Exerkine

An exerkine is a signaling molecule released in response to exercise that helps mediate systemic adaptations to exercise.[1]

Types

Exerkines come in many forms, including hormones, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids; are synthesized and secreted from multiple tissues and cell types; and exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways.[2] These effects are thought to underlie many health benefits of exercise in terms of enhanced resilience, healthspan, and longevity.[1][2]

Exercise endocrinology

The study of exerkines is the focus of the field of exercise endocrinology.[3] Though the existence of exerkines were hypothesized as early as the 1960s,[4] the identification of the first exerkine, IL-6, which is secreted from contracting muscles, occurred in 2000.[5] In 2012 another exerkine, irisin, was discovered and reported to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure,[6] attracting significant scientific and public attention.[7][8][9] Thousands of potential exerkines have been proposed,[10][11] although few have been studied in depth.[3]

Etymology

'Exerkine' was coined in 2016 by Mark Tarnopolsky and colleagues, based on a portmanteau of 'exercise' and κίνησις (kínēsis, Ancient Greek for 'movement').[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Safdar, A; Saleem, A; Tarnopolsky, MA (September 2016). "The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 12 (9): 504–517. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.76. PMID 27230949. S2CID 19695296.
  2. ^ a b Chow, LS; Gerszten, RE; Taylor, JM; Pedersen, BK; van Praag, H; Trappe, S; Febbraio, MA; Galis, ZS; Gao, Y; Haus, JM; Lanza, IR; Lavie, CJ; Lee, CH; Lucia, A; Moro, C; Pandey, A; Robbins, JM; Stanford, KI; Thackray, AE; Villeda, S; Watt, MJ; Xia, A; Zierath, JR; Goodpaster, BH; Snyder, MP (May 2022). "Exerkines in health, resilience and disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 18 (5): 273–289. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2. PMC 9554896. PMID 35304603.
  3. ^ a b Hackney, AC; Elliott-Sale, KJ (September 2021). "Exercise Endocrinology: 'What Comes Next?'". Endocrines. 2 (3): 167–170. doi:10.3390/endocrines2030017. PMC 8294195. PMID 34308413.
  4. ^ Goldstein, MS (May 1961). "Humoral nature of the hypoglycemic factor of muscular work". Diabetes. 10 (3): 232–234. doi:10.2337/diab.10.3.232. PMID 13706674.
  5. ^ Steensberg, A; van Hall, G; Osada, T; Sacchetti, M; Saltin, B; Klarlund Pedersen, B (15 November 2000). "Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6". The Journal of Physiology. 529 Pt 1 (Pt 1): 237–242. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x. PMC 2270169. PMID 11080265.
  6. ^ Boström, P; Wu, J; Jedrychowski, MP; Korde, A; Ye, L; Lo, JC; Rasbach, KA; Boström, EA; Choi, JH; Long, JZ; Kajimura, S; Zingaretti, MC; Vind, BF; Tu, H; Cinti, S; Højlund, K; Gygi, SP; Spiegelman, BM (11 January 2012). "A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis". Nature. 481 (7382): 463–468. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..463B. doi:10.1038/nature10777. PMC 3522098. PMID 22237023.
  7. ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (11 Jan 2012). "Exercise Hormone May Fight Obesity and Diabetes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  8. ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (12 Oct 2016). "How Exercise May Turn White Fat Into Brown". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  9. ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (25 Aug 2021). "How Exercise May Help Keep Our Memory Sharp". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  10. ^ Whitham, M; Parker, BL; Friedrichsen, M; Hingst, JR; Hjorth, M; Hughes, WE; Egan, CL; Cron, L; Watt, KI; Kuchel, RP; Jayasooriah, N; Estevez, E; Petzold, T; Suter, CM; Gregorevic, P; Kiens, B; Richter, EA; James, DE; Wojtaszewski, JFP; Febbraio, MA (9 January 2018). "Extracellular Vesicles Provide a Means for Tissue Crosstalk during Exercise". Cell Metabolism. 27 (1): 237–251.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.001. PMID 29320704.
  11. ^ Contrepois, K; Wu, S; Moneghetti, KJ; Hornburg, D; Ahadi, S; Tsai, MS; Metwally, AA; Wei, E; Lee-McMullen, B; Quijada, JV; Chen, S; Christle, JW; Ellenberger, M; Balliu, B; Taylor, S; Durrant, MG; Knowles, DA; Choudhry, H; Ashland, M; Bahmani, A; Enslen, B; Amsallem, M; Kobayashi, Y; Avina, M; Perelman, D; Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, SM; Zhou, W; Ashley, EA; Montgomery, SB; Chaib, H; Haddad, F; Snyder, MP (28 May 2020). "Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise". Cell. 181 (5): 1112–1130.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043. PMC 7299174. PMID 32470399.

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