Parliamentary elections were held in Ukraine on 28 October 2012.[2] Because of various reasons, including the "impossibility of announcing election results" various by-elections have taken place since.[3][4][5][6] Hence, several constituencies have been left unrepresented at various times.[3][7][8][9]
Unlike the two previous elections, this election used a parallel voting system, with half the seats elected by party-list proportional representation using a 5% election threshold and the other half by first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies,[10] with alliances no longer allowed.[11] The parallel voting system was used previously in 1998 and 2002.[12]
The Party of Regions won the largest number of seats while Fatherland (with several parties together as an "umbrella" party) came second.[16] The election was also noted for the rise of the far-right party Svoboda, which came in fourth.[16] The new (on the national scene) party UDAR also enjoyed noticeable great success with its third place in the election.[16] The far-left Communist Party of Ukraine almost tripled its numbers of voters but because of the mixed election system used in the election it only won five more seats compared with the previous election.[16] Because of this mixed system three small parties and 43 unaffiliated politicians also made it into parliament.[16]
The new parliament was appointed and started its tasks on 12 December 2012 – six weeks after the elections.[17][18] This was the last national Ukrainian election Crimea participated in before the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014.
On 8 October 2008 Ukrainian PresidentViktor Yushchenko tried to dissolve the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) and called early parliamentary elections in Ukraine for the second time in as many years[19] for 7 December 2008.[20][21][22][23] The right of the President to dismiss the parliament was challenged in Ukraine's Constitutional Court. The President's decree has since lapsed as it was never put into action[24] (the coalition supporting the second Tymoshenko Government was extended) and appeals to Ukraine's Constitutional Court were withdrawn. Nevertheless, a snap election was predicted by Ukrainian politicians during the 2010 presidential election and after the dismissal of the second Tymoshenko Government.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] One of the arguments against holding early elections were the costs.[39] Early elections were (in October 2008) estimated to cost approximately ₴417 million[40] (about EUR€60 million or US$80 million).[41]
2012 election date set
On 1 February 2011 the Verkhovna Rada set the election date for 28 October 2012.[2][42] Several deputies whose votes were registered that day have stated they could not have taken part in voting because they were not in Kyiv (where the Verkhovna Rada building is located) on 1 February 2011.[42][43] Voting by MPs in the place of absent MPs of the Verkhovna Rada is prohibited by law.[42] On 27 July 2012 the Central Election Commission of Ukraine announced that campaigning for the elections would commence on July 30.[44]
Electoral system
Number of single-mandate constituencies per oblast compared with year 2002.
Map of single-mandate okruhy (districts) in elections.
In June 2011 the Venice Commission reviewed a proposed Draft Law on the election of Ukrainian parliamentary members.[45] The proposal sought to re-instate a parallel voting system – used in the 1998 and 2002 elections[46] – with the establishment of 225 local single-member districts elected (in one round)[47] by a first-past-the-post electoral system (candidate with the highest vote total wins); and the remaining 225 parliamentary seats being elected nationwide on a proportional party-list system[45] with a 5% support threshold; and excluding political blocs from all elections.[48] The option "Vote against all" was also made defunct in the proposal[48][49] (according to a November 2012 opinion poll by Research & Branding Group (otherwise) 17% of the voters would have voted "against everybody" during the elections).[50] The opposition and Ukrainian analysts accused the Party of Regions of "rewriting the law so that the president could secure a majority in the next Verkhovna Rada."[49][51] In October 2011 the Venice Commission recommended Ukraine should not return to a mixed election system.[52] Nevertheless, on 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law almost identical to the June 2011 proposed Draft Law.[10][11] This new law satisfied the major opposition parties Batkivschyna and Front for Change; but was condemned by the core party of Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc, Our Ukraine.[53][54][55] Candidates could be elected on party lists or through self-nomination.[10] On 8 December 2011 PresidentViktor Yanukovych signed the new election law.[56] Since then several parties merged with other parties.[57][58][59]
The possibility to be simultaneously be nominated on a nationwide party list and in a single mandate constituency also was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 10 April 2012.[60]
Voters could temporarily change their place of voting without changing their permanent voting address.[61]
The Central Election Commission of Ukraine had registered 22 parties who would participate on the nationwide list.[70] On 15 October 2012 Ukrainian Platform "Assembly" withdrew itself from the national list[71] (it had received ballot number 1) but the other ballot numbers did not change. So the ballot numbers were:[70]
Andriy Klyuyev was the chief campaign manager for the Party of Regions.[74] The Party of Regions' campaign focused heavily on promoting its record as the ruling party, contrasting the "stability" of the (then current) Azarov Government with "chaos" during the Second Tymoshenko Government in 2007–10 (which it referred to as: "the chaos and ruins of 5 years of orange leadership",.[75][8] It advocated a "balanced" approach to developing relations with Russiaand the West, saying neither should be given priority over the other.[8]
UDAR avoided sensitive and polarising subjects and focused instead on popular topics, such as more empowerment to ordinary Ukrainians and a ruthless campaign against corruption, the indifference of the authorities, the lack of local governance, inequality and poverty.[8][76]
Svoboda softened their rhetoric in the campaign but nevertheless promised to shake up the country's political status quo.[76][77]
One of the biggest spenders of the campaign was the party Ukraine – Forward!.[78][79] One of their election billboards claimed that “an average wage of EUR€1,000 and a pension of €500” was realistic for Ukraine (the monthly average wage was €300 at the time).[80]
Many candidates in single-seat constituencies tended to focus on local issues, often distancing themselves from party agendas.[8]
Overall the election programs of the major parties bore many similarities; all pledged reforms to spur economic growth, higher wages, pensions and other benefits, better education and medical care.[8]
Two weeks before the (28 October) election UDAR withdrew 26 of its candidates running in single-member constituencies in favour of Fatherland candidates and they withdrew 26 parliamentary candidates in favor of UDAR in an attempt to maximise votes for the opposition.[81]
Costs
Political parties spent more than US$75 million on the election campaign in multi-member constituencies (according to the parties' official reports).[82] The Party of Regions spent about US$27 million, Fatherland more than $13 million, UDAR more than $4 million, the Communist Party of Ukraine $9 million, Our Ukraine $8 million and Ukraine – Forward! $7.6 million.[82]Svoboda claimed it had spent US$3 million on the campaign.[83] The Ukraine of the Future did not spend anything on campaigning yet still managed to take the 15th spot amongst the 21 parties who participated in the nationwide list with 0.18% of the votes.[83]
Denys Kovrizhenko of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems – Ukraine stated the sum of money spend could be up to 10 times more than what parties report afterwards.[84] According to OPORA “In general, candidates spend about three times more than they officially report to spend”.[84] Political scientist Artem Bidenko estimated other figures; he believed that the Party of Regions had spent around $850 million, Ukraine – Forward some $150 million, and the election campaigns of the rest of the political parties $350 million, while candidates in majority constituencies had spent some $900 million on the election campaign.[85] About half of the single-constituency candidates submitted reports about their campaign spending.[84]
In October 2008 Ukrainian experts estimated that a small political party who wants to win seats in parliament would spend up to US$30 million on the campaign and large political parties would spend up to $100 million.[86] Political analyst Pavlo Bulhak stated then that a party's election budget will be spent on advertising on television, bribing voters, organizing rallies and party propaganda.[86]
Opinion polls
Note that on 17 November 2011 the Ukrainian Parliament approved an election law under which 225 members of Parliament would be elected under party lists and 225 would be winners of constituencies.[11] Simultaneously the option to vote "Against all" had been made defunct;[10] furthermore candidates could be elected on party lists or through self-nomination.[10]
* In 2006 political parties or election blocs needed to collect at least 3% of the national vote for all parties in order to gain seats in parliament. In November 2011 this election threshold was raised to 5% and simultaneously the participation of blocs of political parties was banned.[11]
From 2011 to 2013 with liaison to Serhiy Lyovochkin, Alan Friedman, Eckart Sager, who was a one time CNN producer, Rick Gates, Paul Manafort, and Manafort's senior aide Konstantin Kilimnik devised a strategy to discredit then Ukrainian Prime MinisterYulia Tymoshenko along with then United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton who had been an outspoken critic of pro-Russia, pro-Kremlin, and pro-Putin supporters in Ukraine.[100] Manafort's Global Endeavour Inc., a St. Vincent and Grenadines based consulting and lobbying company, his Lucicle Consultants Ltd., a Cyprus based consulting company, and three other of his companies were hired to provide support to then President of UkraineViktor Yanukovich and his Party of Regions.[101][102][103] This strategy included: creating a fake think tank in Vienna, Austria, the Center for the Study of Former Soviet Socialist Republics (CXSSR), to support Yanukovich and his Party of Regions; using a social media blitz with Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook, and altering the Google's search stack to disseminate articles and videos that undermine opponents of the Party of Regions and Yanukovich in Europe and the United States; rewriting Wikipedia articles to smear Yanukovich opponents especially Tymoshenko; and using Breitbart News, RedState, and an article in The Wall Street Journal to discredit the ObamaState Department and Hillary Clinton herself.[100] Alan Friedman, who had not registered as a foreign agent in the United States, told Kostyantyn Gryshchenko that Friedman, who often wrote using the pen nameMatthew Lina, published dozens of positive stories about the Party of Regions and Yanukovich and ensured that these were disseminated to over 2,000 publications and placed at the top of Google search stacks.[100] Known as the Tymoshenko Files, Friedman sent Manafort a highly confidential two page letter detailing Friedman's efforts and that Friedman would claim to be Inna Bohoslovska to ghost pen articles on her behalf.[100] In October 2012 after Hillary Clinton had supported Tymoshenko, Brietbart News released an article calling Hillary Clinton a “neo-Nazi Frankenstein”.[100][104][105][106]
Before election day candidates and analysts predicted that bribery to secure votes would be rampant.[61][107][108] A March 2012 poll by Research & Branding Group showed that 66% of the respondents believed that the election would not be fair, 18% disagreed with that.[109] In June 2012 the Committee of Voters of Ukraine declared that the use of government resources for partisan ends would not be decisive in the (then upcoming) elections.[110]
Following the elections the parties Fatherland, UDAR and Svoboda filled in an appeal at the Central Election Commission of Ukraine (CVK) with allegations of fraud in 13 simple-majorityconstituencies.[111] Irregularities in the elections like cases of ballot stuffing, carousel voting, suspiciously high voter turnout and bribed voters have been reported.[112][113] On 30 October 2012 the Committee of Voters of Ukraine stated that the elections saw a record number of cases of bribery of voters.[114] They also insisted the elections had not brought the country closer to democratic standards.[114] And that although there were no grounds to believe that the violations that were reported on polling day could affect the election results, the election results could seriously be affected by violations during the counting of votes.[114]
According to Opora the most common violations of the electoral law during the election campaign in August were using government resources for partisan purposes and vote buying.[115] According to Opora the Party of Regions committed the most violations of the electoral law.[116] On 28 October 2012 Party of Regions itself claimed to have documented 607 violations of the election legislation by its opponents.[117] According to Taras KuzioBerkut riot police was used in attempts to destroy ballots.[118]
On 1 November 2012 the Deputy Chairwoman of the Central Election Commission of Ukraine (CVK), Zhanna Usenko-Chorna, stated that the elections were heavily falsified.[119] She indicated that several electoral districts clearly demonstrate a depravity of the single-constituency district elections in Ukraine and that as of 1 November CVK still had not received results from 14 electoral districts. According to her that was the main reason why CVK could not announce the complete results of the elections on the scheduled time, 31 October 2012.[120]
In mid-February 2012 Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko deputy Roman Zabzalyuk alleged without providing evidence that "if the results on Election Day can't be sufficiently fixed" the Party of Regions had already made plans to bribedeputies to join the Party of Regions after their election into the Parliament; representatives of the Party of Regions denied allegations of bribery or plans to fix the election.[121]
Kyiv and its region
A notably reported scandal took place at the electoral district 215 where initially a win was awarded to the acting chairman of the Kyiv city councilHalyna Hereha.[122] After the results were challenged it was decided to recount the votes with about 30 law enforcement personnel to keep public order.[123] Later everything was resolved and cleared that indeed the votes between the two candidates Hereha (independent) and Andriy Illyenko ("Svoboda") were switched around.[124] On 1 November 2012 Halyna Hereha officially complained about the elections, she stated that she did not intend to take it to court.[125]
To another electoral district 211 in Kyiv was sent an ambulance as a deputy chairman of the district electoral commission had a nervous breakdown. The commission of the district for three days had a difficult time to count all the votes.[126][127]
Another big scandal with involvement of the riot law enforcement unit of Berkut took place at the 95th electoral district (a Kyivan suburban city of Irpin). The electoral commission at the district was the slowest and the public involvement surely did not help to speed up the process, however a possible miscounting was prevented.[128] Previously, a possible riot from a big "youth group of athletic posture" was suspected by witnesses.[129]
Another scandal took place at the 223rd district where some fist fighting took place, which was eventually extinguished with the help of law enforcement.[130]Oleh Tyahnybok told Ukrainska Pravda that "Svoboda" will be picketing "EpiCenter" supermarkets and apartments of the 223rd electoral district commission members.[131] Because of the incident, Radio Liberty (Radio Svoboda) conducts a live broadcasting from the headquarters of the district. In protest the district electoral commission refuses to continue its work.[132][133]
Southern Ukraine
At the 132nd district (Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast) peasants laid a siege around the building of the district electoral commission in the protest of post-electoral results.[134] According to Batkivshchyna it had been defrauded a win in the district in favour of a candidate of Party of Regions.[134]
International observers
On election day (28 October) there were 3,500 accredited foreign observers.[76] The observers from the European Academy for Elections Observation (most of whom where European Parliament members), stated it was "a good election, not perfect but clearly acceptable",[135] and that it was "in compliance with democratic norms".[135] On 29 October the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (who had monitored the election with 600 observers)[76] stated in a preliminary report[136] that "certain aspects of the pre-election period constituted a step backwards compared with recent national elections" and that the election was marred by "the abuse of power and the excessive role of money".[16][135] It complained of "a lack of a level playing field, caused primarily by the abuse of administrative resources, lack of transparency of campaign and party financing, and lack of balanced media coverage".[135] This contrasted sharply with the international observers' conclusions on Ukraine's February 2010 presidential election, judged then to have been transparent, unbiased and an "impressive display" of democracy.[135]
Ten thousand foreign observers where expected to observe the elections.[62] Some 100 long term observers from OSCE member states arrived in Ukraine starting from the middle of September 2012, followed by 600 short-term observers who will arrive a week before the elections to monitor the election process at voting stations.[62]
The total number of registered observers on October 9, was 1053 persons.[139] The largest mission of international observers from CIS-EMO was 197 people.[140]
On 2 October 2012 CIS-EMO observers presented the Interim report of the CIS-EMO Election Monitoring Mission.[141] The report, in particular, noted that "The majority of detected violations are connected not with a political struggle of party lists but with the struggle of single-seat candidates". An impression that “antidemocratic power” clash with “democratic opposition” imposed by European and world society has a very relative nature that, as a rule, doesn’t distinct the real situation. In nowadays Ukrainian “peripheral capitalism” model such classes as “power” and “opposition” are conventionality. When the “Power Elite” is unconsolidated and disconnected and there is an open internal war between leading financial-industrial groups and corporations of Ukraine to get leverage of real state authority, all existing political parties only play the role of institutionalized political framework of realization of oligarchs’ economic interests.[142]
The ENEMO (European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations) mission for the 2012 parliamentary elections in Ukraine began its work on 23 July 2012 with the arrival of four Core Team members. ENEMO is the first international election observation mission registered for the Parliamentary Elections 2012 by the Central Election Commission (CEC). 35 LTOs (long-term observers) arrived to Kyiv on 5 August 2012 and were deployed throughout Ukraine. Long-term observer teams cover one or two oblasts of Ukraine. On E-day, October 28, ENEMO deployed 43 STO (Short-term observer) teams throughout all oblasts of Ukraine.
Results
Level protocol handles on 30 October 2012; 1:30 pm
The leaders in multi-member districts by constituency
Leaders in single-mandate constituencies
On 8 November the Central Election Commission of Ukraine completed and released all results of the nationwide party list the constituencies (the elections took place on 28 October).[4] Meanwhile, the Central Election Commission refused to establish the election results for the first-past-post results in 5 constituencies.[147]
The Central Election Commission of Ukraine finalized the vote count on 12 November 2012 but simultaneously ordered - on recommendation of the Verkhovna Rada - repeat elections (on a yet unknown date) in five troubled single-mandate constituencies where it could not establish results.[3] Because of occurrences in these five constituencies.[4][5][147] Hence, on 12 November 2012 445 deputies had been elected of the 450 seats in parliament.[3][8] On 8 February 2013 the Supreme Administrative Court of Ukrainedeprived 2 more deputies of power.[7] They were banned from parliament on 3 July 2013.[7] On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada itself set the date of all 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[148]
recognized as invalidThe Central Election Commission of Ukraine adopted a resolution on November 5 recognizing the impossibility of announcing parliament election results in five single-seat constituencies (electoral districts 94, 132, 194, 197 and 223) and it recognized the need to hold repeat elections in these constituencies and asked parliament to take a decision on holding repeat elections in these constituencies.[5] On November 6 the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution that proposed that.[5] On 8 November the Central Election Commission stated that the Verkhovna Rada then should make a respective law for this and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine should determine the amount of funding for these elections.[147] On 8 February 2013 the Supreme Administrative Court of Ukraine deprived people's deputies Baloha and Dombrovsk (electoral districts 11 and 71) of their mandates of which they were stripped on 3 July 2013.[7] On 12 September 2013 the same court deprived deputy Ihor Markov (electoral district 133) of his mandate.
Several lawmakers elected into the new parliament have family ties with other lawmakers or other family members in the executive branch of Ukrainian politics.[153]
Despite the turnout in the foreign electoral district being the lowest on record, Svoboda surprisingly received the most votes, with 24% of the popular vote, while the national winners, the Party of Regions, came second with 23% of the vote. UDAR and Batkivshchyna received 22% and 20% of the vote respectively, while Our Ukraine, following the national trend, saw its vote share reduced by 23 percentage points, falling from third to sixth place.
Turnout
Turnout by oblast
The total voter turnout in the election was 57.99%;[113] about average for parliamentary elections in Ukraine.[16][76] On election day turnout had reached 22.43% by noon local time.[154] The number of reported participating voters varied somewhere between 20.76 million and 20.78 million,[155][156] while the number of invalid ballots accumulated to about 1.2 million (5.74%) for party list voting and voting at districts.[156]
The lowest turnout was in Crimea (with 49.46%), the highest in Lviv Oblast (67.13%).[113] Local disparities in turnout did occur: for example, the voting turnout figures in two adjacent districts in Donetsk were 39.8% and 84.5%.[16]
Party leader Petro Symonenko of the Communist Party of Ukraine believed on 8 November that the new parliament could not work better than the present one, as "there will be a confrontation between the financial, political and clan groups who got seats in the new parliament."[160] He also stated then that his party will not form any coalition with other groups in the new parliament.[160]
Civil movement "Chesno" stated on 5 December 2012 that 331 out of the 450 deputies elected on 28 October fell short of its criteria for honesty; according to "Chesno"'s parameters, 114 of them violated the rights and freedoms of citizens, 30 earlier changed their political position while working in parliament or on local councils, 233 had been involved in corrupt practices, 185 had nontransparent incomes and expenses, 156 did not personally take part in voting in previous parliaments, and 101 had shirked work in parliament.[161]
Party of Regions politician Sergei Tigipko stated in December 2012 "the parliamentary elections showed that politics in Ukraine is becoming more ideological".[162]
According to the amendment to parliamentary regulations adopted in November 2012, the smallest faction of parliament can be formed out a party with the smallest number of deputies elected by a party list and a single constituency vote.[171][172] That amendment to regulations can also be interpreted as "either or" meaning that the smallest faction can be formed either based on party list or a single constituency election. In that case the smaller parties' deputies that were elected to the parliament will be able to form factions of their own, making it more challenging to form a coalition in the Ukrainian parliament.[173]
On 27 November 2012 Party of Regions parliamentary leader Oleksandr Yefremov claimed that 223 members of the Verkhovna Rada had already expressed their desire to work in his party's fraction; according to earlier press reports 38 of the 43 unaffiliated politicians elected into parliament would join the Party of Regions faction.[174]
The Central Election Commission of Ukraine adopted a resolution on November 5 recognizing the impossibility of announcing election results in five single-seat constituencies (electoral districts 94, 132, 194, 197 and 223); it also recognized the need to hold repeat elections in these constituencies and asked parliament to take a decision on holding repeat elections in these constituencies.[5] On November 6 the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution that proposed repeat elections.[5] On 8 November the Central Election Commission stated that the Verkhovna Rada should thus make a respective law for this and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine should determine the amount of funding for these elections.[147]
On 29 December 2012, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine received a query from 54 Verkhovna Rada members concerning procedures for the five repeat elections.[184] As of 21 March 2013 the Constitutional Court has not opened a case on this issue.[184] The current Verkhovna Rada parliamentary majority refused to consider the scheduling of repeated elections in the five constituencies before the court issues its ruling on this issue.[184]
On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada set the date of (all, see below) 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[148]
Repeat elections in 2 more constituencies
In early February 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine ordered the Central Election Commission of Ukraine to hold new elections in 2 more districts after the court removed the deputy mandates of United Centre member Pavlo Baloha (at the time a member of the Party of Regions parliamentary faction) and independentOleksandr Dombrovsky.[185] The Administrative Court established that the results in single-member districts number 11 (Vinnytsia Oblast; Dombrovsky) and number 71 (Zakarpattia Oblast; Baloha) after the 2012 elections had been "unreliable".[185] On 3 July 2013 Baloha's and Dombrovsky's mandates were officially cancelled.[7]
On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada set the date of (all, see above) 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[148]
By-election in constituency 224 (Sevastopol)
On 24 December 2012 President Viktor Yanukovych appointed Pavlo Lebedyev as Defense Minister.[186] Lebedyev had been elected as a lawmaker in the single-seat constituency No. 224 (in Sevastopol) in the 2012 election (28 October 2012).[186] On 22 March 2013 the Verkhovna Rada cancelled his parliamentary mandate.[186][187] The by-election for the single-seat constituency No. 224 was held on 7 July 2013 and won by independentVadim Novinsky with 53.41% with a turnout of 23.91%.[186][152] Before the election Novinsky had stated he would join the Party of Regions if he won.[188]
Repeat elections in constituency 133 (Odesa)
On 12 September 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine (under a lawsuit lodged by Yuriy Karmazin) ruled it impossible to reliably establish the results of 28 October 2012 elections in single-mandate constituency No. 133 (in Odesa),[189] at the time Ihor Markov had been declared winner of that constituency.[190] The court overturned the Central Election Commission (CEC) decision of 23 November 2012 regarding Markov's registration as a People's Deputy of Ukraine and ordered the CEC to take measures to organize, prepare for and hold repeat elections in constituency No. 133.[190]
Police officers had documented the use of pens with disappearing ink in at least 40 polling stations in constituency No. 133 on 28 October 2012.[190]
Repeat elections in five constituencies of 15 December 2013
The Central Election Commission of Ukraine finalized the vote count on 12 November 2012 but simultaneously ordered – on recommendation of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) – repeat elections in five troubled single-mandate constituencies where it could not establish results.[3] Because of occurrences in these five constituencies.[4][5][147] In February 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine ordered to hold (additional) new elections in 2 more districts after the court removed the mandates of two seats.[185][6] On 5 September 2013 the Verkhovna Rada itself set the date of these 7 re-elections to 15 December 2013.[148] Hence, before 15 December 2013 of the 450 seats in parliament 443 deputies have been elected.[3][8][9][7] But eventually only repeat elections were held in 5 constituencies on 15 December 2013.[191]
By-election in constituency 83 (West Ivano-Frankivsk)
In February 2014 Oleksandr Sych became Vice Prime Minister in the Yatsenyuk Government.[194] Sych had been elected as a lawmaker in the single-seat constituency No. 83 (West Ivano-Frankivsk) in the 2012 election of 28 October 2012.[151]
^The United Centre (3 seats), People's Party (2 seats), Radical Party of Oleh Liashko (1 seat) and Union (1 seat) did not form their own faction. Their deputies did not join any faction besides 1 deputy of People's Party who became a member of the Party of Regions faction in December 2012[175] and Union's deputy joined the then newly created faction For Peace and Stability on 2 July 2014.[176][177]
^The Communist Party of Ukraine faction was dissolved 24 July 2014 two days after parliament had changed its regulations.[182]
