Casimir IV Jagiellon

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Casimir IV
Casimir IV, 17th-century depiction by an unknown artist
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Reign	29 June 1440 – 7 June 1492
Coronation	29 June 1440 in Vilnius Cathedral
Predecessor	Sigismund Kęstutaitis
Successor	Alexander I Jagiellon
King of Poland
Reign	25 June 1447 – 7 June 1492
Coronation	25 June 1447 in Wawel Cathedral
Predecessor	Władysław III
Successor	John I Albert
Born	30 November 1427 Kraków, Poland
Died	7 June 1492(1492-06-07) (aged 64) Old Grodno Castle
Burial	Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
Spouse	Elisabeth of Austria ​ ​ (m. 1454)​
Issue Detail	Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary Hedwig, Duchess of Bavaria St. Casimir Jagiellon John I Albert of Poland Alexander of Poland Sophia, Margravine of Brandenburg Sigismund I the Old Frederick Jagiellon Anna Jagiellon, Duchess of Pomerania Barbara, Duchess of Saxony Elizabeth
Names Casimir Andrew Jagiellon
Dynasty	Jagiellon
Father	Władysław II Jagiełło
Mother	Sophia of Halshany

Casimir IV (Casimir Andrew Jagiellon; Polish: Kazimierz Andrzej Jagiellończyk [kaˈʑimjɛʂ jaɡʲɛ(l)ˈlɔj̃t͡ʂɨk] ^ⓘ; Lithuanian: Kazimieras Jogailaitis^ⓘ; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492)^[1] was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447 until his death in 1492. He was one of the most active Polish-Lithuanian rulers; under him, Poland defeated the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War and recovered Pomerania.

The Jagiellonian dynasty became one of the leading royal houses in Europe. The great triumph of his reign was bringing Prussia under Polish rule.^[2] The rule of Casimir corresponded to the age of "new monarchies" in western Europe. By the 15th century, Poland had narrowed the distance separating it from Western Europe and became a significant power in international relations. The demand for raw materials and semi-finished goods stimulated trade, producing a positive balance, and contributed to the growth of crafts and mining in the entire country.^[3] He was a recipient of the English Order of the Garter (KG), the highest order of chivalry and the most prestigious honour in England.

Following Casimir's death in 1492, John I Albert succeeded him as King of Poland, and Alexander Jagiellon was proclaimed Grand Duke of Lithuania.^[4]

Casimir Jagiellon was the third and youngest son of King Władysław II Jagiełło (known as Jogaila) and his fourth wife, Sophia of Halshany.^[5] Casimir's mother was 40 to 50 years younger than his father, which caused widespread speculations that the children were the product of adultery.^[6] A scandal erupted when Sophia was accused of marital infidelity and two of her ladies-in-waiting were subsequently arrested and tortured for disseminating the rumours. To eliminate hearsay, Władysław placed Sophia before a court. It is likely that the Teutonic Order and Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf were implicated. Following Casimir's birth, Sophia pledged an oath of innocence (iuramentum purgatorium) and the charges were dismissed. The question of paternity did not persist as many of the children, including Casimir, closely resembled their elderly father.^[6]

He was baptised on 21 December 1427 and was named after his deceased brother.^[7] Stanisław Ciołek, Bishop of Poznań, or Nicholas of Radom composed a panegyric contrafactum titled Hystorigraphi aciem in honour of his birth which was sung at the christening ceremony.^[8] In his early years, Casimir was nursed by his mother and supervised by vice-chancellor Wincenty Kot, the future Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland, as well as by a knight named Piotr of Rytro. Casimir often relied on his instinct and feelings and had little political knowledge, but shared a great interest in the diplomacy and economic affairs of the country. After the accession of his brother, Władysław, to the throne of Poland, the tutelage was assigned to Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki, however, the cleric neglected his duties as he felt a strong reluctance towards Casimir, believing that he would be an unsuccessful monarch following Władysław's death.^[9]

The sudden death of Sigismund Kęstutaitis left the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania empty. The Voivode of Trakai, Jonas Goštautas, and other magnates of Lithuania, supported Casimir as a candidate to the throne. However many Polish noblemen hoped that the thirteen-year-old boy would become a Vice-regent for the Polish King in Lithuania.^[10] Casimir was invited by the Lithuanian magnates to Lithuania, and when he arrived in Vilnius in 1440, he was proclaimed as the Grand Duke of Lithuania on 29 June 1440 by the Council of Lords, contrary to the wishes of the Polish noble lords — an act supported and coordinated by Jonas Goštautas.^[10] When the news arrived in the Kingdom of Poland concerning the proclamation of Casimir as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, it was met with hostility, even to the point of military threats against Lithuania.^[10] Since the young Grand Duke was underage, the supreme control over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in the hands of the Lithuanian Council of Lords, presided by Jonas Goštautas. Casimir was taught Lithuanian language and the customs of Lithuania by appointed court officials.^[11][12][13]

During Casimir's rule the rights of the Lithuanian nobility — dukes, magnates, and boyars (lesser nobles), irrespective of their religion and ethnicity — were put on an equal footing to those of the Polish szlachta. Additionally, Casimir promised to protect the Grand Duchy's borders and not to appoint persons from the Polish Kingdom to the offices of the Grand Duchy. He accepted that decisions on matters concerning the Grand Duchy would not be made without the Council of Lords' consent. He also granted the subject region of Samogitia the right to elect its own elder. Casimir was the first ruler of Lithuania baptized at birth, becoming the first native Roman Catholic Grand Duke.

In 1427, the Polish nobility initiated an anti-Jagiellonian opposition and attempted to have Władysław II Jagiełło's sons Władysław III and Casimir IV Jagiellon declared illegitimate to the Polish throne as they, being sons of a Lithuanian noblewoman Sophia of Halshany, had no blood link to the previous ruling Polish dynasty, the Piasts, however Casimir's father ensured the succession for his sons.^[14]

Casimir succeeded his brother Władysław III (killed at the Battle of Varna in 1444) as King of Poland after a three-year interregnum on 25 June 1447. In 1454, he married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of King Albert II of Germany and Elizabeth of Luxembourg,^[15] a descendant of King Casimir III of Poland. Her distant relative was Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The marriage strengthened the ties between the house of Jagiellon and the sovereigns of Hungary-Bohemia and put Casimir at odds with the emperor through internal Habsburg rivalry.

That same year, Casimir was approached by the Prussian Confederation for aid against the Teutonic Order, which he promised, by making the separatist Prussian regions a protectorate of the Polish Kingdom. However, when the insurgent cities rebelled against the Order, it resisted and the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) ensued. After a long and expensive war, Casimir and the Prussian Confederation defeated the Teutonic Order. In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the Order recognized Polish sovereignty over the seceded western Prussian regions, Royal Prussia, and the Polish crown's overlordship over the remaining Teutonic Monastic State, transformed in 1525 into a duchy, Ducal Prussia.

Elisabeth's only brother Ladislaus, king of Bohemia and Hungary, died in 1457, and after that Casimir and Elisabeth's dynastic interests were directed also towards her brother's kingdoms.

King Casimir IV died on 7 June 1492 in the Old Grodno Castle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was in a personal union with Poland.

The intervention of the Roman curia, which hitherto had been hostile to Casimir, was due to the permutations of European politics. The pope was anxious to get rid of the Hussite King of Bohemia, George Podebrad, as the first step towards the formation of a league against the Ottoman Turks. Casimir was to be a leading factor in this combination, and he took advantage of it to procure the election of his son Vladislaus II as the King of Bohemia. But he would not commit himself too far, and his ulterior plans were frustrated by the rivalry of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, who even went so far as to stimulate the Teutonic Order to rise against Casimir. The death of Matthias in 1490 was a great relief to Poland, and Casimir employed the two remaining years of his reign in consolidating his position still further.^[16]

In 1490, Casimir's son John Albert was elected the King of Hungary by a party among the Hungarian nobles. He was, however, defeated by his older brother, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia. Casimir, who wanted to secure a separate realm for his sons, proposed John Albert. Most Hungarian barons and prelates preferred Vladislaus because his rule in Bohemia had indicated that he would respect their liberties. Vladislaus was crowned King of Hungary on 18 September 1490 in Székesfehérvár.

Around 1480 Casimir was allied with the Great Horde against Muscovy and Crimea. His failure to support Khan Akhmed at the Great stand on the Ugra River contributed to Russia's gaining its independence from the steppe nomads.

According to the Chronica Polonorum by Maciej Miechowita, Casimir was of tall stature and completely bald at the mid-frontal point (advanced receding hairline); his face was oval and lean.^[17] Miechowita also writes that the king spoke with a speech impairment (lisp) and was an avid huntsman from his youth.^[17] He often hunted in the primeval tranquil woodlands extending over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which were abundant in game.^[18] Casimir appeared modest and did not exude a sense of pride, but is said to have enjoyed occasional opulence and splendor for significant conventions.^[18] At times, his lack of frugality and preference for field sports over the affairs of state were met with staunch disapproval.^[18] Records show that the king was fond of birthday celebrations for his children and watched tournaments.^[18] He was also known to be a teetotaller, and abstained from drinking wine, mead or beer at banquets.^[18] Historian Julian Bartoszewicz described the king as "wise [in thought], driven by reason and characterised by longaminity and forbearance".^[19] Casimir cared deeply for his children's education and employed the finest tutors, chiefly Jan Długosz, to supervise his sons John Albert and Alexander.^[20] It is likely that Casimir was Poland's last illiterate monarch as there are no surviving signatures, initials or monograms present on official edicts, though this claim is disputed.^[21]

Casimir was interred at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, in a red marble tomb sculpted by Veit Stoss.^[22] In 1973 a research team of 12 experts opened the tomb. Shortly afterward, 10 of the team died prematurely. It was subsequently found that the deaths were caused by toxins originating from fungus present in the tomb.^[23]

Casimir and Elizabeth had:

• Vladislaus (1 March 1456 – 13 March 1516); combined the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia as Vladislaus II^[24]
• Hedwig Jagiellon (21 September 1457 – 18 February 1502); married George the Rich, of the Wittelsbach dynasty of Bavaria.^[24] Delegates had gone to Kraków to negotiate the marriage, and their "Landshut Wedding" took place in Bavaria with much pomp and celebration in 1475, starting a tradition which continues to this day.
• Casimir Jagiellon (3 October 1458 – 4 March 1484);^[24] was to have married Kunigunde of Austria, but instead chose religious life, eventually being canonized as Saint Casimir.
• John I of Poland (27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501); succeeded Casimir IV as the king of Poland (1492–1501)^[24]
• Alexander I of Poland (5 August 1461 – 19 August 1506); King of Poland (1501–1506)^[24]
• Sophie (6 May 1464 – 5 October 1512); married to Margrave Frederick V of Brandenburg-Ansbach^[25]
• Sigismund I the Old (1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548); King of Poland (1506–1548)^[15]
• Frederick Jagiellon (27 April 1468 – 14 March 1503); Bishop of Kraków (1488–1503), Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland (1493–1503)^[15]
• Anna Jagiellon (12 March 1476 – 12 August 1503); married Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania;^[15] they had eight children, including Sophie of Pomerania, who became queen of Denmark
• Barbara (15 July 1478 – 15 February 1534); married Duke Georg dem Bärtigen of the Saxony^[15]
• Elizabeth Jagiellon (13 November 1482 – 16 February 1517); married Frederick II of Legnica^[15]
• Two additional daughters named Elizabeth^[26]

• 
  Casimir IV in advanced age, by Jan Matejko
• 
  Portrait of King Casimir, by Aleksander Lesser, 1860
• 
  Giovanni da Capistrano and King Casimir IV
• 
  Statue of Casimir IV Jagiellon in Malbork
• 
  Poland and Lithuania in 1466, under Casimir's rule
• 
  Polish knights and soldiers during the times of Casimir
• 
  Polish stamp, 1938

• History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
• History of Lithuania
• List of Poles
• Statutes of Nieszawa

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Casimir IV.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–448.
• Biskup, Marian; Górski, Karol (1987). Kazimierz Jagiellończyk (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): PWN. ISBN 9788301072919.
• Bogucka, Maria (1978). Kazimierz Jagiellończyk (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Książka i Wiedza. OCLC 831031178.
• Encyklopedia powszechna (in Polish). Vol. 14. Warszawa (Warsaw): S. Orgelbrand. 1863. OCLC 835929692.
• Frost, Robert (2015). The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385–1569, Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-101787-2.
• Kowalska, Zofia (1993). Stanisław Ciołek, podkanclerzy królewski, biskup poznański, poeta dworski (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. ISBN 9788370521813.
• Kuropieska, Józef (1992). Od października do marca (in Polish). Vol. 1. Warszawa (Warsaw): BGW. ISBN 9788370662172.
• Nowakowska, Natalia, ed. (2019). Remembering the Jagiellonians. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-56239-4.
• Samsonowicz, Henryk (2007). Historia Polski (in Polish). Vol. 1. Warszawa (Warsaw): PWN. ISBN 9788301150389.
• Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1934). The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. XIII. Cambridge at the University Press.