Federal State Educational Standard

The Federal State Educational Standard (Russian: Федеральный государственный образовательный стандарт, abbreviated FSES; in Russian, ФГОС, FGOS) is a framework of mandatory requirements for the Russian education system, approved by federal executive bodies for each level of general, vocational and higher education. An FSES sets minimum requirements for the structure of an educational program, the conditions under which the program is delivered, and the learning outcomes that students must achieve, and provides the basis on which all state-accredited educational institutions in the Russian Federation operate.[1][2]

Emblem of the former Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the body that developed and approved the second-generation federal state educational standards

The FSES are established under Article 11 of Federal Law No. 273-FZ of 29 December 2012 "On Education in the Russian Federation", which defines them as a set of mandatory requirements for education of a given level, or for a profession, specialty or field of training, approved by the federal executive body responsible for state policy in general or higher education.[3][2]

Each FSES sets three groups of requirements for the corresponding main educational program: requirements for the structure of the program and the ratio of its compulsory and variable parts; requirements for the conditions of delivery, including staffing, finance, material resources and information support; and requirements for learning outcomes, which are grouped into personal, meta-subject and subject results for general education.[1][4]

The rules governing the drafting, approval and amendment of FSES are set by Government of the Russian Federation Resolution No. 434 of 12 April 2019, which replaced the earlier Resolution No. 661 of 5 August 2013.[5]

Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University, by virtue of Federal Law No. 259-FZ of 10 November 2009, are authorised to adopt their own educational standards in lieu of the corresponding higher-education FSES.[2]

History

The idea of a nationally binding educational standard entered Russian legislation with the Law of the Russian Federation of 10 July 1992 No. 3266-I "On Education", which required federal minimum curriculum content to be set for each level of general and vocational education.[6] The modern FSES framework took shape after Federal Law No. 309-FZ of 1 December 2007, which replaced the earlier "state educational standards" with "federal state educational standards" and made them the principal instrument of nationwide curricular regulation.[7] The 2012 Law on Education consolidated this framework and extended the application of FSES to all levels of education from preschool to postgraduate study.[2]

Russian education specialists commonly distinguish three generations of FSES for general education.[8][9]

First generation (2004)

The first post-Soviet standards of general education were approved by Order No. 1089 of the Ministry of Education of 5 March 2004 "On the approval of the federal component of the state educational standards of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education", together with Order No. 1312 of 9 March 2004 on the federal basic curriculum. Their content was framed in terms of topics and knowledge units to be mastered in each school subject, with the focus of assessment placed on subject-matter outcomes.[10][9]

Second generation (2009-2013)

After the 2007 amendments, the Ministry of Education and Science approved a new generation of general-education FSES:

  • the FSES of primary general education, by Order No. 373 of 6 October 2009;[11]
  • the FSES of basic general education, by Order No. 1897 of 17 December 2010;[12]
  • the FSES of secondary general education, by Order No. 413 of 17 May 2012.[13]

A separate FSES for preschool education, the first stand-alone standard at that level in post-Soviet Russia, was approved by Order No. 1155 of 17 October 2013 and entered into force on 1 January 2014.[14] The second-generation standards introduced a system-activity approach, shifted the emphasis from memorisation of subject content to the development of "universal learning activities", and grouped learning outcomes into personal, meta-subject and subject categories.[8][9]

Third generation (2021 onwards)

The Ministry of Enlightenment approved a new generation of general-education FSES in 2021: Order No. 286 of 31 May 2021 on the FSES of primary general education and Order No. 287 of 31 May 2021 on the FSES of basic general education.[15][16] Admission of new pupils under the second-generation standards ceased on 1 September 2022.[17]

The third-generation standards set out more detailed subject-by-subject requirements, introduce the course "Probability and Statistics" alongside algebra and geometry in basic general education, distinguish "History of Russia" and "General history" as separate courses, and contain explicit provisions on electronic learning and distance education technologies. The second foreign language ceases to be a compulsory subject and is studied only upon request of pupils or their parents and subject to availability of appropriate conditions.[17][18]

Structure of an FSES

Each FSES document is divided into four main sections:

  1. general provisions, including the purpose and principles of the standard;
  2. requirements for the learning outcomes of the main educational program;
  3. requirements for the structure of the main educational program, including the ratio of its compulsory and variable parts;
  4. requirements for the conditions of delivery of the main educational program, including staffing, finance, material resources and information support.[11][12][13]

Levels covered

Federal state educational standards are issued for preschool education; primary general education (grades 1 to 4); basic general education (grades 5 to 9); secondary general education (grades 10 and 11); general education of pupils with disabilities and pupils with intellectual disabilities; secondary vocational education; and higher education, covering bachelor's, specialist, master's and postgraduate (aspirantura) programs.[2][1]

Higher education

Higher-education FSES are mandatory for all state-accredited higher education institutions in Russia, except for Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University, which set their own standards. They define student workload in "credit units" (Russian: зачётная единица), introduced as part of Russia's participation in the Bologna Process and the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, with one credit corresponding to 36 academic hours.[19] Individual programs each have their own standard; the FSES for the bachelor's program in History (field 46.03.01), for example, is published by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and applies to every accredited university offering that program.[20]

Relation to federal basic educational programs

Alongside the FSES, the 2022 amendments to the Law on Education introduced federal basic educational programs (Russian: федеральная образовательная программа), which implement the standards in greater detail by prescribing the content of individual subjects and the allocation of teaching hours. The corresponding federal program for secondary general education was approved by Order No. 371 of the Ministry of Enlightenment of 18 May 2023, and nationwide implementation of federal basic programs at all levels of general education began in September 2023.[7][21]

Reception and criticism

Academic analyses describe the trajectory of FSES as combining two policy objectives: reinforcing state-aligned "traditional values" such as patriotism, national identity and historical memory, and pursuing efficiency and equity goals such as reducing teacher and pupil workload and narrowing regional disparities. Revisions of the literature and history components of the general-education standards in the early 2020s have been characterised as prioritising Russian classics, multi-ethnic literature and narratives of the Great Patriotic War while reducing the presence of contemporary Western works, and as creating new tensions with the content of the Unified State Exam.[7][4]

Commentators writing for the Russian professional press have also noted the frequency of revisions and the burden placed on schools in adapting local documentation and textbooks to each new generation of standards.[9][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "ФГОС – Федеральные государственные образовательные стандарты". fgos.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Федеральный закон "Об образовании в Российской Федерации" от 29.12.2012 N 273-ФЗ" (in Russian). КонсультантПлюс. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  3. ^ "Федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2012 г. N 273-ФЗ "Об образовании в Российской Федерации"" (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  4. ^ a b "How school education has changed in recent decades". Izvestia. 23 February 2026. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  5. ^ "Постановление Правительства РФ от 12.04.2019 N 434 "Об утверждении Правил разработки, утверждения федеральных государственных образовательных стандартов и внесения в них изменений"" (in Russian). ГАРАНТ. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  6. ^ Ognev, A. (2019). "Russian Education Acts Provisions As An Education Information System Formation Factor". European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. doi:10.15405/epsbs.2019.09.02.69. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  7. ^ a b c Gao, X. (2025). "Tensions in Russia's Educational Standardization Project: Centralization, Values and Curriculum Reform" (PDF). US-China Education Review. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  8. ^ a b Korshunov, S. V. (2018). "The System of Standardization of Education in the Russian Federation Celebrates a Quarter of a Century". Высшее образование в России. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  9. ^ a b c d "ФГОС: что это, расшифровка, история появления в России, критика и перспективы" (in Russian). IBLS. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  10. ^ "Приказ Минобразования РФ от 05.03.2004 N 1089 "Об утверждении федерального компонента государственных образовательных стандартов начального общего, основного общего и среднего (полного) общего образования"" (in Russian). ГАРАНТ. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  11. ^ a b "Приказ Минобрнауки России от 6 октября 2009 г. № 373 "Об утверждении и введении в действие федерального государственного образовательного стандарта начального общего образования"" (in Russian). docs.edu.gov.ru. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  12. ^ a b "Приказ Минобрнауки России от 17 декабря 2010 г. № 1897 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта основного общего образования"" (in Russian). docs.edu.gov.ru. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  13. ^ a b "Приказ Минобрнауки России от 17 мая 2012 г. № 413 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего общего образования"" (in Russian). docs.edu.gov.ru. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  14. ^ "Приказ Минобрнауки России от 17 октября 2013 г. № 1155 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта дошкольного образования"" (in Russian). docs.edu.gov.ru. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  15. ^ "Приказ Министерства просвещения Российской Федерации от 31.05.2021 № 286 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта начального общего образования"" (in Russian). Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  16. ^ "Приказ Министерства просвещения Российской Федерации от 31.05.2021 № 287 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта основного общего образования"" (in Russian). Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  17. ^ a b "Приказ Министерства просвещения РФ от 31.05.2021 N 287 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта основного общего образования" (с изменениями и дополнениями)" (in Russian). ГАРАНТ. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  18. ^ a b "Новый ФГОС третьего поколения: изменения стандартов" (in Russian). Продлёнка. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  19. ^ "Latest Russian higher education curriculum standards mandate use of "credit units"". American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers. 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  20. ^ "ФГОС ВО 46.03.01 История" (in Russian). fgos.ru. Retrieved 17 April 2026.
  21. ^ "Приказ Министерства образования и науки РФ от 17.05.2012 N 413 "Об утверждении федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего общего образования" (с изменениями и дополнениями)" (in Russian). ГАРАНТ. Retrieved 17 April 2026.

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