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Look up lexical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lexical may refer to: Lexical corpus or lexis, a complete set of all words in a language Lexical item...

Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics), as a subfield of linguistic semantics, is the study of word meanings. It includes the study of how...

Lexical tokenization is conversion of a text into (semantically or syntactically) meaningful lexical tokens belonging to categories defined by a "lexer"...

Lexical density is a concept in computational linguistics that measures the structure and complexity of human communication in a language. Lexical density...

lexical rule is a form of syntactic rule used within many theories of natural language syntax. These rules alter the argument structures of lexical items...

The cuneiform lexical lists are a series of ancient Mesopotamian glossaries which preserve the semantics of Sumerograms, their phonetic value and their...

The lexical approach refers to various methods of teaching foreign languages with focus on lexical units of various sizes. On the smaller end, the lexical...

bound morphemes are not included. Items in the lexicon are called lexemes, lexical items, or word forms. Lexemes are not atomic elements but contain both...

linguistics, lexicalization is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language's lexicon. Whether word formation and lexicalization refer...

In linguistics, lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar. A lexical similarity of 1 (or...

In personality psychology, the lexical hypothesis (also known as the fundamental lexical hypothesis, lexical approach, or sedimentation hypothesis) generally...

In computer science, a lexical grammar or lexical structure is a formal grammar defining the syntax of tokens. The program is written using characters...

traditional scheme does—include word class, lexical class, and lexical category. Some authors restrict the term lexical category to refer only to a particular...

Lexical field theory, or word-field theory, was introduced on March 12, 1931, by the German linguist Jost Trier. He argued that words acquired their meaning...

In lexicography[citation needed], a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's...

practice, with lexical scope a name is resolved by searching the local lexical context, then if that fails, by searching the outer lexical context, and...

between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. A lexical set is a group of words that share a particular vowel or consonant sound...

Lexical simplification is a sub-task of text simplification. It can be defined as any lexical substitution task that reduces text complexity. Lexical...

Language resource management – Lexical markup framework (LMF; ISO 24613), produced by ISO/TC 37, is the ISO standard for natural language processing (NLP)...

Lexical diversity is one aspect of 'lexical richness' and refers to the ratio of different unique word stems (types) to the total number of words (tokens)...

machine-readable edition of lexical resources exist, e.g., Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) an ISO standard for encoding lexical resources, comprising an abstract...

In linguistics, specifically the sub-field of lexical semantics, the concept of lexical innovation includes the use of neologism or new meanings (so-called...

"lexical correspondence", but its sister project Wiktionary does: Read the Wiktionary entry "lexical correspondence" You can also: Search for Lexical correspondence...

In conversational linguistics, lexical entrainment is the phenomenon by which a speaker adopts the referential terms used by their interlocutor. It acts...

The lexical definition of a term, also known as the dictionary definition, describes the meaning of a word in terms of other words, and it is the style...

A lexical function (LF) is a tool developed within Meaning-Text Theory for the description and systematization of semantic relationships, specifically...

Lexical–gustatory synesthesia is a rare form of synesthesia in which spoken and written language (as well as some colors and emotions) causes individuals...

linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically...

In linguistics, the lexical aspect, situation type or Aktionsart (German pronunciation: [ʔakˈtsi̯oːnsˌʔaːɐ̯t], plural Aktionsarten German pronunciation:...

Lexical choice is the subtask of Natural language generation that involves choosing the content words (nouns, non-auxiliary verbs, adjectives, and adverbs)...

use of the French term déjà vu, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings. Although colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically...

tone is the use of pitch contour, pitch register, or both to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. In...

often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. These include, lexical definitions, or the common dictionary definitions of words already in a...

A lexical chain is a sequence between two semantically related ordered words in writing. It can span narrow (adjacent words or sentences) or wide context...

Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a constraint-based grammar framework in theoretical linguistics. It posits several parallel levels of syntactic structure...

In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in...

Lexical substitution is the task of identifying a substitute for a word in the context of a clause. For instance, given the following text: "After the...

The lexical decision task (LDT) is a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly...

sense). Word classes considered as syntactic categories may be called lexical categories, as distinct from phrasal categories. The terminology is somewhat...

Bilingual lexical access is an area of psycholinguistics that studies the activation or retrieval process of the mental lexicon for bilingual people....

In lexical semantics, opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that is even entails that it...

traditional approach, nouns were said to name objects and other entities, lexical verbs to indicate actions, adjectives to refer to attributes of entities...

mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, or dictionary order) is a generalization of the alphabetical order...

by a comma (e.g. Jobs, Steve or Van Gerwen, Michael) representing the "lexical name order". This convention is followed by most Western libraries, as...

users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation) to the current communicative...

Lexical diffusion is the hypothesis that a sound change is an abrupt change that spreads gradually across the words in a language to which it is applicable...

is difficult to specify the meaning at the desired level of precision. Lexical ambiguity is contrasted with semantic ambiguity.[citation needed] The former...

IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in spoken (oral) language:...

dislexified) in languages. A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins, in the form of lexical implication rules. These are rules...

inclusion and language extensions. Lexical preprocessors are the lowest-level of preprocessors as they only require lexical analysis, that is, they operate...

Flex (fast lexical analyzer generator) is a free and open-source software alternative to lex. It is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers...

English and Russian, have lexical stress, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than...

auxiliary verb lacks this form. (A corresponding lexical verb may have the form. For example, although the lexical verb need has a preterite form, the modal...

remained monolingual English speakers, a primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics...

Lexical semantics is the branch of semantics that studies word meaning. It examines whether words have one or several meanings and in what lexical relations...

Lexicostatistics Lexical semantics Lexical analysis English lexicology and lexicography List of lexicographers List of linguists Lexical Markup Framework...

Hebrew: 4886. מָשַׁח (mashach)". biblehub.com. Retrieved 21 January 2026. Lexical summary: "to rub with oil, i.e. to anoint" "χριστός Greek Word Study Tool"...

portmanteau, also known in linguistics and lexicography as a blend word, lexical blend, or simply a blend, is a word formed by combining the meanings and...

programming languages, a closure, also lexical closure or function closure, is a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with...

that generates lexical analyzers ("scanners" or "lexers"). It is commonly used with the yacc parser generator and is the standard lexical analyzer generator...

ISBN 978-1-317-85108-0. Reid, Lawrence A. (June 1, 1994). "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1)...

verb for "follow" will be found under sequor ("I follow"). Lexeme Lexical item Lexical Markup Framework Null morpheme Principal parts Root (linguistics)...

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader...

Non-lexical vocables, also known as wordless vocals, are a form of nonsense syllable used in a wide variety of music. Common English examples are "la...

the equal opportunity principle. Rawls orders the principles of justice lexically, as follows: 1, 2b, 2a. The greatest equal liberty principle takes priority...

this form. (In some cases, a corresponding lexical verb may have the form. For example, although lexical verb need has a plain past tense form, auxiliary...

learning brought a steady, though dramatically reduced, influx of new Latin lexical borrowings. Since subjects like science and philosophy (including rhetoric...

linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships...

sake, meaning "for God's sake". It is a common source of neologisms and lexical replacement. Restrictions on language typically originate from the need...

simple two-choice cases. See confusion matrix for more details. In terms of lexical opposites, a marked form is a non-basic one, often one with inflectional...

depends on the quality (voiced vs. unvoiced) of the final preceding phoneme. Lexical morphology is the branch of morphology that deals with the lexicon that...

The lexical integrity hypothesis (LIH) or lexical integrity principle is a hypothesis in linguistics which states that syntactic transformations do not...

as a string Common Lisp supports lexical environments. Formally, the bindings in a lexical environment have lexical scope and may have either an indefinite...

teacher" is a grammatically correct English sentence used to demonstrate lexical ambiguity and the necessity of punctuation, which serves as a substitute...

special vocabulary. The main objects of terminological studies are special lexical units (or special lexemes), first of all terms. They are analysed from...

embedded in domain-specific theories, while conceptual atomism argues that lexical concepts are separate units without internal structure. Philosophers debate...

Alexandrian school. Traditionally, transitivity patterns are thought of as lexical information of the verb, but recent research in construction grammar and...

distinguishes between two types of linguistic items: lexical items or content words, which carry specific lexical meaning grammatical items or function words,...

called LS-category or simply category Categorical data, in statistics Lexical category, a part of speech such as noun, preposition, etc. Syntactic category...

England's history, Old Norse served as an adstrate, contributing to the lexical structure of Old English. The phenomenon is less common today in standardized...

but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or lexical causative forms (such as English rise → raise, lie → lay, sit → set). Some...

Lexical similarity % lexical similarity Jaunpuri 56% Jaunsari 61% Sirmauri 59% Nagpuri 56%...

homophones can be used to create complicated linguistic constructs through lexical ambiguity. It has been discussed in literature in various forms since 1967...

used in linguistics include: Weighted graphs, which are used to model the lexical similarity between different languages (after computing lexicostatistics)...

may be studied in relation to individual words (named "word stress" or lexical stress) or in relation to larger units of speech (traditionally referred...

UBY is a large-scale lexical-semantic resource for natural language processing (NLP) developed at the Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP) in the...

nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from...

tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life". From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism, like other faiths, is appropriately referred to as...

the lexical structure of different languages and different states of the same language. The origin of the field theory of semantics is the lexical field...

In semantics and lexical typology, colexification is the ability for a language to express different meanings with the same word. When a language colexifies...

Lexical similarity % lexical similarity Bangani 56% Jaunsari 61% Sirmauri 55% Nagpuri 74%...

areas that mirror the internal organization of linguistics. For example, lexical semantics and frame semantics have active research communities within computational...

according to aspects of meaning: "semantics" refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while "pragmatics" is concerned with meaning in context. Within...

Latinisms has a long history, dating back to the ancient times. Early lexical Latinisms are attested in various languages that came into contact with...

from adjectives, considering them to be two separate parts of speech (or lexical categories). Determiners formerly were considered to be adjectives in some...

OntoLex is the short name of a vocabulary for lexical resources in the web of data (OntoLex-Lemon) and the short name of the W3C community group that...

In linguistics, a word stem is a word part responsible for a word's lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the...

Irving L. (1983). The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-231-05557-4. Retrieved...

Lexical similarity % lexical similarity Bangani 59% Jaunpuri 61% Sirmauri 58% Jaunsari 60%...

can either be lexical, in which case the aspect is embedded in the verb's meaning (as in "the sun shines", where "shines" is lexically stative), or it...

this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single lexical item that is now largely independent of the literal reading. In phraseology...

lexical items and their atomic parts. Generative semantics’ case for lexical decomposition in which lexical reading, and base but different lexical extensions...

A lexeme (/ˈlɛksiːm/ ) is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of...

an accidental gap, also known as a gap, paradigm gap, accidental lexical gap, lexical gap, lacuna, or hole in the pattern, is a potential word, word sense...

Mei, Tsu-lin (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". Monumenta Serica. 32: 274–301. doi:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121...

hypothesize sound changes that may have taken place in them. The study of lexical changes forms the diachronic portion of the science of onomasiology. The...

the subject. Different words have different functions depending on their lexical category. For example, while a pronoun like who may typically function...

Tamang, Southwestern Tamang, Eastern Gorkha Tamang, and Western Tamang. Lexical similarity between Eastern Tamang (which is regarded as the most prominent)...

Colombia that form a small family. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Andaqui. The Tiniwan languages are: Tinigua (Tiniwa)...

and uh-uh /ˈʌʔə/, or the interjection of error, uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/. Such non-lexical vocables are often used in music, for example la la la or dum dee dum,...

from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the...

In computer programming languages, an identifier is a lexical token (also called a symbol, but not to be confused with the symbol primitive data type)...

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew is a scholarly book written in the English language by linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, published...

he expressed in his "Technical table". Using this tool, he prepared a lexical set of 100,000 Kyrgyz words in a short period of time. He selected 56,400...

Martha Palmer and Marc Light organized a workshop entitled Tagging with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How? in conjunction with the Conference on Applied...

surface form and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in natural language text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface...

diphthongs. Kimoto (2017) lists the following Arta lexical innovations (highlighted in bold). Lexical innovations in Casiguran Agta are also highlighted...

referring to it euphemistically instead. Read's first extended work, Lexical Evidence from Folk Epigraphy in Western North America: A Glossarial Study...

also: West Papuan languages#Lexical comparison West Bomberai languages#Lexical comparison West Papuan Highlands languages#Lexical comparison[broken anchor]...

DATR is a language for lexical knowledge representation. The lexical knowledge is encoded in a network of nodes. Each node has a set of attributes encoded...

prominent characteristic of Emacs Lisp is in its use of dynamic rather than lexical scope by default. That is, a function may reference local variables in...

communities. Brazil has also been promoting the language in Africa. The lexical similarity and comparable phonology of French to Portuguese makes it a...

The Polish language, like many others, includes swear words and profanity. While some terms are not always regarded as pejorative, others are considered...

Lexical Variant Generation (LVG) is a suite of command-line interface (CLI) tools designed to perform lexical transformations on text. The primary goal...

languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone. The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) has been derived from...

that lexical gestures serve to amplify or modulate the semantic content of lexical speech, or that it serves a cognitive purpose in aiding in lexical access...

as child, children, child's and children's may realise the same lexical item. Lexical grouping may be: Formulaic: it relies on partially fixed expressions...

or all of the following operations, often called phases: preprocessing, lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), conversion...

previous pre-lexical theory as if the VWFA was pre-lexical one would expect equal activation throughout all frequencies. Instead a lexical theory was proposed...

prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress). Absence...

related to the Camus dialect (88% to 94% lexical similarity) and to the South Maasai dialects (77% to 89% lexical similarity). The word "Samburu" itself...

Speech example An example of a Texas-raised man with a rhotic accent (George W. Bush) Problems playing this file? See media help. Speech example An example...

nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic...

English prefixes are affixes (i.e., bound morphemes that provide lexical meaning) that are added before either simple roots or complex bases (or operands)...

townships. Laitu has 91-96% lexical similarity with Sumtu Chin and Songlai Chin, 85-89% similarity with Chinbon Chin, and 82-84% lexical similarity with Asho...

also vary in terms of whether pitch accents are assigned lexically or post-lexically. Lexical pitch accents are associated with particular syllables within...

becoming accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are one facet of lexical innovation, i.e., the linguistic process of new terms and meanings entering...

different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning or lexical category: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine...

Hebraism is a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language. By successive extension it is often applied to the Jewish people, their...

Interrogative pronouns in Australian Aboriginal languages are a diverse set of lexical items with functions extending far beyond simply the formation of questions...

every semantic change of a word would also affect all other words in a lexical field. His approach was later refined by Coseriu (1964). Fritz (1974) introduced...

The Malatya dialect of Western Armenian was traditionally spoken in the city of Malatya and nearby villages, extending as far south as Hüsni Mansur (modern...

found lexical similarities with Pyu. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing...

Intifada (Arabic: اِنْتِفَاضَة, romanized: intifāḍah) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can also be used to refer...

The Ugric or Ugrian languages (/ˈjuːɡrɪk, ˈuː-/ or /ˈjuːɡriən, ˈuː-/) are a branch of the Uralic language family. Ugric includes three subgroups: Hungarian...

linguistic hypotheses, and historical linguistics relies on grammatical and lexical descriptions of languages to trace their individual histories and reconstruct...

space models. While distributional semantics typically has been applied to lexical items—words and multi-word terms—with considerable success, not least due...

and Rev. Ngai Tim. The Matu dialects share 78%–89% lexical similarity. Matu shares 66%–71% lexical similarity with Thaiphum Chin. Rawngtu Chin is spoken...

you to refer to an unspecified person English personal pronouns – Closed lexical category of the English languagePages displaying short descriptions of...

hypernym. The meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same word class (that is, part of speech), and holds between...

based on a study of 140 languages from across Eurasia. It lists the 15 lexical items that he found have the most semantic stability, i.e. the 15 words...

(either by graded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled by lexical frequency analysis within a given text corpus, and is used in corpus linguistics...

Podolian or Podillian dialect (Ukrainian: Подільський говір) is a dialect of Ukrainian language spoken in the historical region of Podolia (Ukrainian:...

between form and meaning. Specific topics include scope, binding, and lexical semantic properties such as verbal aspect and nominal individuation, semantic...

in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial...

Writer and lexicographer Roland Desnerck [nl] with a lexical card file in the 1960s...

In linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic...

including dictionary-based methods that use the knowledge encoded in lexical resources, supervised machine learning methods in which a classifier is...

free nouns are and, thus, equating lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of lexical suffixes in the Halkomelem language...

The Sepik–Ramu languages are an obsolete language family of New Guinea linking the Sepik, Ramu, Nor–Pondo (Lower Sepik), Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi)...

language syntax is generally distinguished into three levels: Words – the lexical level, determining how characters form tokens; Phrases – the grammar level...

written standard, though these will often display different phonological, lexical, and sometimes even syntactic features. While there is broad mutual intelligibility...

Malayalam get degeminated in Byari. Almost all lexical items in Byari dialect can be related to corresponding lexical items in other Malayalam varieties, Tulu...

distinction further. ANTLR – Parser generator program Flex – UNIX program for lexical analysisPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets GNU bison –...

nihilo (cf. 'free constructions', Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from...

in linguistics and psycholinguistics to refer to individual speakers' lexical, or word, representations. However, there is some disagreement as to the...

function is invoked. In addition, each nested function forms a lexical closure: the lexical scope of the outer function (including any constant, local variable...

Capiznon or Capiceño (Bisaya nga Kinapisnon) is an Austronesian regional language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Capiznon is concentrated...

known as the Lambda Papers. It was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require implementations to perform tail-call optimization...

linguistic and computational concerns; for instance some parsing systems use lexical functional grammar, but in general, parsing for grammars of this type is...

made American English more familiar in South Africa, with some American lexical items becoming alternatives to comparable British terms. Several white...

dialects of Anung have 87% lexical similarity with each other. Anung has 73-76% lexical similarity with Derung, and 77-83% lexical similarity with the Matwang...

The Cenderawasih languages, also known as Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay languages and approximately synonymous with West New Guinea languages, are a branch...

CE). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-567-08651-8. J.A.L. Lee, A Lexical Study of the Septuagint Version of the Pentateuch (Septuagint and Cognate...

are different parts of speech. One part of the common sentence is the lexical word, which is composed of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. A major question...

and southern dialects, but unlike General American English (GA). In the lexical set NURSE, most non-rhotic American accents preserve the /r/ sound. But...

to be closest to Chopi to its south, the two languages have only a 44% lexical similarity. Tonga at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Jouni Filip Maho, 2009...

The cohort model in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics is a model of lexical retrieval first proposed by William Marslen-Wilson and Alan Welsh in the...

Northeastern Dialect. Comparison: Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem: Even with...

with creoles, there is no real distinction between modal auxiliaries and lexically modal main verbs that are followed by another main verb. Hawaiian has...

The Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages are a branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages of eastern Indonesia. They are spoken on islands in the Halmahera...

"assign" three theta roles. This is coded in a theta grid associated with the lexical entry for the verb. The correspondence between the theta grid and the actual...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context Prototype...

vocabulary of the Algonquian-Basque Pidgin reflects characteristics of lexical borrowing, morphological simplification, and phonological adaptations,...

The Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary (Bulgarian: Български етимологичен речник) is a multi-volume etymological dictionary of the Bulgarian language. It...

Monosemy means 'one-meaning' and is a methodology primarily for lexical semantic analysis, but which has widespread applicability throughout the various...

words used in a language or other linguistic context or in a person's lexical repertoire. An individual person's vocabulary includes a passive vocabulary...

manifests itself first and most noticeably in speakers' vocabulary (in their lexical access and their mental lexicon), while grammatical and especially phonological...

High Tider, Hoi Toider, or Hoi Toide English is a family or continuum of American English dialects spoken in very limited communities of the South Atlantic...

differentiating types from other identifiers. In the following example, the lexical class of A cannot be determined without further contextual information:...

full members of that class (perhaps because they carry some independent lexical information), are called semi-auxiliaries. In French, for example, verbs...

This article contains Pashto text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Pashto script. Pashto dialects...

are activated, showing that lexical access is not language-specific and that top-down processing is important in lexical access. Findings suggest that...

here, and lexical aspect. Other terms for the contrast lexical vs. grammatical include: situation vs. viewpoint and inner vs. outer. Lexical aspect, also...

The Miami accent is an evolving American English accent or sociolect spoken in South Florida, particularly in Miami-Dade county, originating from central...

Rise and Progress of Mohammadanism (1911), Martin Zammit A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic (2002), and Alfred Guillaume Islam (1990) Vasalou...

the Generative tradition have speculated that Salishan languages lack lexical categories such as nouns and verbs. Evidence for such an absence of contrast...

Chiapas Zoque is a dialect cluster of Zoquean languages indigenous to southern Mexico (Wichmann 1995). The three varieties with ISO codes, Francisco León...

Middle Dnieprian dialect (Ukrainian: Середньонаддніпрянський говір) is a dialect of the Ukrainian language spoken in the historical region of Dnieper Ukraine...

carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes). Inflection changes the grammatical properties...

original on August 1, 2024. Xenogender identities are said to fill a "lexical gap" or the lack of words in the English language to define one's particular...

must select the individual words—known as lexical items—to represent that message in a process called lexical selection. The words are selected based on...

Kuuk Thaayorre (Thayore) is a Paman language spoken in the settlement Pormpuraaw on the western part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia...

appear as infinitives, participles, gerunds etc. Grammatical conjugation Lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech Verbal noun E. Adelaide Hahn...

responses. These have been categorised as non-lexical, phrasal, or substantive.[volume and issue needed] A non-lexical backchannel is a vocalized sound that has...

lemma retrieval is the first step in lexical access. In this step, meaning and the syntactic elements of a lexical item are realized as the lemma. Lemma...

tire–tar mergers. There are differing opinions as to whether /æ/ in the BATH lexical set can be considered RP. The pronunciations with /ɑː/ are invariably accepted...

nodes for all the lexical items (including those with purely grammatical function) in the sentence. Syntactic relations between lexical items at this level...

an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed...

phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with...

levelling towards GSE Differences between the two systems are mostly in lexical incidence. Many working-class speakers use the SSE system when reading...

synthesis Slavic languages distinguish between lexical and inflectional suffixes. In all cases, the lexical suffix precedes the inflectional in an agglutination...

rather than translated and, given the nature of early manuscripts, the lexical difficulty rests in determining just which two Aramaic words constitute...

can be used to describe lexical categories. Phi-features are often thought of as the "silent" features that exist on lexical heads (or, according to some...

almost extinct. The languages form two branches established on the basis of lexical and morphological innovation. Nyulnyulan Western or Nyulnyulic: Nyulnyul...

tablets are inventories of signs organized thematically, ancestors of the lexical lists typical of the Mesopotamian literary traditions. While it is known...

phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with...

operations to 32 levels of lexical nesting. Consider how we would access a lexical level 2 (D[2]) global variable from lexical level 5 (D[5]). Suppose the...

the dialect under consideration. When considering English as a whole, lexical sets are often used, each named by a word containing the vowel or vowels...

substituted for a noun. Lexical selection errors are based on semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy or membership of the same lexical field. For this...

varieties include Omok and Chuvan, which survived until the 19th century. Some lexical differences between Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir: Article 1 of the...

Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0521646960. Tore Kjeilen. "Lexic Orient.com". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June...

majority of experiments investigating the generation effect. According to the lexical activation hypothesis, the participant must search their semantic memory...

in OpenStreetMap. Several metrics use WordNet, a manually constructed lexical database of English words. Despite the advantages of having human supervision...

mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus. The lexical route is the process whereby skilled readers can recognize known words...

Hoppin' John, also known as Carolina peas and rice, is a rice and beans dish of legendary origins associated with the cuisine of the Southern United States...

The Lausberg area is a part of southern Italy, covering much of Basilicata and the northern edge of Calabria, where Southern Italian dialects are spoken...

meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes...

feature that relates to an understanding of the referential limits of a lexical item. Fundamentally, words that specify a spatio-temporal demarcation of...

This is a list of words used in mainstream South African English but not usually found in other dialects of the English language. For internationally common...

linguistic term used with two different meanings. An adnoun is a kind of lexical category. In English, it is a word that is usually an adjective, but is...

Obrador-Cursach (2019) has presented further phonetic, morphological and lexical evidence supporting a close relation between Greek and Phrygian, as seen...

Glossary of Grammatical Terms Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales Archived 1 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Définition de LE, LA:...

usage by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for mergers by linguists unfamiliar with the...

the Spanish-language lyrics, featuring a play on words on ecstasy, non-lexical vocables such as "¡Hoo! ¡Hoo ha! ¡Hea hoo! Chiquitan chiquitan tan tan…"...

languages. Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki (2019): Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items...

of Sanskrit morphology is the root, states Jamison, "a morpheme bearing lexical meaning". The verbal and nominal stems of Sanskrit words are derived from...

Morphologically, they are usually simple and do not inflect. They form a closed lexical category. Many of the most common of these are grammaticalized and correspond...

lower-even tone rimes correspond to Mandarin falling-tone rimes). Some lexical differences between the varieties of formal written Standard Chinese in...

the company was dissolved in 2012. In 2003, he started his own company Lexical Computing Limited delivering tools and services in corpus processing. He...

General Linguistics). Examples of approaches within structural semantics are Lexical field theory (1931-1960s), relational semantics (from the 1960s by John...

Fido is a dog. *Jim loathes on Fido barking. *Jim loathes Fido to bark. Lexical aspect Copula Active–stative alignment Binnick, Robert I. (1991). Time...

Charles Boberg: Elective direct lexical transfer of non-English words (e.g., garderie for daycare) Imposed direct lexical transfer of non-English words...

(ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) found lexical similarities among Nivkh, Mongolic, and Tungusic, likely due to lexical borrowings. Hudson & Robbeets (2020)...

conversational code-switches to long-term lexical borrowings. The recipient language (Cantonese) absorbs foreign lexical elements by what Sarah G. Thomason (2001)...

Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in the neighboring U.S. state of Texas. It is a possible...

larger numbers of items and languages. The items included may be either lexical, such as 'hand', 'sky', and 'go', or morphological, such as PLURAL and...

The Chamic languages, also known as Aceh–Chamic and Acehnese–Chamic, are a group of ten languages spoken in Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia) and in parts of Cambodia...

Kuki-Chin-Mizo language of Myanmar. The Senthang dialects share 79% to 95% lexical similarity. Senthang is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue)...

varieties share 93% to 100% lexical similarity. Khun is closely related to other Tai languages. Khün shares 90% to 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai...

sentence level, the principle claims that what remains if one removes the lexical parts of a meaningful sentence, are the rules of composition. The sentence...

strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages...

decided to use a limited data, not taking into account dialectological lexical richness which shows much broader distribution of specific words. In her...

signal, in addition to the syntactic structure and semantics, as to the lexical category of the word use in the context of the sentence. In some circumstances...

international audiences in 2010, when a 1976 clip of him singing a non-lexical vocable version of the song "I Am Very Glad, As I Am Finally Returning...

According to Nurse & Philippson (2003), they form a valid node. Indeed, at 90% lexical similarity they may be dialects of a single language. Additionally, Bende...

constituent is prominent sententially in a way that can contrast with lexical stress, this was originally referred to as "nuclear" stress. The purpose...

Smith (2017a, 2017b). The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the Maritime...

WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms...

spelled speech dysfluency, is any of various breaks, irregularities, or non-lexical vocables which occur within the flow of otherwise fluent speech. These...

(ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776) "POS tags". Sketch Engine. Lexical Computing. 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-04-06. "The Penn Treebank Tag Set"...

the Shigatse prefecture, of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. Kyirong has lexical tone, with a three-tone system. There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility...

of Arts in 1951 and his doctorate in 1956 (with a dissertation on "The Lexical Status of Mishnaic Hebrew"). He taught at Brandeis University (1954–56)...

headed by a lexical predicate in its head position) will be referred as CP ("big CP"), and a CP without V2 (i.e. CP headed by a non-lexical element) will...

Lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars (LTAG) are a variant of TAG in which each elementary tree (initial or auxiliary) is associated with a lexical item...

The Bangi language, or Bobangi, is a relative and main lexical source of Lingala spoken in central Africa. Dialects of the language are spoken on both...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context Prototype...

can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–object: make and decision), lexical relation (such as antonymy), or they can be in no linguistically defined...

Dictionary', 1959) gave a detailed, though conservative, overview of the lexical knowledge accumulated by 1959. Jerzy Kuryłowicz's 1956 Apophonie gave a...

added, or removed from a dictionary. They are responsible for arranging lexical material (usually alphabetically, but also sometimes more thematically...

standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes. Below is a summary of lexical similarity between major Burmese dialects: Spoken...

Retrieved February 8, 2026. Lepic, Ryan (2015). Motivation in Morphology: Lexical Patterns in ASL and English (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, San...

distinction should be made between grammatical categories and lexical categories. Lexical categories (considered syntactic categories) largely correspond...

traditionally mostly singular (e.g., "trouser press") except when there were lexical restrictions (e.g., "arms race"), but there is a recent trend towards more...

Zarma (Zarma Ciine/Sanni; Ajami: زَرْمَ ݘِينٜ / زَرْمَ سَنِّ) is one of the Songhay languages. It is the leading indigenous language of the southwestern...

Slavicisms or Slavisms are words and expressions (lexical, grammatical, phonetic, etc.) borrowed or derived from Slavic languages. Most languages of the...

A semantic feature is a component of the concept associated with a lexical item ('female' + 'performer' = 'actress'). More generally, it can also be a...

endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter, but the lexical root chat. Inflectional...

warrants separate consideration from, though in addition to, its broader lexical meaning in Classical Arabic. In Islamic historiography, fitna specifically...

quality around [ɔ̞]. In Standard Scottish English, both the LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets are realized with the vowel /ɔ/, producing homophones such as "knotty"...

Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words to carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like...

Baniswola Lexical Change Final Stress Meaning Initial Stress Meaning غووړي ğwoṛí oil غووړي ğwóṛi he/she/they wants مستې masté yogurt مستې máste luscious...

An ambiguous phoneme presented in a lexical context will be perceived as consistent with the surrounding lexical context. This perceptual effect is known...

Great God List, is the longest preserved Mesopotamian god list, a type of lexical list cataloging the deities worshiped in the Ancient Near East, chiefly...

an etymological calque is a lexical item calqued from another language by replicating the etymology of the borrowed lexical item although this etymology...

with well-established lexical representations are more likely to show lexical competition than people with less-established lexical representation. Kindness...

Qiangic. Bradley notes that Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic share some unique lexical items, even though they are morphologically quite different; whereas all...

its lexical items: [VP [DP Emma] [V' [V dislikes] [DP [D the] [NP pie]]]] The above phrasal representation allows for an understanding of each lexical item...

different forms and functions that may be limited to one lexical category or shared across lexical categories. Partial reduplication gives the plural form...

and lexical analyses correspond in the following ways: In the lexical accounts, the causative alternation takes place at the level of the lexical conceptual...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context Prototype...

closely related to the Antaifasy dialect, with only minor phonological and lexical differences. One distinctive feature is the use of suffixes such as -tra...

Makalero or Maklere is a Papuan language spoken in the Lautém district of East Timor. It was previously considered to be a dialect of Makasae, but is nowadays...

Gutob–Remo ↔ Gtaʔ Note: "↔" = shares certain innovative isoglosses (structural, lexical). In Austronesian and Papuan linguistics, this has been called a "linkage"...

intelligibility and an 82 percent lexical similarity, and Puluwatese, with a 75 percent intelligibility and an 83 percent lexical similarity. The language today...

three branches are held together by morphological evidence, as very few lexical cognates are shared among them. The family was proposed by William A. Foley...

the Italian language. Italian words can be divided into the following lexical categories: articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions...

The Nordic Indo-Germanic people is a mythological group, from which the Germanic peoples allegedly descended. The assumption of the existence of this primordial...

phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named Judeo-Gascon. It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features...

Rakugo (落語; literally 'story with a fall') is a form of Japanese verbal comedy, traditionally performed in yose theatres. The lone storyteller (落語家, rakugoka)...

as a portmanteau of the two lexical innovations ‘two’ and ‘pig’, respectively. The Cai–Long languages possess major lexical innovations that distinguish...

no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences. Nonetheless, the consensus remains that they...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context Prototype...

Errors in early word use or developmental errors are mistakes that children commonly commit when first learning language. Language acquisition is an impressive...

"Speech Levels, Social Predicates and Pragmatic Structure in Balinese: A Lexical Approach". Pragmatics. 15 (2–3): 169–203. doi:10.1075/prag.15.2-3.02ark...

This article contains text in the Linear B syllabic script and characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words. Without proper rendering...

auxiliary verb to be and a past participle of the main verb which carries the lexical content of the predicate. In other languages, such as Latin, the passive...

Northern Andamanese language based primarily on the Jeru dialect, with lexical and grammatical influence from other Northern Andamanese dialects (Bo,...

Geoffrey; Koscharsky, Halyna (2006). "Contours and Consequences of the Lexical Divide in Ukrainian" (PDF). ASEES. 20 (1–2): 141. "Northern dialects"....

2022. Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7...

17:24 and 2 Samuel 10:9 and 13. Variants also include the substitution of lexical equivalents, semantic and grammar differences, and larger scale shifts...

grouping was proposed by Roger Blench (2014), based on exclusively shared lexical items that had been noted by Modi (2013). Blench (2014) argues that Greater...

JavaCC (Java Compiler Compiler) is an open-source parser generator and lexical analyzer generator written in the Java programming language. JavaCC is...

Khmuic homeland was adjacent to the Palaungic homeland, resulting in many lexical borrowings among the two branches due to intense contact. Sidwell (2014)...

intended meaning in a given context lexical substitution – the task of replacing a word in context with a lexical substitute sememe – unit of meaning...

Meaning, has the following sub-principles: Primacy of Content Words, the Lexical Preference principle, the Preference for Non-redundancy principle, the...

relationship between individual words. This requires an understanding of lexical hierarchy, including hyponymy and hypernymy, meronomy, polysemy, synonyms...

vowels, in contrast with eight or nine in Northern Santali, different lexical items, and to a certain degree, variable morphology. Santali is recognised...

Portuguese creoles are creole languages whose lexical base is mainly derived from Portuguese. The oldest of them, Cape Verdean Creole, appeared at the...

titled Context Effects on Word Recognition: Implications for Models of Lexical Representation. She spent the next three years as a post-doctoral fellow...

that shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages, and notably within the centum-satem...

based solely on lexical resemblances, which retained as much as 85% of Wurm's hypothesis, though some of it tentatively. The strongest lexical evidence for...

multiple languages within Tiipai. On the other hand, despite a great deal of lexical variation, all varieties of Tiipai are mutually intelligible, meaning that...

peoples. Paul Sidwell notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Katuic and Bahnaric the closer they are geographically...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

with the Northwest Caucasian languages, absorbing a Northwest Caucasian lexical blending before moving farther westward to a region north of the Black...

at all. In general, spaces are inserted between lexical clusters called eojeol (어절; 語節). These lexical clusters can be subdivided into various other categories...

Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia. They are not closely related, being 56% lexically similar (Ethnologue). These languages are Selaru and Seluwasan. Grimes...

form of language (non-standard dialect, restricted register) or a set of lexical items used by a socioeconomic class, profession, age group, or other social...

(analogous to the morpheme, defined as the smallest meaningful unit of lexical form). The term was later adopted, and its meaning broadened, by Kenneth...

Lexical variation between BASL and other dialects of ASL was first noted in the Dictionary of American Sign Language. In a later study of 34 lexical signs...

small Austronesian language of the Bomberai Peninsula of New Guinea. Lexically it is very close to Irarutu. Locations: Kuri District in Teluk Bintuni...

their Southeast Asian relatives, especially in phonology, morphology, and lexical inventories, likely due to prolonged language contact within the South...

2013 book The H Factor of Personality. Based on findings from a series of lexical studies involving several European and Asian languages, the six factors...

(sophos), which means wisdom or knowledge. Another explanation traces the lexical root of the word to ṣafā (صفاء), which in Arabic means "purity", and in...

language have survived, including personal and business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Full libraries...

on the tip of my tongue." The tip of the tongue phenomenon reveals that lexical access occurs in stages. People experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon...

In Chinese dialectology, Beijing Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 北京官话; traditional Chinese: 北京官話; pinyin: Běijīng Guānhuà) refers to a major branch of Mandarin...

lack of reconstructable shared morphology, and evidence that much shared lexical material has been borrowed from Chinese into Tibeto-Burman, by Christopher...

lexical processing, the brain activates both languages when recognizing a word in either language. Rather than selecting a single language, lexical access...

State, Myanmar. The Lutuv Chin language share 90%–97% lexical similarity. Lutuv Chin has 87%–94% lexical similarity with Mara Chin, 82%–85% with Zophe Chin...

two languages are almost mutually intelligible, and have an estimated lexical similarity of between 82% and 86%. Luganda, a Bantu language, shares its...

Costa Pacífica de América Central y América del sur Como Zona de Difusión Lexical?: Primeras Aproximaciones" (PDF). ALFAL 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original...

moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches do not corroborate the lexical isoglosses. Albanian...

opportunity and the difference principle. Rawls arranges the principles in "lexical priority," prioritizing in the order of the liberty principle, fair equality...

excellent command of Damin, but this seems to have been a unique case. Damin lexical words were organised into semantic fields and shouted out to the initiate...

belt'.[citation needed] Neither lexical tone nor pitch accent has been demonstrated for Hadza. There are no known lexical minimal pairs or grammatical use...

consist of a base (shown in Small caps), a lexical unit chosen freely by the speaker, and of a collocate, a lexical unit chosen as a function of the base....

English, particularly in the pronunciation of diphthongs. In the PRICE lexical set, including words such as “fine”, “wife”, and “ride”, Broad Australian...

differentiated language from Vulgar Latin in this respect. The French language's lexical similarity to a selection of other Romance languages is 89% with Italian...

Modality Person Telicity Mirativity Tense–aspect–mood Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) Mood Tense Voice General features Affect Boundedness...

York, N.Y: Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. Neishtadt, Mila (2015). "The Lexical Component in the Aramaic Substrate of Palestinian Arabic". In Butts, Aaron...

substances are mass nouns by default. It has been suggested nouns do not have a lexical specification for mass-count status, and instead are specified as such...

Hyderabadi Urdu (Urdu: حیدرآبادی اردو) is a variety of Dakhini Urdu, spoken in areas of the former Hyderabad State, corresponding to the Indian state of...

Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales (CNRTL) (English: National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources) is a French organisation which...

called a lexical concept. A lexical concept is usually treated as a basic concept, although it can just as easily be a complex concept. Two lexical concepts...

Wolaitta or Wolayttatto Doonaa is a North Omotic language of the Ometo group spoken in the Wolayita Zone and some other parts of southwestern Ethiopia...

text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK, and in lexical analysis. Regular expressions are supported in many programming languages...

difference between ei and aai. Other phonological differences include: Some lexical differences between Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian include: West Frisian...

In grammar and linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An affirmation is a positive polarity item...

It was superseded by a variety of French that retains a large number of lexical and morphological influences from Judeo-Gascon. This variety of French...

figure in the transmission of the Qira'at - the different linguistic, lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactical forms permitted with reciting...

The South Halmahera languages are the branch of Austronesian languages found along the southeast coast of the island of Halmahera in the Indonesian province...

California English (or Californian English) is the collection of English dialects native to California, traditionally classified under General or Western...

Hanja–Korean script influenced by the Japanese writing system, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Korean script. Korean...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

the lexical hypothesis, which suggests that the most important personality traits are encoded in language. Raymond Cattell built upon earlier lexical work...

known for its eponymous encyclopedia and other renowned bedrock brands for lexical functional grammar such as Duden, Meyers or the Harenberg Lexikon-Verlag...

32). Sidwell (2018: 23) lists the following Khasian lexical innovations (i.e., defining lexical forms) that are found exclusively in the Khasian branch...

South Halmahera–West New Guinea and New Caledonian subgroups do show lexical tone. Most Austronesian languages are agglutinative languages with a relatively...

diphthongs: /aɪ̯/ ஐ and /aʊ̯/ ஔ, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Tamil has no consonant clusters at the beginning of words and the...

natural language processing task to automatically determine thematic roles Lexical function Subcategorization Dahl, Östen. "Lectures on linguistic complexity"...

Long Lexical set Associated character j-diphthongs w-diphthongs r-dropped Lexical set Associated character Lexical set Associated character Lexical set...

provenance. In addition, some of the first bilingual Sumerian–Akkadian lexical lists are preserved from that time (although the lists were still usually...

areas that mirror the internal organization of linguistics. For example, lexical semantics and frame semantics have active research communities within computational...

The Gallo-Italic or Gallo-Italian languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian...

 72. ISBN 978-1-4438-6260-8. Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of Hindvi...

A verbal fluency test is a kind of psychological test in which a participant is asked to produce as many words as possible from a category in a given time...

evidence shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages Paionian: extinct language once...

in the double reading. The irony is not lost in the contexts provided. Lexical gaps concerns words or phrases having no direct translation in any given...

both constituents are lexical items. {XP, YP} where neither constituent is a lexical item. In each of these cases, there is no lexical item acting as a prominent...

original on 5 October 2025. Retrieved 3 April 2026. James Redfern (1971). A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian Dialect Areas. Mouton Publishers...

or verbal stems, to mark intensive and extensive developments in the lexical meaning of verbs. Aramaic has two proper tenses: perfect and imperfect...

that probes for weaknesses Lexical scanner, a computer program or component of a program that breaks up its input into lexical tokens Scanner, a class in...

Babylonian period, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents. The German archaeologists fled before oncoming British troops...

connection than the lexical relationships that are traditionally sought. As a result, he agreed with the consensus belief that lexical evidence of a genetic...

number of consonants plus a vowel (cV). That is, lexical roots, not counting sometimes lexicalized CV prefixes and suffixes, are typically CVcV, CVV...

includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. There are some lexical matches between Hurro-Urartian and Sumerian, which was a language isolate...

code-switching works to mark emphasis or provide inspiration.[citation needed] Lexical need: Code-switching occurs when people use technical or idiomatic speech...

third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Deciding which measure of either type to use in...

mobile, independent of the number of syllables in the word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context Prototype...

(Sumerian: 𒌨𒅂UR.IDIM and giš.pirig.gal = ur-gu-lu-ú = ur-idim-[mu] in the lexical series ḪAR.gud = imrû = ballu), was an ancient Mesopotamian mythical creature...

English, the negating word not cannot attach directly to just any finite lexical verb; rather, it can only attach to an auxiliary or copular verb. For example...

Scripture must wrestle with the theological, contextual, syntactical, and lexical difficulties embedded within these few words".[full citation needed] Wheaton...

Modality Person Telicity Mirativity Tense–aspect–mood Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) Mood Tense Voice General features Affect Boundedness...

IRS Valuation War with the Estate of Michael Jackson (2023) Language, Lexical semantics Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies at Sanata Dharma...

recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian.[citation needed] Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English: Piedmontese on Ethnologue...

grammatical and lexical elements from Cameroonian French, Cameroonian English, and Cameroonian Pidgin English, in addition to lexical contributions from...

(QLVL). His main research interests involve the overlapping fields of lexical semantics, lexicology, and lexicography, with a theoretical focus on cognitive...

priming because the transposed letter non-word is able to activate the lexical representation of its base word[citation needed]. A non-word that is created...

pre-Austronesians to be inconsistent with both the archaeological and linguistic (lexical) evidence. The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan"...

they modify. The adjective alt (old), for example, develops a separate lexical entry that carries the morphological and syntactic requirements of the...

descendant languages. Dolgopolsky states three lexical categories to be in the Proto-Nostratic language: Lexical words Pronouns Auxiliary words Word order...

СТАРТ() ВЫВОД: 'Привет, мир!!!' КОН ПРОЦ The same, but using the English lexics [sic, from the article referenced below]: proc start() output: 'Hello, world...

For the Mura-Matanawi languages, Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kwaza, Taruma, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Jeoromitxi...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

different groups: the literary compositions such as divination, religious, lexical, medical, mathematical and historical texts as well as epics and myths...

influence affected the everyday beliefs of the indigenous peoples and the lexical composition of their languages. In the East, it spread along trade routes...

next and text do not rhyme, owing to a vowel split affecting the DRESS lexical set. The word next is realised with the raised vowel [e], which is distinguished...

auxiliary verb together with the inflected past participle form of the lexical verb; and the Irish past tense, where the proclitic do (in various surface...

sounds. There are very few lexical words (that is, not counting interjections) without vowel letters. The longest such lexical word is tsktsks, pronounced...

suggest that Makury may be an Ao language. The Makury dialects share 93% lexical similarity. Makury is not close to other Naga languages that fall under...

wrote that Hoey "has long made himself a name as a keen promoter of a lexical approach to text analysis and text linguistics in general... Hoey has produced...

Journal of Politics. 2 (2): 15. Kluge, Angela (April 2008). "A synchronic lexical study of the Ede language continuum of West Africa". Afrikanistik Online...

similarities with Uzbek(istani) Russian, such as morphological differences and lexical differences such as the use of word урюк for a wild apricot or кислушка...

recognized at the character level. — "POSIX 1003.1-2024, 2.10.1 Shell Grammar Lexical Conventions". The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 8, IEEE Std 1003...

of human language: lexical syntax, wherein pre-existing units are combined, giving rise to semantically novel or distinct lexical items.[This paragraph...

30, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Spence, Justin (January 2016). "Lexical Innovation and Variation in Hupa (Athabaskan)". International Journal of...

each other. Vector retrieval can be combined with metadata filtering or lexical search to support filtered and hybrid retrieval workflows. Common techniques...

like French, Occitan, Catalan, Portuguese, and Italian. Spanish also has lexical influences from Arabic and from Paleohispanic languages such as Iberian...

questions, such as wer mag denn Fusspilz? (who wants athlete's foot?) can be lexically identical to sincere questions, but often use a prosodic construction...

distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language...

forms below are from Sidwell & Rau (2015: 273, 340-363). Selected Khmeric lexical innovations: Proto-Austroasiatic language Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification...

are included in the ISO code for Bamu. However, Ethnologue notes that lexical similarity is below 80% with the most similar dialect of Bamu proper. Dialects...

missionary Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906. He showed phonological, morphological, and lexical evidence to support the existence of an Austric phylum consisting of Austroasiatic...

Laka or Lau is a Central Sudanic language spoken in Nigeria. It is most closely related to Kabba Laka of Chad. The Hausa refer to the Laka people of Lau...

Norsk Data Final release Final Typing discipline Static, strong Scope Lexical Platform Norsk Data Nord-10 minicomputers, ND-500 superminicomputer; Motorola...

varieties of Russian or Belarusian/Ukrainian. Russian also has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on...

aimlessly". There is a large array of different frequentatives, indicated by lexical agglutinative markers. In general, one frequentative is -:i-, and another...

2000 BC; its structure reflects the decimal lexical numerals of Semitic languages rather than Sumerian lexical numbers. However, the use of a special Sumerian...

to their common origin. However, distinctions exist at various levels: lexical (e.g., Russian voskresenye vs. Belarusian нядзеля, nyadzelya for 'Sunday';...

sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese. Most Mandarin varieties have four lexical tones, alongside unstressed syllables commonly described as having a neutral...

and cognition, and language and culture. Key areas of research include lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, phraseology and pragmatics, as well as...

Wago (和語; Japanese pronunciation: [waꜜɡo]) are native Japanese words, meaning those words in Japanese that have been inherited from Old Japanese, rather...

representation of queries and documents. It borrows techniques both from lexical bag-of-words and vector embedding algorithms, and is claimed to perform...

language written with an extension of the Arabic alphabet, with extensive lexical and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi has been used extensively...

Being based on lambda calculus, ISWIM has higher-order functions and lexically scoped variables. The operational semantics of ISWIM are defined using...

a minor Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is lexically similar to Ndaka and Budu, Mbo, and Vanuma (South Nyali). Nyali at Ethnologue...

northwestern Nigeria and northern Benin. The Mande languages show a few lexical similarities with the Atlantic–Congo language family, so together they...

The Kensington Runestone is a slab of greywacke stone covered in runes that was discovered in Western Minnesota, United States, in 1898. Olof Ohman, a...

Semantic search denotes search with meaning, as distinguished from lexical search where the search engine looks for literal matches of the query words...

punctuation or emoticons when reduced to writing, but there are grammatical and lexical expressions of affect as well, such as pejorative and approbative or laudative...

this is regulated by wh-movement The projection principle requires that lexical properties — in particular argument structure properties such as thematic...

a time when the Spanish word was still pronounced with an initial /ʃ/. Lexical comparison from Native American Language Net:[better source needed] Note...

displayed in the session. Names assigned in a dfn are local by default, with lexical scope. ⍺ denotes the left function argument and ⍵ the right; ⍺⍺ denotes...

practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography...

Schmidt in 1975 was co-author of Lex, a software program to generate lexical analysers for the Unix computer operating system. In 1983, he joined Sun...

Judgment Day. Historically, Christian mortalists have advanced theological, lexical, and scientific arguments in support of their position. Theological arguments...

type 'Rājpūt' always gravitates to the Kshatriya varna, which makes the lexical similarity between the two words semantically misleading. In past, the...

Sinnbezirk des Verstandes, which is known as the lexical field theory. According to Trier, lexical changes must always be seen, apart from the traditional...

Yabutian (Jabuti), with extinct Jeicó unclassified within the family. Lexical parallels with Kamakanan and Purian have yet to be corroborated with reconstructions;...

(1): 63–90. hdl:10524/52421. Klamer, Marian; Moro, Francesca R. (2023). "Lexical Borrowing in Austronesian and Papuan Languages: Concepts, Methodology and...

smaller Munda languages appear not having developed numeral classifiers as a lexical class or had sort of classificatory markers denoting animals and people...

Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Chadic lexical roots. Reimer, Berlin 1981. Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Chadic lexical roots. 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin...

spoke the same dialect. Definite and comprehensive evidence of Germanic lexical units only occurred after Caesar's conquest of Gaul in the 1st century...

Ōno's lexical law, or simply Ōno's law, is a statistical law for the varying rate that four word classes that appear in the lexicon of classical Japanese...

suffixed or prefixed onto adjacent words which can create long strings of lexical items. Tsimshian has an extensive system of reduplication, which is used...

doi:10.1179/peq.1876.8.3.132. ISSN 0031-0328. Neishtadt, Mila (2015). "The Lexical Component in the Aramaic Substrate of Palestinian Arabic". In Butts, Aaron...

derived from the Greek νόος ("nous, mind, reason") and σφαῖρα ("sphere"), in lexical analogy to "atmosphere" and "biosphere". The concept cannot be accredited...

diglossia because the formal, standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and...

alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American;...

Geoffrey; Koscharsky, Halyna (2006). "Contours and Consequences of the Lexical Divide in Ukrainian" (PDF). ASEES. 20 (1–2): 146. Atlas of Ukrainian Language...

centuries, and has been influenced considerably by Dutch and Spanish. Due to lexical similarities between Portuguese and Spanish, it is difficult to pinpoint...

Carr proposes that intentional vagueness explains the comparatively small lexical field of Japanese insults. One likely reason for the relatively few Japanese...

the Government of Myanmar, Danu has 93% lexical similarity with standard Burmese, while Intha has 95% lexical similarity with standard Burmese. Intha...

variety A pronounces the lexical set BATH with an [ɑː] as in the lexical set PALM, whereas a speaker of variety B pronounces the lexical set BATH with an [æ]...

including Gyalrongic may belong to a larger Burmo-Qiangic group based on some lexical innovations. The Gyalrongic languages are spoken in Sichuan in China, mainly...

speak Khumi. Anung has 72-76% lexical similarity with Mro-Khimi although mutual intelligibility is low, and 23-37% lexical similarity with neighbouring...

is a Minahasan language, a sub-group of the Philippine languages. Some lexical influence originates from European and other non-Minahasan languages, such...

of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin, so there are few lexical differences between the two languages; however, Afrikaans has considerably...

language alongside English. Esperanto has been described as "a language lexically predominantly Romanic, morphologically intensively agglutinative, and...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context Prototype...

Lyons' 1968 textbook, because the "ergativity" is contained entirely in the lexical unit and has no influence on a language's overall morphological or syntactic...

interactive theory of sentence processing, such as a constraint-based lexical approach assumes that all available information contained within a sentence...

and text corpora of Aramaic dialects. CAL includes more than 3 million lexically parsed words. The project was started in the 1980s and is currently hosted...

is a Rajasthani language of Pakistan. Spoken by Gurgula people. It is lexically quite similar with Ghera, but very different grammatically. Gurgula at...

paralinguistic information, has been shown to affect the resolution of lexical ambiguity. Some words have homophonous partners; some of these homophones...

group is grouped with Kagulu, which has a 56% lexical similarity with Gogo proper. Gogo has about 50% lexical similarity with Hehe and Sangu (both Bena–Kinga...

distinction in language between closed-class (grammatical) and open-class (lexical) categories. This distinction is motivated by the fact that language uses...

distinct in Ulster English as well, where CLOTH has a long vowel /ɔː/. Wells' lexical set NURSE corresponds to three separate Scottish phoneme sequences: /ɛr/...

Google Scholar Lapata, Maria (2000). The acquisition and modelling of lexical knowledge : a corpus-based investigation of systematic polysemy (PhD thesis)...

academic literature. As a classification: non-democracy to democracy. Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) by Skaaning et al. democracy's characteristics...

/ɐ/: /tɕa31/ ‘to eat’ vs. /tɕɐ31/ ‘to have, to exist/ Sila has three lexical tonemes and two grammatical tonemes. All consonants can occur as onsets...

of Myanmar, with which it shares 84 to 89% lexical similarity. The Ganan dialects share 95 to 99% lexical similarity. Ethnologue lists Ganaan, Ganan,...

and Germanic languages. Another measure of morphological complexity, lexical diversity, is similar to Iranian, Germanic, and Romance languages. According...

Chinese language. Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and lexicalized phrases vary greatly. The Hanyu Da Zidian, a compendium of Chinese characters...

In addition to removing the irrelevant information, the lexical analysis determines the lexical tokens of the language. This step means that forward declaration...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

language spoken in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. It has an estimated lexical similarity of between 95 and 96% with Central Khmer. Alternate names for...

Modality Person Telicity Mirativity Tense–aspect–mood Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) Mood Tense Voice General features Affect Boundedness...

probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG) (see also stochastic grammar). Lexical semantics What is the computational meaning of individual words in context...

department of neurology faculty. His 1981 dissertation was titled, Lexical access and lexical decision: mechanisms of frequency sensitivity. Gordon is the inaugural...

Silva (11 May 2010). Biblical Words and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Lexical Semantics. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87151-4. Aristotle (5 November 2012)...

Modality Person Telicity Mirativity Tense–aspect–mood Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) Mood Tense Voice General features Affect Boundedness...

(*dělo—*dьržьlь) [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages. Proto-Slavic Lexical Fund. Issue 5 (*dělo—*dьržьlь)] (PDF). Moscow: Nauka. p. 63. Archived from...

was found that the Bisu, Busi, Bishiri and Bebi dialects share above 75% lexical similarity and are mutually intelligible, but the southwestern Basang dialect...

toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number...

Malayo-Polynesian languages are marked by a significant historical Papuan influence, lexically, grammatically, and phonologically, and this is responsible for much of...