Draft:Trigonioidoidea

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Trigonioidoidea
Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Late Cretaceous
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Bivalvia
Order:
?Unionida
Superfamily:
Trigonioidoidea
Families

Nakamuranaiidae
Trigonioididae
Plicatounionidae
Pseudohyriidae

Trigonioidoidea is a superfamily of bivalves, mostly occurring in Mesozoic non-marine strata of Asia. They range from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. They are a primarily freshwater group of mollusks, and are included in the Palaeoheterodonta. Though, within Palaeoheterodonta, there are disagreements on whether they belong to the Unionida or Trigoniida[1][2].

Morphological Description

Members of the Trigonioidoidea were initially classified into separate families of either Unionids or Trigoniids. The superfamily Trigonioidoidea was initially created by Cox in 1952(as Trigonioidacea), though no morphological definition was made[3]. Sha and Fürsich(1993) would later define the superfamily as Unionids with the anterior pedal retractor scar distinctly separated from the anterior adductor scar[1].

Trigonioidoids come in a variety of surface ornaments, including concentric growth rings, radial ribs, and 'wavy folds'(plicae). They are especially apparent on Trigonioidids, with their often oblique ribs creating V or chevron-shaped patterns. Divaricate patterns are also known from some modern Unionids, though they are more commonly associated with extinct Trigoniids. Plicatounionids and Pseudohyriids possess large plicae alongside radial ribs.

When preserved in good quality, the inner surface of Trigonioidoids can yield key features for classification. Muscle scars, when preserved, show two adductors each in the front and back, as well as a small but distinct anterior pedal retractor. The pallial lines are simple, which suggests that they did not possess true siphons[1]. Trigonioidoids possess schizodont hinge teeth, which consist of two compartments: the pseudocardinals on the anterior side, and the posterio-laterals on the posterior side. Some members of the superfamily may possess crenulations on the hinge teeth, either on the pseudocardinals, posterio-laterals, or on both.

Taxonomy

Sha(2007) divides the Trigonioidoidea into four families - Nakamuranaiidae, Trigonioididae, Plicatounionidae, and Pseudohyriidae[4]. Meanwhile, Chen(2008) and Stiller and Chen(2019) consider the Nippononaiidae separate from Trigonioididae[2][5].

Paleoecology

Trigonioidoids are primarily freshwater-dwelling bivalves, and would have been sessile benthic filter feeders. Their simple pallial lines suggest they did not have true siphons, and thus were relegated to shallow burrowing. The strong pedal retractor impressions on the shell suggest they could withdraw the foot quickly. However, the same can not be said about the pedal protractor, suggesting that the stretching of the foot was quite slow[1].

The preserved original patterns of three Trigonioidoid species(Trigonioides tetoriensis, Plicatounio naktongensis, and Matsumotoina matsumotoi) have been found in the Kitadani Formation of Japan. The remaining patterns bear similarities to modern Unionids[6].

Trigonioidoids can be found in association with other freshwater mollusks, such as Unionids, Sphaeriids, and freshwater gastropods[1][7][8].

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Sha, Jingeng; Fürsich, Franz Theodor (1993). "Bivalve faunas of eastern Heilongjiang, northeastern China. I. Non-marine Bivalvia of the Xiachengzi Formation (Lower Cretaceous)". Beringeria. 8: 139–187.
  2. ^ a b Stiller, Frank; Chen, Jin-hua (2019). "ON THE INVASION OF THE ANCESTORS OF THE TRIGONIOIDOIDEA (BIVALVIA) INTO THE NON-MARINE REALM - EVIDENCE FROM EASTERN TIBET, CHINA". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 58 (1): 92–113.
  3. ^ Cox, L. R. (1952). "Notes on the Trigoniidae, with outlines of a classification of the family". Proceedings of the Malacological Society. 29 (2–3): 45–70. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064606 – via Molluscan Studies.
  4. ^ Sha, Jingeng (2007). "Cretaceous trigonioidid (non-marine Bivalvia) assemblages and biostratigraphy in Asia with special remarks on the classification of Trigonioidacea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 29 (1): 62–83. Bibcode:2007JAESc..29...62S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.01.003.
  5. ^ Chen, Jin-hua (2009). "NON-MARINE CRETACEOUS BIVALVE TRIGONIOIDOIDEA, WITH A NOTE ON THE JINGXING FAUNA FROM EASTERN TIBET, CHINA". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 48 (4): 589–610.
  6. ^ Asato, Kaito; Nakayama, Kentaro; Imai, Takuya (2022-07-13). "Case study of the convergent evolution in the color patterns in the freshwater bivalves". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 10885. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1210885A. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14469-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9279500. PMID 35831330.
  7. ^ Jiang, Baoyu; Sha, Jingeng; Cai, Huawei (2007). "Early Cretaceous nonmarine bivalve assemblages from the Jehol Group in western Liaoning, northeast China". Cretaceous Research. 28 (2): 199–214. Bibcode:2007CrRes..28..199J. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.013.
  8. ^ Hase, Akira (1960). "The Late Mesozoic Formations and their Molluscan Fossils in West Chugoku and North Kyushu, Japan". Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University. 3 (2): 281–342.

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