Hamdan Dunamami

Hamdan Dunamami
Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire
Reign18th century (12–23 years)
c. 1717–1731[a]
PredecessorDunama VII Martemarambi
SuccessorMuhammad VIII Ergama
Diedc. 1731
Ngazargamu, Bornu
SpouseFanna
IssueMuhammad VIII Ergama
Ali IV Kalirgima
DynastySayfawa dynasty
FatherDunama VII Martemarambi

al-Ḥājj Hamdan (Ḥamdūn bin Dunama[2]), also recorded as Dunama, Muhammad,[b] and Haji,[3] and nicknamed Dunamami[3][c] and Lumlumma,[3][d] was mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the first half of the 18th century, ruling approximately 1717–1731.[a]

Life

Hamdan was a son of mai Dunama VII Martemarambi,[1] who he succeeded as mai in the first half of the 18th century.[2] Little is recorded of Hamdan's reign. The German explorer Heinrich Barth, who visited Bornu in the 1850s, stated that Hamdan was "a pious and indolent king, who appears to have made a pilgrimage",[4] hence the honorific al-Ḥājj. Although Hamdan's reign was remembered as one of peace and prosperity,[5] he is known to have engaged in military campaigns against the Mandara Kingdom, located to the southwest of Bornu.[6]

There is considerable variation in the regnal dates assigned to Hamdan; he may have ruled only for a few years or for over a decade, perhaps for over twenty years.[a] He died at Ngazargamu[3][4][5] and was succeeded as mai by his son Muhammad VIII Ergama.[1][4]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Different king lists (girgams) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries give Hamdan different regnal lengths: 12 years (Urvoy), 14 years (Barth, Palmer, Landeroin), and 23 years (Nachtigal).[1] As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1723–1736 (Barth), 1731–1747 (Palmer), 1738–1751 (Urvoy), 1713–1727 (Landeroin), and 1708–1731 (Nachtigal).[1] Cohen (1966) considered a reign of 14 years to be the most likely,[1] followed here. For unknown reasons, Bosworth (2012) assigned Hamdan a very short 5-year reign, dated to 1726–1731.[2]
  2. ^ Barth, Palmer, and Urvoy record Hamdan as Haj Hamdun. Landeroin records him as Dunama Hadji and (presumably mistakenly) inserts an additional Muhammad in the regnal list, hence this additional name. Nachtigal records Hamdan as Hadj Dunama.[1]
  3. ^ "son of Dunama"[3]
  4. ^ "lord of Lumlum"[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 55, 60, 65, 82.
  2. ^ a b c Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Palmer, H. R. (1912). "The Bornu Girgam". Journal of the Royal African Society. 12 (45): 80–81. ISSN 0368-4016.
  4. ^ a b c Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longmans. p. 660.
  5. ^ a b Palmer, H. R. (1926). History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn). p. 117.
  6. ^ Gronenborn, Detlef (2001). "Kanem-Borno: A Brief Summary of the History and Archaeology of an Empire of the Central bilad al-sudan". West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsbury. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4742-9104-0.

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