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Greek royal family
The currently deposed Greek royal family (Greek: Βασιλική Οικογένεια της Ελλάδος[1][2]) was the ruling family of the Kingdom of Greece from 1863 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973. The family is a branch of the Danish royal family, itself a cadet branch of the House of Glücksburg. The family had replaced the House of Wittelsbach that previously ruled Greece from 1832 to 1862. The first monarch was George I of Greece, the second son of King Christian IX of Denmark.[3] The current head of the family is Pavlos, who assumed the role on 10 January 2023 upon the death of his father, former King Constantine II. With the 1974 Greek republic referendum and Article 4 of the Constitution of Greece, all family members have been stripped of their honorific titles and the associated royal status. Many family members born after 1974 still use the titles "Prince of Greece" and "Princess of Greece" to describe themselves, but such descriptions are neither conferred nor legally recognised by the Greek state as royal or noble titles.[4] The family accepts that these terms are not royal titles, but rather personal identifiers.[5][6][note 1] CreationAfter the overthrow in 1862 of the first king of the independent Greek state, Otto of Bavaria, a plebiscite in Greece was initiated on 19 November 1862,[note 2] with the results announced in February the following year,[note 3] in support of adopting Prince Alfred of the United Kingdom, later Duke of Edinburgh, to reign as king of the country.[7] The candidacy of Prince Alfred was rejected by the Great Powers. The London Conference of 1832 had prohibited any of the Great Powers' ruling families from accepting the crown of Greece, while Queen Victoria was opposed to such a prospect.[8] A search for other candidates ensued, and eventually, Prince William of Denmark, of the House of Glücksburg, the second son of King Christian IX and younger brother of the then new Alexandra, Princess of Wales, was appointed king. The Greek Parliament unanimously approved on 18 March 1863[note 4] the ascension to the Greek throne of the prince, then aged 17, as King of the Hellenes under the regnal name of George I.[9] George arrived in Greece in October 1863.[9] History George I married Grand Duchess Olga Constaninovna of Russia, and they had seven surviving children. After a reign of almost fifty years, George I was succeeded by his eldest son, Constantine I, who had married in 1889, Princess Sophia of Prussia, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II. In turn, all three of Constantine's sons, George II, Alexander and Paul, would occupy the throne.[10] The dynasty reigned in Greece during the Balkan Wars, World War I, World War II (during which Greece experienced occupation by the Axis), the Greek Civil War, and most of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. Following the National Schism during World War I and the subsequent Asia Minor Disaster, the monarchy was deposed in March 1924 and replaced by the Second Hellenic Republic.[10] Between 1924 and 1935 there were twenty-three changes of government in Greece, a dictatorship, and thirteen coups d'etat.[citation needed] In October 1935, General Georgios Kondylis, a former Venizelist, overthrew the government and arranged for a plebiscite to end the republic. On 3 November 1935, the official tally showed that 98% of the votes supported the restoration of the monarchy.[9] The balloting was not secret, and participation was compulsory. As Time described it at the time, "As a voter, one could drop into the ballot box a blue vote for George II, or one could cast a red ballot for the Republic."[11] George II returned to Greece on 25 November 1935, as King. On 4 August 1936, the king endorsed the establishment of a government led by veteran army officer Ioannis Metaxas.[12] George II followed the Greek government in exile after the German invasion of Greece in 1941 and returned to Greece in 1946, after a referendum that resulted in the maintaining of the constitutional monarchy.[13] He died in 1947 and was succeeded by his brother Paul. The new king reigned from the time of Greek civil war until his death in 1964, and was succeeded by his son, Constantine II.[10] DownfallOn 21 April 1967, the elected government of Greece was overthrown by a group of middle-ranking army officers led by Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, and a military dictatorship was established. The military junta formed a new government sworn in by Constantine II. On 13 December 1967, the king launched a counter-coup that failed[14] and he, together with his family, fled to Rome and soon after to London. The dictatorship nominally retained the monarchy but on 1 June 1973, Constantine II was declared "deposed," and Papadopoulos appointed himself "President of the Republic". Some two months later, on 29 July 1973, the military regime held a referendum, the official result of which confirmed, according to the junta, the abolition of the monarchy.[13] After July 1974, the dictatorship fell. The military handed power over to Konstantinos Karamanlis, a conservative[note 5] politician who had been prime minister in the 1950s and early 60s.[15] Karamanlis formed a "government of national unity" and held a constitutional referendum on 8 December 1974. The voters confirmed the abolition of the monarchy by a vote of 69% to 31% and the establishment of a republican parliamentary democracy in Greece.[7] Later the upper house of parliament was abolished as well as freedom from prosecution for members of parliament. Legal statusIn the referendum of 1974, all members of the royal family were stripped of their titles pursuant to article 4 of the Greek constitution; honorifics such as "prince" and "princess" are not officially recognised in Greece.[4] In 2013, after being declared personae non gratae in the 1980s, having the palaces of the family and other estates expropriated in 1994, and then their passports annulled, Constantine II and his wife Anne-Marie were once again living in Greece.[16] Constantine II died on 10 January 2023, aged 82. He was succeeded by his son, Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, as the head of House of Glucksburg-Greece. Royal coat of armsThe royal coat of arms of Greece still used by the royal family is a blue shield with the white cross of Greece with the greater coat of arms of Denmark of 1819–1903 in the centre. This was consequently also the arms of Denmark when the Danish prince William accepted the Greek throne as King George I. As such this includes the three lions of the arms of Denmark proper, the two lions of Schleswig, the three crowns of the former Kalmar Union, the stockfish of Iceland, the ram of Faroe Islands, the polar bear of Greenland, the lion and hearts of the King of the Goths, the wyvern of the King of the Wends, the nettle leaf of Holstein, the swan with a crown of Stormarn, the knight on horseback of Dithmarschen, the horse head of Lauenburg, the two red bars of the House of Oldenburg and the yellow cross of Delmenhorst. The same shield is in the personal standard of the Kings of Greece. The shield is surmounted by two figures of Heracles,[17] similar to the "wild men" of the Coat of arms of Denmark. The shield also has the Order of the Redeemer, while the royal motto reads " Ἰσχύς μου ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ λαοῦ" ("The people's love is my strength").[18] Dynastic lineageAs male-line descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark, members of the dynasty bear the title of Prince or Princess of Denmark and thus are traditionally referred to as "Princes" or "Princesses of Greece and Denmark".[19] With the sole exception of Aspasia Manos, the consort of King Alexander, their daughter, Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, as well as non-dynastic marriages and their offspring,[20] none of the members were ethnically Greek.[21] MembersFamily tree of immediate members This section only lists living members of the royal family and deceased members who are ancestors of presently living members of the family.
* Member of the extended royal family Extended familyItalicised names denote that the individual has died. Bolded names denote that the individual is/was the head of the royal house. Please note that any living members who are not directly descended from Paul are considered extended family.
See alsoNotes
References
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek Royal Family. |
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