List of secretaries of state of the United States
This is a list of secretaries of state of the United States .
Secretaries of foreign affairs (1781–1789)
On January 10, 1780, the Congress of the Confederation created the Department of Foreign Affairs.[1]
On August 10, 1781, Congress selected Robert R. Livingston , a delegate from New York , as the first Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Livingston was unable to take office until October 20, 1781. He served until June 4, 1783, and was succeeded by John Jay on December 21, 1784, who served until March 4, 1789, when the government under the Articles of Confederation gave way to the government under the Constitution .
The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs were reinstated by a law signed by George Washington on July 27, 1789. John Jay retained the post on an interim basis, pending the return of Thomas Jefferson from France.
Secretaries of state
On September 15, 1789, before Jefferson could return to take the post, Washington signed into law another act which changed the name of the office from Secretary of Foreign Affairs to Secretary of State , changed the name of the department to the Department of State , and added several domestic powers and responsibilities to both the office of secretary and the department. Thomas Jefferson took office as the first secretary of state on March 22, 1790.
Denotes an interim secretary of state
Secretary
Party
[a]
Term of office
President(s)
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Term
–
John Jay (1745–1829)
Federalist
–
September 15, 1789
March 22, 1790
188 days
New York
George Washington
1
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [3]
Democratic- Republican
–
March 22, 1790
December 31, 1793
3 years, 284 days
Virginia
2
Edmund Randolph (1753–1813) [4]
Federalist
–
January 2, 1794
August 20, 1795
1 year, 232 days
Virginia
3
Timothy Pickering (1745–1829) [5]
Federalist
–
August 20, 1795
December 10, 1795[b]
4 years, 265 days
Pennsylvania
December 10, 1795
May 12, 1800
John Adams
–
Charles Lee (1758–1815) [c] [6]
Federalist
–
May 13, 1800
June 5, 1800
23 days
Virginia
4
John Marshall (1755–1835) [7]
Federalist
–
June 13, 1800
February 4, 1801
264 days
Virginia
February 4, 1801
March 4, 1801[d]
–
Levi Lincoln Sr. (1749–1820) [c] [8]
Democratic- Republican
–
March 5, 1801
May 1, 1801
57 days
Massachusetts
Thomas Jefferson
5
James Madison (1751–1836) [9]
Democratic- Republican
–
May 2, 1801
March 3, 1809
7 years, 305 days
Virginia
6
Robert Smith (1757–1842) [10]
Democratic- Republican
–
March 6, 1809
April 1, 1811
2 years, 26 days
Maryland
James Madison
7
James Monroe (1758–1831) [11]
Democratic- Republican
30–0
April 2, 1811
September 30, 1814
5 years, 335 days
Virginia
October 1, 1814
February 28, 1815[b]
February 28, 1815
March 3, 1817
–
John Graham (1774–1820) [e] [12]
Democratic- Republican
–
March 4, 1817
March 9, 1817
5 days
Kentucky
James Monroe
–
Richard Rush (1780–1859) [c] [13]
Federalist
–
March 10, 1817
September 22, 1817
196 days
Pennsylvania
8
John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) [14]
Democratic- Republican
29–1
September 22, 1817
March 3, 1825
7 years, 162 days
Massachusetts
–
Daniel Brent (1770–1841) [e] [15]
Democratic- Republican
–
March 4, 1825
March 7, 1825
3 days
Virginia
John Quincy Adams
9
Henry Clay (1777–1852) [16]
Democratic- Republican
27–14
March 7, 1825
March 3, 1829
3 years, 361 days
Kentucky
National Republican
–
James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878) [17]
Democratic
–
March 4, 1829
March 27, 1829
23 days
New York
Andrew Jackson
10
Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [18]
Democratic
25–7
March 28, 1829
May 23, 1831
2 years, 56 days
New York
11
Edward Livingston (1764–1836) [19]
Democratic
–
May 24, 1831
May 29, 1833
2 years, 5 days
Louisiana
12
Louis McLane (1786–1857) [20]
Democratic
[f]
May 29, 1833
June 30, 1834
1 year, 32 days
Delaware
13
John Forsyth (1780–1841) [21]
Democratic
–
July 1, 1834
March 3, 1841
6 years, 245 days
Georgia
Martin Van Buren
–
Jacob L. Martin (?–1848) [e] [22]
–
–
March 4, 1841
March 5, 1841
1 day
District of Columbia
William Henry Harrison
14
Daniel Webster (1782–1852) [23]
Whig
–
March 6, 1841
May 8, 1843
2 years, 63 days
Massachusetts
John Tyler
–
Hugh S. Legaré (1797–1843) [c] [24]
Democratic
–
May 9, 1843
June 20, 1843
42 days
South Carolina
–
William S. Derrick (1802–1852) [e] [25]
–
–
June 21, 1843
June 23, 1843
2 days
Pennsylvania
15
Abel P. Upshur (1791–1844) [26]
Whig
–
June 24, 1843
July 23, 1843[g]
220 days
Virginia
July 24, 1843
February 28, 1844
–
John Nelson (1791–1860) [c] [27]
Whig
–
February 29, 1844
March 31, 1844
31 days
Maryland
16
John C. Calhoun (1782–1850) [28]
Democratic
–
April 1, 1844
March 10, 1845[h]
343 days
South Carolina
17
James Buchanan (1791–1868) [29]
Democratic
–
March 10, 1845
March 7, 1849[h]
3 years, 362 days
Pennsylvania
James K. Polk
18
John M. Clayton (1796–1856) [30]
Whig
–
March 8, 1849
July 22, 1850
1 year, 136 days
Delaware
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
19
Daniel Webster (1782–1852) [23]
Whig
–
July 23, 1850
October 24, 1852
2 years, 93 days
Massachusetts
–
Charles Magill Conrad (1804–1878) [b] [31]
Whig
–
October 25, 1852
November 5, 1852
11 days
Louisiana
20
Edward Everett (1794–1865) [32]
Whig
–
November 6, 1852
March 3, 1853
117 days
Massachusetts
–
William Hunter (1805–1886) [e] [33]
–
–
March 4, 1853
March 7, 1853
3 days
Rhode Island
Franklin Pierce
21
William L. Marcy (1786–1857) [34]
Democratic
–
March 7, 1853
March 6, 1857[h]
3 years, 364 days
New York
22
Lewis Cass (1782–1866) [35]
Democratic
–
March 6, 1857
December 14, 1860
3 years, 283 days
Michigan
James Buchanan
–
William Hunter (1805–1886) [e] [33]
–
–
December 15, 1860
December 16, 1860
1 day
Rhode Island
23
Jeremiah S. Black (1810–1883) [36]
Democratic
–
December 17, 1860
March 5, 1861[h]
78 days
New York
24
William H. Seward (1801–1872) [37]
Republican
–
March 5, 1861
March 4, 1869
7 years, 364 days
New York
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
25
Elihu B. Washburne (1816–1887) [38]
Republican
–
March 5, 1869
March 16, 1869
11 days
Illinois
Ulysses S. Grant
26
Hamilton Fish (1808–1893) [39]
Republican
–
March 17, 1869
March 12, 1877[h]
7 years, 360 days
New York
27
William M. Evarts (1818–1901) [40]
Republican
44–2
March 12, 1877
March 7, 1881[h]
3 years, 360 days
New York
Rutherford B. Hayes
28
James G. Blaine (1830–1893) [41]
Republican
–
March 7, 1881
December 19, 1881
287 days
Maine
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
29
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (1817–1885) [42]
Republican
–
December 19, 1881
March 6, 1885[h]
3 years, 77 days
New Jersey
30
Thomas F. Bayard (1828–1898) [43]
Democratic
–
March 7, 1885
March 6, 1889[h]
3 years, 364 days
Delaware
Grover Cleveland
31
James G. Blaine (1830–1893) [41]
Republican
–
March 7, 1889
June 4, 1892
3 years, 89 days
Maine
Benjamin Harrison
–
William F. Wharton (1847–1919) [i] [44]
Republican
–
June 4, 1892
June 29, 1892
25 days
Massachusetts
32
John W. Foster (1836–1917) [45]
Republican
–
June 29, 1892
February 23, 1893
239 days
Indiana
–
William F. Wharton (1847–1919) [i] [44]
Republican
–
February 24, 1893
March 6, 1893
10 days
Massachusetts
Grover Cleveland
33
Walter Q. Gresham (1832–1895) [46]
Democratic
–
March 7, 1893
May 28, 1895
2 years, 82 days
Illinois
–
Edwin F. Uhl (1841–1901) [i] [47]
Democratic
–
May 28, 1895
June 9, 1895
12 days
Michigan
34
Richard Olney (1835–1917) [48]
Democratic
–
June 10, 1895
March 5, 1897[h]
1 year, 268 days
Massachusetts
35
John Sherman (1823–1900) [49]
Republican
–
March 6, 1897
April 27, 1898
1 year, 52 days
Ohio
William McKinley
36
William R. Day (1849–1923) [50]
Republican
–
April 28, 1898
September 16, 1898
141 days
Ohio
–
Alvey A. Adee (1842–1924) [j] [51]
Independent
–
September 17, 1898
September 29, 1898
12 days
New York
37
John Hay (1838–1905) [52]
Republican
–
September 30, 1898
July 1, 1905
6 years, 274 days
District of Columbia
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Francis B. Loomis (1861–1948) [i] [53]
Republican
–
July 1, 1905
July 18, 1905
17 days
Ohio
38
Elihu Root (1845–1937) [54]
Republican
–
July 19, 1905
January 27, 1909
3 years, 192 days
New York
39
Robert Bacon (1860–1919) [55]
Republican
–
January 27, 1909
March 5, 1909[h]
37 days
New York
40
Philander C. Knox (1853–1921) [56]
Republican
–
March 6, 1909
March 5, 1913[h]
3 years, 364 days
Pennsylvania
William Howard Taft
41
William Jennings Bryan (1860–1925) [57]
Democratic
–
March 5, 1913
June 9, 1915
2 years, 96 days
Nebraska
Woodrow Wilson
42
Robert Lansing (1864–1928) [58]
Democratic
–
June 9, 1915
June 24, 1915[k]
4 years, 249 days
New York
June 24, 1915
February 13, 1920
–
Frank Polk (1871–1943) [l] [59]
Democratic
–
February 14, 1920
March 14, 1920
29 days
New York
43
Bainbridge Colby (1869–1950) [60]
Democratic
–
March 23, 1920
March 4, 1921
346 days
New York
44
Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948) [61]
Republican
–
March 5, 1921
March 4, 1925
3 years, 364 days
New York
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
45
Frank B. Kellogg (1856–1937) [62]
Republican
–
March 5, 1925
March 28, 1929
4 years, 23 days
Minnesota
Herbert Hoover
46
Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950) [63]
Republican
–
March 28, 1929
March 4, 1933
3 years, 341 days
New York
47
Cordell Hull (1871–1955) [64]
Democratic
–
March 4, 1933
November 30, 1944
11 years, 271 days
Tennessee
Franklin D. Roosevelt
48
Edward Stettinius Jr. (1900–1949) [65]
Democratic
68–1
December 1, 1944
June 27, 1945
208 days
Virginia
Harry S. Truman
–
Joseph Grew (1880–1965) [l] [66]
Independent
–
June 28, 1945
July 3, 1945
5 days
New Hampshire
49
James F. Byrnes (1882–1972) [67]
Democratic
–
July 3, 1945
January 21, 1947
1 year, 202 days
South Carolina
50
George C. Marshall (1880–1959) [68]
Independent
–
January 21, 1947
January 20, 1949
1 year, 365 days
Pennsylvania
51
Dean Acheson (1893–1971) [69]
Democratic
83–6
January 21, 1949
January 20, 1953
3 years, 365 days
Maryland
–
H. Freeman Matthews (1899–1986) [l] [70]
Independent
–
January 20, 1953
January 21, 1953
1 day
Maryland
Dwight D. Eisenhower
52
John Foster Dulles (1888–1959) [71]
Republican
–
January 21, 1953
April 22, 1959
6 years, 91 days
New York
53
Christian Herter (1895–1966) [72]
Republican
93–0
April 22, 1959
January 20, 1961
1 year, 273 days
Massachusetts
–
Livingston T. Merchant (1903–1976) [m] [73]
Independent
–
January 20, 1961
January 21, 1961
1 day
District of Columbia
John F. Kennedy
54
Dean Rusk (1909–1994) [74]
Democratic
–
January 21, 1961
January 20, 1969
7 years, 365 days
New York
Lyndon B. Johnson
–
Charles E. Bohlen (1904–1974) [n] [75]
Independent
–
January 20, 1969
January 22, 1969
2 days
District of Columbia
Richard Nixon
55
William P. Rogers (1913–2001) [76]
Republican
–
January 22, 1969
September 3, 1973
4 years, 224 days
Maryland
–
Kenneth Rush (1910–1994) [o] [77]
Republican
–
September 3, 1973
September 22, 1973
19 days
Florida
56
Henry Kissinger (1923–2023) [78]
Republican
78–7
September 22, 1973
January 20, 1977
3 years, 120 days
District of Columbia
Gerald Ford
–
Philip Habib (1920–1992) [m] [79]
Independent
–
January 20, 1977
January 23, 1977
3 days
California
Jimmy Carter
57
Cyrus Vance (1917–2002) [80]
Democratic
Voice
January 23, 1977
April 28, 1980
3 years, 96 days
New York
–
Warren Christopher (1925–2011) [o] [81]
Democratic
–
April 28, 1980
May 2, 1980
4 days
California
–
David D. Newsom (1918–2008) [m] [82]
Independent
–
May 2, 1980
May 3, 1980
1 day
California
–
Richard N. Cooper (1934–2020) [p] [83]
Independent
–
May 3, 1980
0 days
Connecticut
–
David D. Newsom (1918–2008) [m] [82]
Independent
–
May 3, 1980
May 4, 1980
1 day
California
–
Warren Christopher (1925–2011) [o] [81]
Democratic
–
May 4, 1980
May 8, 1980
4 days
California
58
Edmund Muskie (1914–1996) [84]
Democratic
94–2
May 8, 1980
January 18, 1981
255 days
Maine
–
David D. Newsom (1918–2008) [m] [82]
Independent
–
January 18, 1981
January 22, 1981
4 days
California
59
Alexander Haig (1924–2010) [85]
Republican
93–6
January 22, 1981
July 5, 1982
1 year, 164 days
Connecticut
Ronald Reagan
–
Walter J. Stoessel Jr. (1920–1986) [o] [86]
Independent
–
July 5, 1982
July 16, 1982
11 days
California
60
George Shultz (1920–2021) [87]
Republican
97–0
July 16, 1982
January 20, 1989
6 years, 188 days
California
–
Michael Armacost (b. 1937) [m] [88]
Independent
–
January 20, 1989
January 25, 1989
5 days
Maryland
George H. W. Bush
61
James Baker (b. 1930) [89]
Republican
99–0
January 25, 1989
August 23, 1992
3 years, 211 days
Texas
62
Lawrence Eagleburger (1930–2011) [90]
Republican
–
August 23, 1992
December 8, 1992[o]
150 days
Florida
Recess
December 8, 1992
January 20, 1993
–
Arnold Kanter (1945–2010) [q] [91]
Independent
–
January 20, 1993
0 days
District of Columbia
–
Frank G. Wisner (b. 1938) [r] [92]
Independent
–
January 20, 1993
0 days
District of Columbia
Bill Clinton
63
Warren Christopher (1925–2011) [81]
Democratic
Voice
January 20, 1993
January 17, 1997
3 years, 363 days
California
64
Madeleine Albright (1937–2022) [93]
Democratic
99–0
January 23, 1997
January 20, 2001
3 years, 363 days
District of Columbia
65
Colin Powell (1937–2021) [94]
Republican
Voice
January 20, 2001
January 26, 2005
4 years, 6 days
Virginia
George W. Bush
66
Condoleezza Rice (b. 1954) [95]
Republican
85–13
January 26, 2005
January 20, 2009
3 years, 360 days
California
–
William J. Burns (b. 1956) [m]
Independent
–
January 20, 2009
January 21, 2009
1 day
District of Columbia
Barack Obama
67
Hillary Clinton (b. 1947) [96]
Democratic
94–2
January 21, 2009
February 1, 2013
4 years, 11 days
New York
68
John Kerry (b. 1943) [97]
Democratic
94–3
February 1, 2013
January 20, 2017
3 years, 354 days
Massachusetts
–
Thomas A. Shannon Jr. (b. 1958 ) [m] [98]
Republican
–
January 20, 2017
February 1, 2017
12 days
Minnesota
Donald Trump
69
Rex Tillerson (b. 1952) [99]
Republican
55–43
February 1, 2017
March 31, 2018
1 year, 58 days
Texas
–
John J. Sullivan (b. 1959) [o]
Republican
–
April 1, 2018
April 26, 2018
25 days
Massachusetts
70
Mike Pompeo (b. 1963) [100]
Republican
57–42
April 26, 2018
January 20, 2021
2 years, 269 days
Kansas
–
Daniel Bennett Smith (b. 1956) [s] [101]
Independent
–
January 20, 2021
January 26, 2021
6 days
Virginia
Joe Biden
71
Antony Blinken (b. 1962) [102]
Democratic
78–22
January 26, 2021
Incumbent
3 years, 192 days
New York
List of secretaries of state by time in office
This is a list of United States secretaries of state by time in office. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. Cordell Hull is the only person to have served as secretary of state for more than eight years. Daniel Webster and James G. Blaine are the only secretaries of state to have ever served non-consecutive terms. Warren Christopher served very briefly as acting secretary of state non-consecutively with his later tenure as full-fledged secretary of state. Elihu B. Washburne served as secretary of state for less than two weeks before becoming ambassador to France .
Notes
References
^ "Secret Committee of Correspondence/Committee for Foreign Affairs, 1775–1777" . U.S. Department of State . September 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010 .
^ a b "Cabinet Nominations, since 1789" (PDF) . legacy-assets.eenews.net/ . Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Timothy Pickering (1745–1829)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Charles Lee (1758–1815)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Marshall (1755–1835)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Levi Lincoln (1749–1820)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Madison (1751–1836)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Monroe (1758–1831)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "John Graham (1774–1820)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Richard Rush (1780–1859)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Daniel Carroll Brent (1770–1841)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry Clay (1777–1852)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Livingston (1764–1836)" . [[Office of the Historian] . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Louis McLane (1786–1857)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Forsyth (1780–1841)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Jacob L. Martin (?–1848)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Daniel Webster (1782–1852)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Hugh Swinton Legare (1797–1843)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "William S. Derrick (?–1852)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Abel Parker Upshur (1791–1844)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "John Nelson (1794–1860)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Caldwell Calhoun (1782–1850)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Buchanan (1791–1868)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Middleton Clayton (1796–1856)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Charles Magill Conrad (1804–1878)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Everett (1794–1865)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ a b "William Hunter (1805–1886)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Learned Marcy (1786–1857)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Lewis Cass (1782–1866)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Jeremiah Sullivan Black (1810–1883)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Henry Seward (1801–1872)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Elihu Benjamin Washburne (1816–1887)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hamilton Fish (1808–1893)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Maxwell Evarts (1818–1901)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Gillespie Blaine (1830–1893)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021 .
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^ "Thomas Alfred Shannon Jr. (1958–)" . Office of the Historian . Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 .
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Further reading
Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. The American secretaries of state and their diplomacy (19 vol., 1963) scholarly biographies. partly online
Graebner, Norman A., ed. An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (1961) scholarly essays on John Hay through John Foster Dulles. online
Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 290–304.
Mihalkanin Edward, ed. American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell (2004); short scholarly articles by experts; 572pp online
External links