Ko of Parhae

"Dae Joyeong" redirects here. For the historical drama, see Dae Jo-yeong (TV series).
King Ko of Parhae
발해고왕 (渤海高王)
King of Parhae
PredecessorDynasty founder
Reign698–719
SuccessorKing Mu
BornTae Choyŏng/Dae Joyoung/Dae Joyeong
(대조영; 大祚榮)
Unknown
Died719
IssueMuye, King Mu
Mun-ye
Names
Tae Choyŏng
(대조영; 大祚榮)
Posthumous name
Ko/Go (고왕. 高王)
HouseHouse of Tae
FatherTae Chungsang
Go of Balhae
Chinese name
Chinese高王
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGāowáng
Wade–GilesKowang
Given in Chinese
Chinese大祚荣
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDà Zuòróng
Wade–GilesTa Tsojung
Korean name
Hangul고왕
Hanja高王
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationGo Wang
McCune–ReischauerKo Wang
Given in Korean
Hangul대조영
Hanja大祚榮
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationDae Joyeong
McCune–ReischauerTae Choyŏng

Tae Choyŏng or Dae Joyoung/Dae Joyeong (Korean: 대조영; Hanja: 大祚榮), also rendered as Da Zuorong (simplified Chinese: 大祚荣; traditional Chinese: 大祚榮; pinyin: Dàzuòróng) in Chinese, was the first king of Parhae that reigned from 699 to 719.

He is more commonly known as King Ko/King Go (Korean: 고왕; Hanja: 高王; RR: Go Wang; MR: Ko Wang) in Korea, and as King Gao (Chinese: 高王; pinyin: Gāo Wáng) in China.

Life

Early life

Tae Choyŏng was the first son of general Tae Chungsang, who was also known as "Sarigŏlgŏljungsang (Korean: 사리걸걸중상; Hanja: 舍利乞乞仲象; RR: Sarigeolgeoljungsang; MR: Sarigŏlgŏljungsang)" or "Taegŏlgŏljungsang (Korean: 대걸걸중상; Hanja: 大乞乞仲象; RR: Daegeolgeoljungsang; MR: Taegŏlgŏljungsang)".

Historical sources give different accounts of Tae Choyŏng's ethnicity and background.[1][2][3] Among the official dynastic history works, the New Book of Tang refers to Tae Choyŏng and his state as Sumo Mohe (related to Jurchens and later Manchus) affiliated with Goguryeo.[4][5] The Old Book of Tang also states Tae's ethnic background as Mohe but adds that he was "高麗別種" (gaoli biezhong).[6] The term is interpreted as meaning "a branch of the Goguryeo people" by South and North Korean historians, but as "distinct from Goguryeo" by Japanese and Chinese researchers.[7] However, it is believed to be closer to the consensus made by the Koreans.[7]

The Samguk yusa, a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Tae as a Sumo Mohe leader. However, it gives another account of Tae being a former Goguryeo general, citing a now-lost Sillan record.[8] Alexander Kim considers this unlikely since Goguryeo fell in 668 while Tae died in 719, and young men could not receive the rank of general.[9] Historian Richard McBride states that Tae was most likely an "ethnic Malgal/Mohe fully assimilated to Goguryeo culture, and thus able to rally support from both the remaining Goguryeo nobles and Malgal tribespeople."[10]

King of Chin (Zhen) and Parhae

The Tang killed Kŏlsa Piu, and Tae Chungsang also died. Tae Choyŏng integrated the armies of Goguryeo people and some Mohe (Malgal) tribes and resisted Tang attack[citation needed]. His victory over the Tang at the Battle of Tianmenling[citation needed] enabled him to expand his father's empire and claimed himself the King of Chin (Zhen) in 698[citation needed].[11] He established his capital at Dongmo Mountain in the south of today's Jilin province, and built a fortress, which was to become Zhen (Chin) kingdom's capital[citation needed].

He attempted to expand his influence in foreign politics involving the Tang/Wu Zhou, the Göktürks, the Khitan, Silla[12] and some independent Mohe tribes. At first he dispatched an envoy to the Göktürks, allying against Tang/Wu Zhou. Then he reconciled himself with the Tang when Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne.[12]

In 712, he renamed his empire Parhae. In 713, he was given the titular title of "Prince of Commandery of Bohai (Parhae)" (渤海郡王) by Emperor Xuanzong.[11] After a period of rest within the empire, King Ko made it clear that Silla was not to be dealt with peacefully because they had allied with Tang to destroy Goguryeo, the predecessor of Parhae. This aggressive stance towards Silla was continued on by his son and successor King Mu of Parhae.

Tae Choyŏng died in 719, and his son Tae Muye assumed the throne.[13] Tae Choyŏng was given the posthumous name "King Ko."

Legacy

ROK navy warship, Dae Jo-yeong in San Diego, USA.

After the fall of Parhae, Tae Kwanghyŏn, the last prince led many of the Parhae aristocracy into the Korean state, thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo.[14][15] Tae Choyŏng's descendants include modern-day Koreans who bear the surname Tae, or Dae.[16]

In South Korea, a television drama on KBS1 was launched since September 2006 in his honor. Roughly 30% (based on 2007 survey) of the South Korean viewers enjoyed this program.[citation needed].

The third Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer commissioned by the Republic of Korea Navy is named Tae Choyŏng.[17] KDX-II class destroyers are named after significant figures in Korean history such as admiral Yi Sun-sin.

The Chunbun Ancestral Rite is held annually in Parhae Village, North Gyeongsang Province in order to commemorate the achievements of Tae Choyŏng.[18] The Gyeongsan City mayor participates in the event, which is open for public participation.

See also

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2006). "Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic ?". In Juha Janhunenn; Alessandra Pozzi; Michael Weiers (eds.). Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Festschrift for Giovanni Stary's 60th birthday. Harrassowitz. pp. 255–266. Archived from the original on 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  2. ^ Richard, Zgusta (2015). The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-30043-9.
  3. ^ Tsiporuha Mikhail Isaakovich (2017). "История тунгусских племен мохэ и государства Бохай" [The history of Mohé and Bohai Tungusic tribes]. Покорение Сибири. От Ермака до Беринга. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  4. ^ New Book of Tang, Chapter 219: Bohai. 渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。
  5. ^ Kim 2015, p. 8.
  6. ^ Old Book of Tang, Original: 渤海靺鞨大祚榮者，本高麗別種也. Link
  7. ^ a b 徐吉洙. "渤海は高句麗を引き継いだ". 高句麗研究会. 日本や中国の学者は高句麗の別種とは、 「高句麗種族ではない、他の種族」という意味であると考え、韓国・北朝鮮の学者は「高句麗から出た支流」という 意味に解釈するのである。しかし別種という言葉は旧唐書渤海伝に「(渤海の)風俗は高句麗、契丹と同じ(風俗與高麗及契丹同)」 と明確にしており、別種という用語も、その本に出る用例を集めてみれば、簡単に結論が出る。 [Japanese and Chinese scholars believe that "a different tribe of Goguryeo" means "a tribe other than the Goguryeo tribe," while Korean and North Korean scholars interpret it as "a branch of Goguryeo." However, the term "different tribe" is clearly stated in the Old Book of Tang, in the section on Parhae, as "(Parhae's) customs are the same as those of Goguryeo and Khitan (風俗與高麗及契丹同)." If we collect the examples of usage of the term "different tribe" in that book, the conclusion can be easily reached.]
  8. ^ Samguk yusa, Chapter 1, Section Mohe Bohai. 通典云，渤海，本栗未靺鞨。至其酋柞榮立國，自號震旦。 [...] 又新羅古記云，高麗舊將柞榮，姓大氏。
  9. ^ Kim 2011, p. 297.
  10. ^ McBride, Richard (2024). The Three Kingdoms of Korea: Lost Civilizations. London, England: Reaktion Books. p. 137.
  11. ^ a b Kichan Bae, "Korea at the crossroads:the history and future of East Asia", Happyreading, 2007. ISBN 8989571464 p.83
  12. ^ a b Patricia Ebrey, Anne Walthall, "Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History", Vol.I:to 1800, Cengage Learning, 2013. ISBN 1133606512 p.111
  13. ^ UNESCO Korean Committee, "Korean History:Discovery of its Characteristics and Developments", VOl.5, Hollym, 2004. ISBN 1565911776 p.158
  14. ^ 이상각 (2014). 고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년 (in Korean). 들녘. ISBN 9791159250248. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  15. ^ "(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴". 우리역사넷 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  16. ^ Lee Ki-baik. "The Society and Culture of Parhae." The New History of Korea, page 88-89. Harvard University Press, 1984.
  17. ^ "Korea celebrates ties with Oman" Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine Times of Oman, 2014-10-29
  18. ^ [이 사람이 사는 법] 남천면 송백리 태재욱씨 - 경산자치신문. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

Bibliography

  • Kim, Alexander (2011a), Relations Between Bohai and Silla (7th to 9th Centuries): A Critical Analysis
  • Kim, Alexander (2011), The Historiography of Bohai in Russia
  • Kim, Alexander (2015), The Problem of the Ethnic Composition of the Bohai State – A Comparative Analysis of Russian and Korean Materials

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