？" (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  242. ^ "The Climate". Yushan National Park. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  243. ^ "The Climate of Thailand" (PDF). Thai Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  244. ^ "Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường?" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  245. ^ "BULETINI MUJOR KLIMATIK" (PDF). www.geo.edu.al. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  246. ^ "TEMPERATURE COMPARISON BETWEEN SOME ALPINE DOLINES IN WINTER TIME" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  247. ^ Baglasov Andrey; Belov Alexandr; Sinitsa Valentina; Bychenkov Alexandr. "Department of Hydrometeorology". Pogoda.by. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  248. ^ "KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site". Kmi.be. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  249. ^ "Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH". Klix.ba. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  250. ^ a b "Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja" (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  251. ^ "Αυτή είναι η χαμηλότερη θερμοκρασία που καταγράφηκε ποτέ στην Κύπρο!". Newsbomb. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  252. ^ Geographic.org. "Weather Data: Finland, Kittila Pokka, 1999, January". Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  253. ^ "MétéoFrance". Comprendre.meteofrance.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  254. ^ Andreas Wagner (August 2009). "Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5 °C)". MeteoGroup. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  255. ^ "The Meteorologist's book" (PDF). HNMS. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  256. ^ "New Italian record in sinkhole". 24 May 2022.
  257. ^ "Normal- und Extremwerte" (in German). Meteolux. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  258. ^ |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815143830/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_99138001.pdf
  259. ^ "Recordkoude februari van 1956". KNMI.nl.
  260. ^ "Климатски екстреми" (in Macedonian). Hydrometeorological Service. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  261. ^ "Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio" (in Portuguese). 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  262. ^ infoTURIST (25 January 1942). "Romania". Infoturist.ro. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  263. ^ "Minus trideset za početak". arhiva.vesti-online. November 2015.
  264. ^ "Slovenski vremenski rekordi" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Slovenian Environment Agency. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  265. ^ "El récord de frío de -34º C no será reconocido por la agencia de meteorología". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 8 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  266. ^ "Погодные рекорды Украины | Новости Украины | СЕГОДНЯ". Segodnya.ua. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  267. ^ "UK climate – Extremes". Met Office. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  268. ^ "WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  269. ^ "Climate". National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government). Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  270. ^ "III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología" [Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology] (PDF) (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. p. 36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6 °C.
  271. ^ Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós, Constancio (July 2012). "Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza" (PDF). Clío (in Spanish) (184). Academia Dominicana de la Historia: 222. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  272. ^ "¡Bajo cero! Ésta es la temperatura más baja registrada en la historia de México". Milenio. 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  273. ^ "National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  274. ^ "Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century". National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century. National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
  275. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  276. ^ "História de Caçador" [Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina] (in Portuguese). A Notícia. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010. Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14 °C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8 °C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of Morro da Igreja, Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, would give the record to this locality.
  277. ^ "Recordes de Frio em SC". Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  278. ^ "¿Sobrevivirías a -28,5°Celsius? Conoce los récords de frío en Chile". 26 May 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  279. ^ "Promedios 71-00" (in Spanish). IDEAM. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  280. ^ "Koud op Curaçao". www.antilliaansdagblad.com (in Dutch). 12 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  281. ^ "Le Climat Guyanais" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  282. ^ (in Spanish) Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  283. ^ a b Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  284. ^ "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  285. ^ "1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
  286. ^ "State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  287. ^ "New record for New Zealand's coldest day". TVNZ. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  288. ^ "Rennell record lowest temperature - Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management".
  289. ^ "*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice". vencore weather. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  290. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  291. ^ "A NATIONAL TEMPERATURE RECORD AT LOMA, MONTANA" (PDF).
  292. ^ "Установлена в честь 120-летия регистраций абсолютного минимума температуры в Северном полушарии Земли" (JPG).
  293. ^ "Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 1892 г." pogodaiklimat.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  294. ^ "Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 1988 г." pogodaiklimat.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  295. ^ Christopher C. Burt. "Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  296. ^ Christopher C. Burt (8 September 2013). "World's greatest 1-minute Precipitation Record". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  297. ^ a b Ch. Péguy (1970)
  298. ^ a b Sepúlveda, Sílvia Maria Ferreira. "Avaliação da Precipitação Extrema na Ilha da Madeira" (PDF). p. 19. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  299. ^ Quetelard, Hubert; Bessemoulin, Pierre; Cerveny, Randall S.; Peterson, Thomas C.; Burton, Andrew; Boodhoo, Yadowsun (1 May 2009). "Extreme Weather: World-Record Rainfalls During Tropical Cyclone Gamede". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (5): 603–608. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..603Q. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2660.1. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 122555985.
  300. ^ "Précipitations extrêmes (report)". www.meteo.fr. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  301. ^ Christopher Burt, New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered?, 18 March 2013
  302. ^ "Where It Rained for 331 Days in a Row in the U.S." The Weather Channel.
  303. ^ Fritz, Angela (11 March 2015). "World record? 100 inches of snow may have clobbered Italy in 18 hours, review pending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  304. ^ a b Burt, Christopher (2004), Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 77, ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1
  305. ^ Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911–390 inches."
  306. ^ "News". The Weather Channel. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  307. ^ Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book; Christopher Burt; 2007
  308. ^ "Answers archive: Winter, snow, ice". USA Today. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012.
  309. ^ Center for Severe Weather Research (2006). "Doppler On Wheels". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
  310. ^ Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (19 March 2024). "Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation". Monthly Weather Review. -1 (aop). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society: 1689–1710. Bibcode:2024MWRv..152.1689L. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 (inactive 2 December 2024). Retrieved 19 March 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  311. ^ a b "World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  312. ^ a b "Info note No. 58 – World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  313. ^ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  314. ^ "Research: Tornado Extremes". TORRO. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  315. ^ "A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica". Uno Santa Fe. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  316. ^ National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Storm". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  317. ^ World: Largest tornado Outbreak Archived 26 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the World Meteorological Organization website
  318. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-879362-01-7.
  319. ^ "Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded". weather.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  320. ^ American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, 15 August 2014, A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
  321. ^ Diamond, Howard (5 July 2017). "Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  322. ^ a b "Appendix I – Weather Extremes" (PDF). San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  323. ^ NWS (30 July 2010). "Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  324. ^ "Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  325. ^ a b "Megaflash: Longest lightning flash ever breaks record". Guinness World Records. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  326. ^ "Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  327. ^ Belles, Jonathan (24 May 2016). "Supercell Thunderstorm Towers Nearly 70,000 Feet, About Twice the Cruising Altitude of Commercial Planes". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  328. ^ "June 13, 2022: Supercell Storm Brings a Swath of Severe Wind Damage and Two Tornadoes to the Chicago Metro". National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois.
  329. ^ a b "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  330. ^ a b "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya