Draft:Pedro Calmon

Pedro Calmon
BornDecember 23 1902
Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil
DiedJune 16 1985
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Alma mater
OccupationsPolitician, professor, writer
Notable workHistória social do Brasil - 3 vols

Pedro Calmon Moniz de Bittencourt (December 23 1902 – June 16 1985) was a Brazilian historian, essayist, professor, and politician. A prolific author who explored many genres, including biographies, short stories, and crônicas, he is best known for his studies on the history of Brazil.

Biography

Early years

Born in the interior of Bahia to a family with ties to the nobility, Calmon enrolled at his state's Faculty of Law and later transferred to the National Faculty of Law, from which he graduated.[1] In 1923, while still a student, he launched his literary career with the collection of short stories Pedras d'Armas, edited and published by Monteiro Lobato.[2] Around this time, he made acquaintance with the historian Capistrano de Abreu, who would shape his intellectual development and work.[3][4]

In 1925, he began working in the National Museum as a conservationist and curator, establishing a chair in Brazilian history within the course of museology. In 1926, Calmon began his academic career as a both a jurist and a historian, publishing Direito de propriedade, a study on private law, and A conquista: história das bandeiras baianas, an examination of the phenomenon of bandeirantismo in Bahia. Calmon's early work attracted the attention of Rio de Janeiro's intellectual millieu, and he was elected a member of the Brazilian Historic and Geographical Institute in 1931.[5]

Career

In 1927, he was elected as a state deputy of Bahia, becoming a federal deputy in 1935, when he was appointed as professor of history of Brazil at the newly-established University of the Federal District.[6][7] The following year, he was elected a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. In 1939, Calmon became chair professor of Constitutional Law at his alma mater.[8][9] From 1950 to 1951, he served as Minister of Education under president Eurico Gaspar Dutra, and again from 1959 to 1961 under president Juscelino Kubitschek.[4][5]

Calmon served as rector of the University of Brazil from 1948 to 1950 and from 1951 to 1966,[10] presided over the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1945, and taught at the traditional Colégio Pedro II.[11][8][12] His most popular works were didactic books, some of which were widely used in Brazilian schools throughout the mid-20th-century.[13]

In 1961, Calmon nominated the World Esperanto Association for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1966, he indicated Habib Ben Ali Bourguiba for the same prize in acknowledgment of his deeds in the context of Israel-Palestine relations.[14]

Legacy

Calmon has been described by academics as a conservative historian of monarchist tendencies,[15][16] representing both the social elites[17] and a pre-professionalized period of Brazilian historiography, when formal faculties of history had not yet been established. Though now often overlooked, his works influenced a generation of Brazilian intellectuals,[18] including Gilberto Freyre, who referred to Calmon as his ''master''.[19]

Throughout his life, Calmon received several honors and distinctions, including the Grand-Cross of the Military Order of Christ (1961); the Grand-Cross of the Order of Infante D. Henrique (1971); the Order of Merit (1972); and the Grand-Cross of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (1978).[20]

The Fundação Pedro Calmon [pt], a government agency responsible for managing the system of public libraries and archives in the state of Bahia, and the Professor Pedro Calmon State School, are named in his honor.

Works

Biographies and historiographies

  • Anchieta, o santo do Brasil (1930)
  • O crime de Antonio Vieira (1931)
  • Por Brasil e Portugal. Sermões do Padre Vieira, anotados (1933)
  • O Marquês de Abrantes (1933)
  • Gomes Carneiro, o general da República (1933)
  • O rei cavaleiro: Vida de D. Pedro I (1933)
  • O rei do Brasil: Vida de D. João VI (1935)
  • Vida e amores de Castro Alves (1935)
  • O rei filósofo: A vida de D. Pedro II (1938)
  • Princesa Isabel, a Redentora (1941)
  • História do Brasil na poesia do povo (1941)
  • A vida de Castro Alves (1947)
  • A bala de ouro- História de um crime romântico (1947)
  • História da literatura baiana (1949)
  • Castro Alves: o homem e a obra (1973)
  • Para melhor conhecer Castro Alves (1974)

Literature

  • Pedras d’armas, short stories (1923)
  • O tesouro de Belchior, novel (1929)
  • Figuras de azulejo, crônicas (1939)
  • Estados Unidos de leste a oeste, crônicas (1942)

History

  • A conquista: história das bandeiras baianas (1926)
  • História da Bahia (1927)
  • História da Independência do Brasil (1929)
  • História da civilização brasileira (1932)
  • História social do Brasil, 1º vol.: Espírito da sociedade colonial (1935)
  • História social do Brasil, 2º vol: Espírito da sociedade imperial (1937)
  • História social do Brasil, 3º vol: A época republicana (1939)
  • História da Casa da Torre (1939)
  • História do Brasil, 1º vol.: As origens (1939)
  • História do Brasil, 2º vol.: A formação (1941)
  • História diplomática do Brasil (1941)
  • Brasil e América: História de uma política (1941)
  • História do Brasil, 3º vol.: A organização (1943)
  • História do Brasil, 4º vol.: O Império (1947)
  • História da fundação da Bahia (1949)
  • História do Brasil, 5º vol.: A República (1955)

Law

  • Direito de propriedade (1926)
  • Reforma constitucional da Bahia (1929)
  • Curso de Direito Constitucional (1937)
  • Curso de Teoria Geral do Estado (1941)
  • O Estado e o Direito nos "Lusíadas" (1945)
  • História das idéias políticas (1954)

References

  1. ^ Guimarães, Lúcia Paschoal. "Pedro Calmon" (PDF). Dicionário de Historiadores Portugueses - da Academia Real das Ciências ao final do Estado Novo. Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa.
  2. ^ Vale, Nayara Galeno do (2018-01-01). ""UM RETRATO INTEIRIÇO E HARMÔNICO DA NAÇÃO": IDENTIDADE DO HISTORIADOR E ESCRITA DA HISTÓRIA DO BRASIL NA OBRA DE PEDRO CALMON NITERÓI 2018". “UM RETRATO INTEIRIÇO E HARMÔNICO DA NAÇÃO”: IDENTIDADE DO HISTORIADOR E ESCRITA DA HISTÓRIA DO BRASIL NA OBRA DE PEDRO CALMON.
  3. ^ Rota, Alesson Ramon. "PEDRO CALMON: COM LUGAR NA HISTÓRIA, SEM LUGAR NA HISTORIOGRAFIA" (PDF). XXIX Simpósio de História Nacional.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b "Hélio Vianna e Pedro Calmon: identidade do historiador e embates em torno da escrita da História do Brasil | Biblioteca Nacional". antigo.bn.gov.br. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  5. ^ a b Vale, Nayara Galeno do (2017). "Histórias gerais, histórias particulares: Pedro Calmon e a prática historiográfica na década de 1960". Revista Aedos (in Portuguese). 9 (21): 474–492. ISSN 1984-5634.
  6. ^ Pereira, Carlos Patrício Freitas (2001). "Professor Pedro Calmon Moniz de Bittencourt: patrono da Cadeira 91". Revista do IGHMB (in Portuguese). 61 (87): 138–144. ISSN 0020-3890.
  7. ^ Peres, José Roberto Pereira (2023). "A extinção da Universidade do Distrito Federal (UDF/RJ): o fim da utopia de formar professores de artes modernistas (1935-1939)". Revista Brasileira de História da Educação (in Portuguese). 23: e290. doi:10.4025/rbhe.v23.2023.e290. ISSN 1519-5902.
  8. ^ a b "Academia Brasileira de Letras". Academia Brasileira de Letras (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  9. ^ Oliveira, Fábio Corrêa Souza de (2021). "A FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UFRJ: NOTAS SOBRE O PASSADO, O PRESENTE E O FUTURO". Revista Eletrônica da OAB-RJ (in Portuguese). ISSN 2526-1223.
  10. ^ Gaspari, Elio. "Ivo vê a uva. Vilhena, a Vigibrás - 29/07/98". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved 2026-04-08.
  11. ^ Emília. "Galeria de Reitores – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro". ufrj.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  12. ^ dos Santos, Beatriz Boclin Marques (2009). "O CURRÍCULO DA DISCIPLINA ESCOLAR HISTÓRIA NO COLÉGIO PEDRO II – A DÉCADA DE 1970 – ENTRE A TRADIÇÃO ACADÊMICA E A TRADIÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA: a História e os Estudos Sociais" (PDF). Rio de Janeiro: Faculdade de Educação - UFRJ. p. 268.
  13. ^ Vieira Thesing, Neandro; Átila Fertig, André (2014). "O Rei servo da nação: a imagem de D. Pedro II na obra de Pedro Calmon". Revista Digital Estudios Historicos (13): 12. ISSN 1688-5317.
  14. ^ "Pedro Calmon". Nomination Archive. 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2026-03-15.
  15. ^ Bergamaschine, Gueise de Novaes (2018). "Rei ou funcionário público? História da historiografia de Pedro Calmon em suas biografias de D. Pedro II". Juiz de Fora: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) - Instituto de Ciências Humanas.
  16. ^ Coutinho, Mariana Canazaro (2023-03-24). ""O professor da nação" : Pedro Calmon e as crônicas para a seção segredos e revelações da história do Brasil na revista "O cruzeiro" entre 1960 e 1969". Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações - PUCRS.
  17. ^ Gasparotto, Lucas André (2021-06-23). ""Da acrópole ao morro da Mangueira": o afro-brasileirismo do samba na polêmica entre Pedro Calmon e José Lins do Rego (1939)". ArtCultura (in Portuguese). 23 (42): 225–246. doi:10.14393/artc-v23-n42-2021-61862. ISSN 2178-3845.
  18. ^ Bergamaschine, Gueise de Novaes (2016). "OS PREFÁCIOS DE PEDRO CALMON: Compromisso com a verdade e o desafio de apresentar os mesmos personagens ao longo do tempo" (PDF). Juiz de Fora: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Instituto de Ciências Humanas.
  19. ^ Reis, José Carlos (2006). As identidades do Brasil: de Calmon a Bonfim (in Brazilian Portuguese) (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV. p. 34.
  20. ^ "ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Pedro Calmomn". Presidência da República Portuguesa - Grão-Mestre das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas.


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