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According to Wiktionary, Zionaphobia refers to “hostility toward Zionism or people who identify as Zionists, often extending into prejudice against Jews when Zionism is treated as an inherent Jewish trait.”^[1]

Advocates of the term argue that labeling such hostility helps identify instances in which criticism of Israel or Zionism becomes generalized discrimination against Jews or those perceived to support Israel.

The term has been popularized in recent years by Judea Pearl, a computer scientist and the father of journalist Daniel Pearl, who was kidnapped and murdered by militants linked to Al-Qaeda in 2002.^[2]

Pearl has argued that supporters of Israel should challenge accusations of being “Zionists” by identifying what he views as prejudice behind the accusation. In his view, the term Zionophobia reframes the debate by shifting attention from the identity of the accused to the motivations of the accuser.^[3]

Proponents compare the term to words such as Islamophobia and homophobia, which were introduced to describe hostility toward Muslims and LGBTQ people. They argue that naming a form of prejudice can clarify the difference between legitimate political criticism and discriminatory rhetoric.

The term appears primarily in political commentary, social media discussions, and opinion writing related to debates about Israel and Zionism. Supporters claim the concept helps identify situations in which:

• Individuals or businesses are targeted because of perceived support for Israel.
• “Zionist” is used as a generalized label for Jews or Jewish institutions.
• Collective boycotts or campaigns are directed at people or companies because of alleged Zionist affiliation.

For example, online campaigns have occasionally targeted companies associated with business leaders accused of supporting Israel, including luxury brands connected to Bernard Arnault, CEO of LVMH. ^[4]Commentators using the term Zionophobia describe such campaigns as instances in which perceived support for Zionism becomes grounds for economic or social exclusion.

The concept of Zionophobia is debated in academic and political discussions.

Supporters argue that the term highlights forms of antisemitism that they believe appear in discourse framed as anti-Zionism. They contend that denying Jewish national self-determination while supporting self-determination for other groups may constitute discriminatory treatment.^[5]

Critics of the term argue that it can be used to dismiss or delegitimize political criticism of Israel.