H2 Database Engine

H2 Database Engine
Initial releaseDecember 2005; 20 years ago (2005-12)
Stable release
2.4.240 / September 22, 2025; 8 months ago (2025-09-22)
Written inJava
Operating systemCross-platform
TypeRelational Database Management System
LicenseEclipse Public License or Mozilla Public License 2.0
Websitewww.h2database.com Edit this on Wikidata
Repository

H2 is a relational database management system written in Java. It can be used as an embedded database in Java applications or run in client–server mode.[1]

The software is available as open source software Mozilla Public License 2.0 or the original Eclipse Public License.[citation needed]

History

The development of the H2 database engine started in May 2004, and first published in December 2005. The database engine was written by Thomas Mueller. He also developed the Java database engine Hypersonic SQL.[2] In 2001, the Hypersonic SQL project was stopped, and the HSQLDB Group was formed to continue work on the Hypersonic SQL code. The name H2 stands for Hypersonic 2, however H2 does not share code with Hypersonic SQL or HSQLDB. H2 is built from scratch.[3]

Version 2.0.x was released in January 2022.

Features

A subset of the SQL (Structured Query Language) standard is supported. The main programming APIs are SQL and JDBC, however the database also supports using the PostgreSQL ODBC driver by acting like a PostgreSQL server.[4]

It is possible to create both in-memory tables, as well as disk-based tables. Tables can be persistent or temporary. Index types are hash table and tree for in-memory tables, and b-tree for disk-based tables. All data manipulation operations are transactional. Table level locking and multiversion concurrency control are implemented. The two-phase commit protocol is supported as well, but no standard API for distributed transactions is implemented.[citation needed]

The security features of the database are: role based access rights, encryption of the password using SHA-256 and data using the AES or the Tiny Encryption Algorithm, XTEA. The cryptographic features are available as functions inside the database as well. SSL / TLS connections are supported in the client–server mode, as well as when using the console application.[citation needed]

The database supports protection against SQL injection by enforcing the use of parameterized statements. In H2, this feature is called 'disabling literals'.[5]

Two full text search implementations are included, a native implementation and one using Lucene.[citation needed]

A simple form of high availability is implemented: when used in the client–server mode, the database engine supports hot failover (this is commonly known as clustering). However, the clustering mode must be enabled manually after a failure.[6]

Since version 1.1.111, H2 in-memory database can run inside the Google App Engine.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Presentation and use of H2 Database Engine". 6 August 2010.
  2. ^ Hypersonic SQL project page at SourceForge
  3. ^ "Write Your Own Database, Again". thecodist.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
  4. ^ "H2 Database supports PostgreSQL ODBC driver". Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  5. ^ "SQL Injections: How Not To Get Stuck". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  6. ^ "H2 Clustering". Archived from the original on 2010-09-24.
  7. ^ "H2 Database on GAE". gaevfs.

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